Composition and secondary alterations of microfossils in sediments of the Ashadze-1 hydrothermal field (tropical Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

The first thorough analysis of microfossils from ore-bearing sediments of the Ashadze-1 hydrothermal field in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge sampled during cruise 26 of the R/V Professor Logachev in 2005 revealed the substantial influence of hydrothermal processes on the preservation of planktonic calcareous organisms, as well as on the preservation and composition of the benthic foraminifers. From the lateral and vertical distribution patterns and the secondary alterations of the microfossils, it is inferred that the main phase of the hydrothermal mineralization occurred in the Holocene. Heavy metals (Cu, Co, Cr, and Ag) were accumulated by foraminiferal tests and in their enveloping Fe-Mn crusts. The distribution of authigenic minerals replacing foraminiferal tests demonstrates local zoning related to the hydrothermal activity. There are three mineral-geochemical zones defined: the sulfide zone, the zone with an elevated Mg content, and zone of Fe-Mn crusts.     

多金属结壳生长间断期与磷酸盐化事件的关系

磷酸盐化的发生会造成多金属结壳主要成矿元素的贫化,总体上抑制结壳的生长.磷酸盐化作用呈幕式在太平洋内发生,已有研究将其发生期次与多金属结壳中的磷酸盐化层位及其P、Ca等元素地球化学特征对应,为结壳的年代厘定提供证据.然而,由于磷酸盐化多次发生且在结壳多个层位中显现,首先需要厘定出较为可靠的多金属结壳年代框架,才能与磷酸...     

Ecology of benthic foraminifers in the littoral zone of Iturup Island

The composition and abundance of present-day benthic foraminifers in the littoral zone of Iturup Island are examined. The littoral zone is surveyed on the sides of both the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. The greatest species diversity and the maximum foraminifer abundance were observed on the bench and at the sites of attachment of seaweeds and aquatic plants on silted sands and on sands with an admixture of coquina, silt, and detritus from the adjacent coast. The minimum diversity and abundance are confined to the mouths of rivers and creeks; over rocky plates, where sediments cannot be retained and there are no attached seaweeds and aquatic plants; and in areas not protected from wind-wave action. It was stated that the foraminifer assemblages on the sides of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean differ both in their species diversity and in their population density over the littoral zone. A morphological comparison between the species Buccella granulata and B. inusitata from different areas of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean is presented.     

南海铁锰结核(壳)的地球化学特征

本文研究了南海中部铁锰结核(壳)的地球化学特征。南海铁锰结核(壳)以高Mn富Ni为特征。但不同沉积部位的铁锰结核(壳),化学成分也有一定的差异,这是受不同沉积区的物源特性,地化环境差异和沉积成矿过程中环境的变化所影响的结果。     

东太平洋海隆13°N表层含金属沉积物物质组成与元素赋存状态

为了解不同类型含金属沉积物在物质组成和元素赋存状态的差异,对东太平洋海隆13°N洋中脊两侧表层含金属沉积物(站号:E271和E53)进行了矿物学、地球化学分析,顺序提取实验,并与前人对轴部表层沉积物(站号:17A-EPR-TVG1)的研究结果作了对比分析。研究结果表明, E271和E53是远端含金属沉积物,由非浮力热液羽状流中颗粒物沉降所形成的;17A-EPR-TVG1沉积物是近喷口含金属沉积物,由黑烟囱或者热液硫化物丘状体崩塌、堆积,或者由热液羽状流中Fe-Mn氧化物和硫化物快速沉淀而形成的,近喷口沉积物比远端沉积物更富集Fe、Cu和Zn等元素。元素在两种含金属沉积物中的赋存状态基本相同,除了Fe,Cu,Zn,Mo和稀土元素(REE)等元素在远端沉积物中主要存在于Fe-Mn氧化物相,在近喷口沉积物中主要在残留相中。远端沉积物中REE页岩标准化配分模式与海水相似,表明REE主要来自海水,而近喷口沉积物中REE配分模式与热液流体相似,说明REE以高温热液流体来源为主。相关研究结果加深了对热液沉积作用研究的认识。     

Upper quaternary biostratigraphy and formation environments of the southwestern Atlantic Core ACB-17-1447 inferred from micropaleontological data

The foraminiferal (planktonic and benthic) and nannofosssil assemblages have been analyzed in the sediments of Core ACB-17-1447 taken from the South America continental slope north of the Rio Grande Rise piedmont during Cruise 17 of the R/V Akademik Sergey Vavilov. The core section is largely composed of carbonate and marly hemipelagic mud. The Quaternary age of the host sediments is evident from the occurrence of the planktonic foraminiferal index species Globorotalia truncatulinoides. Based on the nannofossil assemblages, the core sediments are attributed to the upper Pleistocene-Holocene. They contain abundant reworked Pliocene, Miocene, and Paleogene taxa transported from the slopes of the underwater Rio Grande Rise. The paleotemperature analysis of the planktonic foraminifers provided data for constructing the temperature curve that demonstrates two warm peaks. During the first warm period (Interval of 7–9 cm), the surface water temperature was as high as 26°C (Holocene optimum), which exceeds by 3–4°C its presentday values and implies the more intense warm Brazil Current. The earlier warm peak with temperatures up to 24°C recorded in the upper Pleistocene sediments (Interval of 69–71 cm) most likely reflects the 3rd oxygenisotope stage (MIS 3), which corresponds to the interstadial phase of the last glaciation (30–40 ka ago). Based on the abundances, taxonomic diversity, and proportions of the characteristic species of benthic foraminifers, the Core ASV-17-1447 section is divided into six intervals correlated with the marine isotopic stages defined by both the planktonic foraminifers and climatic changes evident from the variations in the bottom water circulation along the southwestern slope of the Brazilian Basin during the Late Quaternary.     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中重金属的赋存形态研究

用连续提取法对选自西北冰洋的32个表层沉积物进行分析,测定了Cr、Cu、Pb在全样中及其在P1-2、P3、P4、P5中的含量.结果表明随着离岸距离增加,水深加深,Cr、Cu、Pb含量呈增高的趋势.研究区陆架沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb含量分别为60.66、14.77、16.65μg/g;深海沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb的含量分别为80.40、41.70、25.62μg/g.元素赋存形态分析表明,Cr、Cu、Pb主要赋存在残渣态,残渣态中三元素的含量平均值分别为64.97、19.67、17.56μg/g,占元素总量的比例分别为93.58%、75.02%和83.76%.三元素在各赋存形态中的含量分布是:Cu为残渣态>有机质和硫化物态>铁锰氧化态>可交换及碳酸盐态;Pb和Cr则为残渣态>铁锰氧化物态>有机质硫化物态>可交换态及碳酸盐态.研究区重金属元素在不同赋存形态中的含量分布与北太平洋深海沉积物中类似.     

南大西洋热液沉积物的不同相态提取方法与元素赋存状态

本文对采自南大西洋受不同程度热液活动影响的表层沉积物样品进行了元素和矿物组成分析,并对热液沉积物的碳酸盐相、Fe-Mn氧化物相和残渣态进行了一系列顺序提取实验。选用不同浓度的盐酸羟胺(HH)和醋酸(HAc)混合溶液对样品的Fe-Mn氧化物相进行提取,通过分析不同实验条件下Fe-Mn氧化物相Ti/Nd、Ti/Pb比值和Fe-Mn氧化物相、残渣态的稀土元素(REE)标准化配分模式及Ce和Eu异常值,确定了不同类型热液沉积物样品Fe-Mn氧化物相提取的理想试剂条件均为0.5 mol/L HH和25% HAc混合溶液。研究结果表明,受热液活动影响程度越高,沉积物中Fe、Cu、Zn等元素含量越高,Ca、Sr、Ba含量呈相反趋势,Mn、Pb和REE未受到热液活动明显影响;随着受热液活动影响增强,Ca、Sr、Nd在Fe-Mn氧化物相中所占比例增加,在残渣态中降低,Mn、Co、Ni和Zn呈相反趋势,Cu在碳酸盐相所占比例增加,在残渣态中降低,Pb赋存状态不受热液活动影响,主要赋存于Fe-Mn氧化物相;REE主要赋存于残渣态,沉积物受热液活动影响越明显,残留相对REE富集能力越强,残渣态REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式表现为LREE相对富集越来越不明显的特征。本文研究为进一步了解南大西洋热液沉积物特征和热液活动对沉积物元素赋存状态影响提供了方法和地球化学数据支持。     

The late Miocene onset of high productivity in the Benguela Current upwelling system as part of a global pattern

We have examined the history of the elevated primary productivity associated with the Benguela Current upwelling system off southwest Africa using sediments from 7.5 to 4.8 Ma at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1085 in the middle Cape Basin. Sedimentation rates are low until 6.9 Ma. Low accumulation rates of benthic foraminifers and organic carbon indicate that biological productivity was also low. Paleoproductivity dramatically increased at 6.7–6.5 Ma and was highly variable until 4.8 Ma with productivity maxima during cooler periods. The presence of radiolarian opal only between 5.8 and 5.2 Ma suggests an interlude of silica-rich intermediate water in the Cape Basin. The onset of heightened productivity under the Benguela Current is mirrored by similar increases reported between 6.9 and 6.7 Ma in the tropical eastern Pacific, the western and northern Pacific, and the Indian Ocean. The similarity between the patterns at Site 1085 and in the Pacific and Indian Oceans suggests that the dramatic productivity increase off southwest Africa is part of a global response to paleoceanographic changes.     

台湾海峡西部海域沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征

台湾海峡西部海域表层沉积物中重金属含量与未污染近岸沉积物的平均含量相当,基本上未受污染。各重金属含量具有沿东北至西南方向递减的分布趋势。沉积物中微量金属的含量明显地受Fe-Mn 氧化物和有机质的含量所控制。福建沿海主要港湾沉积物中Pb、Zn 含量偏高,微量金属含量不受Fe-Mn 氧化物和有机质控制,构成本地区沉积物的两种区域性特征。     

海洋沉积物不同相态中Sr、Nd同位素提取方法研究

海洋沉积物中Fe-Mn氧化物相和残渣态的Sr、Nd同位素组成能够敏感地指示洋流循环及物质来源,但实验室对沉积物中上述相态的Sr和Nd同位素的提取易产生过量或提取不完全,进而影响同位素测定结果的准确性,因此制定有效的提取流程显得非常重要。本文采用不同浓度盐酸羟胺(Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride,HH)与醋酸(Acetic Acid,HAc)混合溶液对中印度洋海盆深海沸石黏土、北极半深海沉积物以及安达曼海近海沉积物的Fe-Mn氧化物相进行提取,残渣态用HNO3-HF高压密闭消解法溶融,测定了各相态的主微量元素含量及Sr、Nd同位素组成,通过分析不同实验条件下得到的Fe-Mn氧化物相与残渣态的稀土元素(REE)配分模式、Al/Nd含量比值及Sr、Nd同位素组成,建立了3种不同成因类型海洋沉积物不同相态的化学提取方法。提取深海沸石黏土中Fe-Mn氧化物相的理想试剂条件为0.25 mol/L HH和15%HAc,北极半深海沉积物和安达曼海近海沉积物的试剂条件为0.5 mol/L HH和15%HAc。该方法可以准确获得沉积物中Fe-Mn氧化物相与残渣态的Sr、Nd同位素组成信息,为古海洋学的研究提供方法支持。     

Phosphate inclusions in tuffites from the Krishtofovich Rise (Sea of Japan)

Tuffites of the core taken from the underwater Krishtofovich Rise in the southeastern Sea of Japan contain phosphate inclusions that were studied by scanning electron microscopy and chemical methods. The tuffites relatively enriched in phosphorus represent products of Miocene alkaline volcanism and are overlain by a thin layer of sediments partly transformed into smectites and containing microfossils presumably of the Late Miocene age. The phosphate inclusions variable in shapes and consistency are largely confined to the lower sedimentary layer, although occurring as single fragments of compact rock and nonlithified small inclusions in voids of altered tuffs as well. By their structure, microtextures, and main chemical composition, the phosphate inclusions are similar to the phosphorites from other areas of the ocean, which indicates their similar biogenic-diagenetic origin. Judging from the REE composition in the most phosphatized matter, they originate largely from seawater and, to a lesser extent, from tuffites. The redistribution of mobile phosphorus enclosed in the tuffites results in a small-scale phosphatization insufficient for ore formation.     

南海多金属结壳(核)铁锰矿物/海水界面效应与成矿元素的富集

海底铁锰结壳和结核是重要的海底矿产资源,蕴含着丰富的金属元素并且具有巨大的经济价值。本文主要以南海多金属结壳（核）为研究对象,采用X射线粉晶衍射（XRD）、激光拉曼光谱、红外光谱分析（FTIR）以及X射线光电子能谱对铁锰矿物的矿物学和谱学特征进行了系统的分析和研究。粉晶衍射和拉曼光谱分析结果表明,南海多金属结壳的矿物组成为水羟锰矿、石英和长石,结核的矿物组成为钡镁锰矿、水羟锰矿、石英和长石,铁相矿物均为无定形铁氧化物/氢氧化物,并且锰相矿物和铁相矿物的结晶程度均较差。红外光谱分析结果显示多金属结核和结壳中的铁锰矿物具有大量表面羟基,这些含质子表面羟基官能团,可为海水中各成矿元素的络合提供丰富的活性位点。XPS分析表明多金属结核和结壳中铁锰矿物表面以Fe、Mn和O元素为主,其中Fe呈正三价态,Mn以正四、正三价为主,可能还含有少部分正二价态。对比南海多金属结壳（核）与太平海山结壳,南海多金属结壳（核）具有更为显著的表面羟基氧（-OH）含量,而太平洋海山结壳则以晶格氧（O^2-）为主,表明太平洋海山结壳铁锰矿物结晶程度较南海多金属结壳（核）高。综合研究表明,在海底铁锰结壳和结核中（氢）氧化锰/铁矿物与海水之间界面效应对金属离子的富集机理主要有：（1）金属离子与矿物表面羟基进行络合反应,形成以配位键相连的羟基络合物,或与表面的质子交换生成稳定的内层络合物;（2）矿物的带电表面与金属离子通过静电作用形成双电层,生成外层络合物;（3）金属离子与矿物结构中的Mn、Fe离子同晶置换而成为结构阳离子。     

Do inverted depositional sequences and allochthonous foraminifers in sediments along the Coast of Kachchh, NW India, indicate palaeostorm and/or tsunami effects?

The study of 134 subsurface sediment samples from three cores collected along the Coast of Kachchh, off Gujarat Province, NW India, shows the presence of 151 foraminifer species. Q-mode cluster analysis on foraminifer data for each core and radiocarbon dating at ten different downcore depths reveal an inverted sequence, with fine-grained sediments and small foraminifers sandwiched between normal detrital sediments at water depths of 10–20 m. It is postulated that ∼8,000 years B.P., sediments ranging in age from ∼10,000 to ∼12,000 years B.P. were eroded from deeper offshore deposits by storm/tsunami(s), and were subsequently transported and redeposited in shallow regions, resulting in an inverted sequence, followed by a normal detrital sequence deposited between ∼8,000 and ∼7,000 years B.P. A second, similar event resulted in the deposition of ∼10,000 year old sediments over a normally deposited, ∼7,000 year old sequence. The second inverted sequence was subsequently overlain by a normal sequence. It is hypothesised that the erosion and transportation of fine-grained sediments from deeper water, and their deposition in shallower water against the rule of gravity, are the result of storm/tsunami influence.     

海洋沉积物的顺序萃取方法及其在冲绳海槽热液影响沉积物中的应用

不同沉积环境和沉积机制下进入海洋沉积物中的元素分别与不同介质结合,因此,将沉积物中不同结合形态元素相分离的顺序萃取方法是研究沉积物源和沉积环境的重要手段。以Tessier等建立的萃取流程为基础,针对深海沉积物标准物质GBW07315中Fe、Mn、Co、Cu、V元素,分析了方法的准确性和重复性。结果表明:各元素回收率基本介于94%～126%之间,平均值为106%。在重复性方面,除V元素在铁锰氧化物结合态中的相对标准偏差较高外,其余元素在铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态以及残渣态中的相对标准偏差均低于15%,而碳酸盐结合态和可交换态中元素的相对标准偏差较大,这与其样品中这些结合态的元素含量相对较低有关。因此,对于深海沉积物来讲,顺序萃取法具有较好的稳定性和可靠性,尤其是对其中铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态的萃取效果令人满意。将该方法应用于冲绳海槽热液影响沉积物中,实现了热液源铁锰氧化沉积的有效萃取和分离。     

Smectite formation in metalliferous sediments near the East Pacific Rise at 13°N

A 43 cm long E271 sediment core collected near the East Pacific Rise(EPR) at 13°N were studied to investigate the origin of smectite for understanding better the geochemical behavior of hydrothermal material after deposition.E271 sediments are typical metalliferous sediments. After removal of organic matter, carbonate, biogenic opal,and Fe-Mn oxide by a series of chemical procedures, clay minerals(2 μm) were investigated by X-ray diffraction,chemical analysis and Si isotope analysis. Due to the influence of seafloor hydrothermal activity and close to continent, the sources of clay minerals are complex. Illite, chlorite and kaolinite are suggested to be transported from either North or Central America by rivers or winds, but smectite is authigenic. It is enriched in iron, and its contents are highest in clay minerals. Data show that smectite is most likely formed by the reaction of hydrothermal Fe-oxyhydroxide with silica and seawater in metalliferous sediments. The Si that participates in this reaction may be derived from siliceous microfossils(diatoms or radiolarians), hydrothermal fluids, or detrital mineral phases. And their δ30 Si values are higher than those of authigenic smectites, which implies that a Si isotope fractionation occurs during the formation because of the selective absorption of light Si isotopes onto Feoxyhydroxides. Sm/Fe mass ratios(a proxy for overall REE/Fe ratio) in E271 clay minerals are lower than those in metalliferous sediments, as well as distal hydrothermal plume particles and terrigenous clay minerals. This result suggests that some REE are lost during the smectite formation, perhaps because their large ionic radii of REE scavenged by Fe-oxyhydroxides preclude substitution in either tetrahedral or octahedral lattice sites of this mineral structure, which decreases the value of metalliferous sediments as a potential resource for REE.     

中太平洋铁锰结壳碘分布及磷酸盐化对其影响

In the present paper, iodine(I), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), cobalt(Co), phosphorus(P) and calcium(Ca)contents in three ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean are measured by spectrophotometric method and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometers(ICP-AES) to investigate the contents and distribution of iodine in ferromanganese crusts. The results show that iodine contents in three crusts vary between 27.1 and 836 mg/kg, with an average of 172 mg/kg, and the profile of iodine in the three crusts all exhibits a two-stage distribution zone: a young non-phosphatized zone and an old phosphatized zone that is rich in I, P and Ca. The iodine content ratios of old to young zone in MP5D44, CXD62–1 and CXD08–1 are 2.3, 3.4 and 13.7, respectively.The boundary depths of two-stage zone in MP5D44, CXD62–1 and CXD08–1 locate at 4.0 cm, 2.5 cm and 3.75 cm,respectively, and the time of iodine mutation in three crusts ranges from 17–37 Ma derived from 129 I dating and Co empirical formula, which is consistent with the times of Cenozoic phosphatization events. The present study shows that the intensity of phosphatization is the main responsible for the distribution pattern of iodine in the crusts on the basis of the correlation analysis. Consequently, iodine is a sensitive indicator for phosphatization.     

Deep-sea Fe-Mn Crusts from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: Composition and Resource Considerations

Eighteen deep-sea ferromanganese crusts (Fe-Mn crusts) from 10 seamounts in the northeast Atlantic were studied. Samples were recovered from water depths of ～1,200 to ～4,600 m from seamounts near Madeira, the Canary and Azores islands, and one sample from the western Mediterranean Sea.

The mineralogical and chemical compositions of the samples indicate that the crusts are typical continental margin, hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts. The Fe-Mn crusts exhibit a Co + Cu + Ni maximum of 0.96 wt%. Platinum-group element contents analyzed for five samples showed Pt contents from 153 to 512 ppb.

The resource potential of Fe-Mn crusts within and adjacent to the Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is evaluated to be comparable to that of crusts in the central Pacific, indicating that these Atlantic deposits may be an important future resource.     

海底热液成因含金属沉积物的研究现状及展望

海底热液成因含金属沉积物广泛分布于全球各大洋与弧后活动扩张中心、大洋玄武岩上覆沉积层的底部以及板内火山的顶部等区域。块状硫化物烟囱体经氧化蚀变发生再沉积作用、热液羽流的扩散和沉降作用或低温弥散流的直接沉淀均可形成含金属沉积物。尽管不同热液区的含金属沉积物在矿物和化学组成上具有一定的差异,但其相对正常远洋沉积物均表现为富含Fe、Mn并亏损 Al 和Ti等组分,其中的主要矿物通常为结晶程度较差的铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物和富铁蒙脱石（绿脱石）。自上世纪七十年代末发现现代海底热液活动以来,大量的研究不仅基本明确了含金属沉积物的形成机制,还在与之相关的微生物矿化作用和自生粘土矿物的成因研究等方面取得了重要的进展。对含金属沉积物开展综合研究,确定其鉴别分类标准,既能丰富人们对海底热液循环系统、热液活动对全球海洋热和化学通量的贡献以及对海底深部生物圈的认识,也可为寻找多金属硫化物矿床、揭示古板块中类似矿床的成因和分布规律以及探索古海洋环境演化等提供重要信息。     

The partitioning of organic carbon fluxes and sedimentary organic matter decomposition rates in the ocean

The partitioning of annual organic carbon fluxes from five stations located in the vicinity of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge and the Peru continental margin suggests that 35–85% of the total near-bottom organic carbon flux is utilized at or near the sediment-water interface. These estimates have large uncertainties, but illustrate that assessments of organic carbon utilization can be made by several stepwise approaches which are generally applicable to a wide spectrum of marine environments.In one approach, the mineralization of organic carbon from the sediments was predicted from both sedimentary organic carbon and pore water nutrient profiles with comparable results. Neglecting sediment mixing, the rate constants of the anoxic sediments off Peru range from 0.1 × 10^?3 to 4 × 10^?3 y^?1, and rate constants derived for oxic SW Pacific sediments range from 3 × 10^?4 to 7 × 10^?4 y^?1. As with other values reported for sulfate reducing sediments by Toth and Lerman (1977) and for oxic central Pacific sediments by Müller and Mangini (1980), log-log plots of rate constants vs. sedimentation rate define two parallel linear relationships for oxic and anoxic sediments, respectively. The apparently enhanced rates for oxic environments may result from large benthic organisms which redistribute a portion of the available detritus and in doing so convert it into more easily accessible and metabolizable organic matter. In low-oxygen environments, bottom feeders and infauna are less abundant and more likely to irrigate rapidly accumulating sediments.