北京地区近70年来白皮松树轮纤维素的碳稳定同位素与气候变化

对采自北京大学校园内的白皮松（Pinus bungeana)树轮α-纤维素的δ^13C进行了分析，结合北京气象台的气象记录，建立树轮δ^13C与气候各要素的回归方程，重建值与观测值吻合较好，表明北京地区树轮α-纤维素的碳稳定同位素与1928-1999年3-9月的平均气温及6-9月的平均降雨量显著相关，重δ^13C对应于3-9月的低温和6-9月的少雨，轻δ^13C对应于3-9月的高温和6-9月的多雨。而3-9月的温度正好是适宜树木生长的光合作用所需要的最佳温度，6-9月正好是一年中降雨最充沛的时期，由此认为；树轮δ^13C值与生长季节的降水和气温密切相关，可以考虑作为季风盛行地区的气候替代性指标。在一定程度上反映了季风盛行区白皮松树轮纤维素碳稳定同位素与气候因子的关系。     

从树轮δ13C序列中提取大气δ13C信息的可行性研究

工业革命以来化石燃料的大量使用和森林的过度砍伐，引起大气CO2浓度大幅度增加，但同时由于“Suess”效应，大气δ^13C值却在不断下降，研究大气δ^13C值的变化历史，不仅有助于预测其今后的趋向，而且可以用来了解碳循环的自然变率和校正全球碳预算模型。由于直接的仪器测量从1978年才开始，因此便产生了各种各样的替代方法。利用树轮δ^13C值重建古大气δ^13C值的变化就是其中的一种，但树轮δ^13C值容易受到外界环境因子的影响，从树轮δ^13C值中得到的大气δ^13C值存在很大的差异。本文分析了树木生长季（5-9月）温度和降水对树轮δ^13C值序列变化趋势的影响，结果表明，温度和降水对树轮δ^13C序列的趋势变化没有明显的影响。树轮δ^13C值近几十年来下降的趋势主要反映的是大气CO2浓度的增加引起的“Suess”效应。但自然灾害的发生和树轮δ^13C值的边材效应可以改变这种结果。如新疆昭苏树轮δ^13C值和年轮宽度分别在1969年和1967年突然升高以及青海祁连树轮δ^13C值在1990年后上升。     

内蒙古准格尔旗树轮年表的建立及其气候意义

通过在内蒙古准格尔旗建立树轮宽度年表、早材宽度年表和晚材宽度年表，并和邻近呼和浩特气象站的资料进行相关分析，结果表明各年表和2—6月的降水量之和呈正相关关系。在准格尔旗西南方向、相距约500km的贺兰山树木生长主要受到5—7月降水量的支配。从这两个区域气象站资料的对比中发现，月降水量、月平均温度的多年平均值在年内表现出非常好的一致性，对应单月月降水量、月平均温度序列显著相关，反映了其受共同的气候驱动因子支配。从两个区域年表对各自气象站气候因子的响应可以看出，树木的生长都主要受到生长季前期和生长季早期降水量的支配。     

秦岭树轮记录中的ENSO事件

通过秦岭树轮宽度年表和1949年以来6次最强El Nino年和7次最强La Nina年进行对比，发现每个El Nino年都对应正的年表指数正距平，而每个La Nina年都对应年表指数的负距平，赤道东太平洋（Nino3、4）海水表层温度（SST）和树轮宽度差值年表显著正相关（r=0.269,N=121,α=0.008),1960年以后，相关系数0.480(N=33,α=0.028)，同时，树轮年表序列和南方涛动指数（SOI）显著负相关（r=-0.484,N=33,α=0.013)，在此基础上对1743年以来的SOI进行了重建，并且重建序列具有显著的2-3a周期。     

ENSO事件对西北太平洋热带气旋影响的分级研究

采用1951-2006年联合台风警报中心(JTWC)最佳路径数据集和气候预测中心(CPC) ENSO资料,分析了西北太平洋不同等级热带气旋累积能量(accumulated cyclone energy,ACE)与ENSO指数之间的关系.结果表明;ACE与ENSO指数间存在正相关关系;分级热带气旋中,ENSO事件主要通过超强台风(Super TY)的活动与ACE指数联系起来的,超强台风频数在El Ni(n)o期间多于La Ni(n)a 期间,同时持续时间也更长;ENSO指数和热带气旋活跃季超强台风ACE指数的滞后相关(ENSO指数滞后5个月内)与它们的同时相关大小相当.此外,还研究了分级热带气旋持续时间、强度和频数分别对ACE指数的贡献,结果显示超强台风频数的贡献最大.接下来,利用1951-2006年不同ENSO位相情况下NCEP再分析资料,分析了ENSO影响超强台风发生发展的物理机制.主要结论为:西北太平洋存在一些SuperTY频数与源地分布在ENSO年与平常年相比有明显差异的关键区;ENSO事件改变关键区低层相对涡度以及海表温度是其影响SuperTY源地及频数变化的重要途径.     

一次“双谷”型ENSO冷事件的成功预测

2011年春季利用基于Morlet小波分析的余弦函数叠加法对中东太平洋的ENSO冷事件(La Nina)未来发展进行预测,结果成功地预测出了一次呈现"双谷"型的ENSO冷事件发展过程。此方法拟合的1980年1月—2011年2月的Nino3.4指数序列与原序列的相关系数为0.68;对2000—2011年间7次ENSO事件预测结果检验,发现提前3、6、9和12个月时Nino3.4指数的平均预报相关系数(R)分别为0.79,0.81,0.83和0.64,平均预报技巧得分(SS)分别为0.87,0.80,0.80和0.27。此方法具有计算简便,易于运行,预报时效稳定的特点,特别在提前6—9个月时对ENSO的预测仍有较好效果。     

树轮纤维素中δ^18O：古温度计？

从树轮纤维素中氧的来源、植物体内氧的分馏、最近的研究成果等三个方面评述树轮纤维素氧同位素组成的温度计意义。结果表明，树轮纤维素氧同位素组成的变化是温度变化的良好载体，但在定量恢复古温度变化时遇到了不少限制，有待于进一步完善分馏模型。     

贺兰山过去196年降水的树轮宽度重建及降水变率

贺兰山属于中国北方的半干旱地区,位于东亚夏季风的西北缘。应用贺兰山南段、中段和北段的3组树轮宽度差值年表合成贺兰山树轮宽度年表,应用邻近采样点的贺兰山东坡、山顶和西坡的气象站资料合成贺兰山气象数据。通过贺兰山树轮宽度年表和贺兰山气象数据的线性回归分析,重建了1802—1997年2—7月降水标准化序列,重建方程的方差解释量是46%。计算重建序列的11年滑动平均标准差后,发现存在着3次标准差的突然变化:1908年标准差由前年的0.38增加到当年的0.56,1942年标准差由两年前的0.57增加到当年的0.70,1956年标准差由前年的0.74降低到当年的0.63。小波分析表明,1908年到1949年之间存在显著的11年准周期,1942年出现2年准周期,该2年准周期到1959年彻底消失。1965—1997年,存在由8年向3年过渡的准周期。11年周期对应着太阳活动周期,2年周期对应“准两年脉动”,8年到3年周期与ENSO周期比较一致。故此认为,当太阳活动、“准两年脉动”或ENSO活动增强时,贺兰山地区降水变率一般比较大,年际间降水变得不稳定。     

从树轮б~(13)C序列中提取大气б~(13)C信息的可行性研究

工业革命以来化石燃料的大量使用和森林的过度砍伐,引起大气CO2浓度大幅度增加,但同时由于"Suess"效应,大气δ13C值却在不断下降。研究大气δ13C值的变化历史,不仅有助于预测其今后的趋向,而且可以用来了解碳循环的自然变率和校正全球碳预算模型。由于直接的仪器测量从1978年才开始,因此便产生了各种各样的替代方法。利用树轮δ13C值重建古大气δ13C值的变化就是其中的一种,但树轮δ13C值容易受到外界环境因子的影响,从树轮δ13C值中得到的大气δ13C值存在很大的差异。本文分析了树木生长季(5—9月)温度和降水对树轮δ13C值序列变化趋势的影响。结果表明,温度和降水对树轮δ13C序列的趋势变化没有明显的影响,树轮δ13C值近几十年来下降的趋势主要反映的是大气CO2浓度的增加引起的"Suess"效应。但自然灾害的发生和树轮δ13C值的边材效应可以改变这种结果,如新疆昭苏树轮δ13C值和年轮宽度分别在1969年和1967年突然升高以及青海祁连树轮δ13C值在1990年后上升。     

贺兰山树轮晚材宽度记录中的降水量变化

通过贺兰山地区树木年轮晚材宽度的研究，建立了贺兰山地区最近250年来的树轮晚材宽度年表。与气象观测记录的相关分析结果表明，树木生长与生长季当年5—7月降水量呈明显的正响应，在此年表的基础上重建了贺兰山地区过去250年来5—7月降水量，发现其具有明显的干湿变化，相对干旱年占总年数的52％，相对湿润年占总年数的35．5％，平年为14．5％，旱灾是该地区主要旱涝灾害。谱分析结果显示该地区5—7月降水有明显的2．6、3．5、21．3年的3个准周期。同时贺兰山地区降水量的变化历史可以反映东亚夏季风的变迁历史。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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