张家界黄石寨砂岩峰林

张家界的砂岩峰林地貌是一种独特的地貌形态和自然地理特征,它发育于中生代泥盆系云台观组和黄家磴组,峰林集中分布区面积86km2。砂岩峰林是在特定的地质构造部位、特定新构造运动和外力作用条件下形成的独特地貌。园内有3000多座拔地而起的石崖,其中高度超过200m的有1000多座,公园以世界上独一无二的砂岩峰林地貌景观为     

“中国山水画原本”—祝张家界国家地质公园诞生

座落在张家界市的国家地质公园,面积约3600km^2,迷人的奇特石英砂岩峰林地貌景观为其精萃,已成为闻名遐迩的风景名胜区和旅游胜地,一代宗师吴冠中先生赞誉张家界为“中国山水画原本”。经过亿万年地质历史的发展演化,距今3亿多年的上泥盆统云台观组石英砂岩在流水侵蚀、风化剥蚀、地壳的掀斜抬升等内外地质营力作用下,最终形成现代迷人的砂岩峰林景观,被誉为“国之瑰宝,世界明珠”。     

有限单元数值模拟在张家界风景区地质调查中的应用

对张家界风景区进行1/25000遥感地质调查,解译出1031条线性构造,经野外验证可靠性达85％,新确认该区存在北北东向褶皱,提出了该区经历了两次以上的褶皱构造运动的新认识。认为北北东和北东东向构造是该区的基本构造骨架,设计了区域性印支期和张家界风景区印支期、燕山早期、燕山晚期四种应力场模型,采用有限单元法进行构造应力场反演计算,所获结果与野外调查结果吻合。认为砂岩峰林地貌是泥盆纪石英砂岩处于宽缓向斜扬起端及后期背斜叠加使地层趋于水平的部位才利于砂岩峰柱的稳定形成,多次构造应力作用产生的高角度裂隙有利于峰林地貌的造型,挽近时期地壳抬升是峰林地貌形成的动力。     

贵州云台山世界自然遗产地白云岩峰丛—峰林地貌及其对比

本文从云台山景区峰丛—峰林地貌的形态特征、分布、成因与演化等多个方面入手,再与贵州荔波喀斯特、云南路南石林以及贵州兴义万峰林景观进行对比,通过地貌对比,揭示白云岩峰丛—峰林地貌的独特性。     

湖南张家界溹水河谷与流域形态特征及其地貌意义

利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据、地形图、地质图数据结合实地踏勘,分析并计算了张家界地貌主要分布区溹水流域河谷形态特征和侵蚀积分值(HI),探讨了流域地貌侵蚀发育阶段特征。研究发现:溹水干流比降沿程基本上逐渐减小,纵剖面呈上凹形,凹度值约为0.70;主要支流比降明显大于干流,凹度值介于0.12～0.98;溹水干流河谷宽度和宽深比沿程向下表现出上升趋势、深度表现出下降趋势;溹水河谷横剖面凹度值上游较低,中游较高,近河口又降低,平均值约为0.63,都大于0.5;上中游主要支流河谷相对窄深,下游支流河谷相对宽浅;支流河谷横剖面的凹度值变化范围较大,平均值大于0.50。说明这一地区在地壳迅速抬升之间有较长时间地壳相对稳定,横向侵蚀形成一定宽度的河漫滩,河谷为U型谷,地貌发育处于壮年期或壮年期的中晚期。河谷侧蚀,河谷凹度值大于0.5,是张家界地貌独立峰柱得以形成的重要条件;溹水流域上游下段和中游HI值较高,下游HI值较低,最高值出现在天子山周围;没有发现地势和基岩特性对溹水流域HI值分布存在显著影响;张家界砂岩峰林地貌发育地区集中于溹水上游下段和中游上段的泥盆系砂岩分布区,这一地区HI平均值为0.46,处于地貌侵蚀旋回的壮年期。     

张家界砂岩地貌形成时代:来自阶地与溶洞对比的证据

张家界以其独特罕见的石英砂岩峰林地貌闻名于世,一直是地貌学家、地质学家们关注的焦点,但关于其形成年代问题尚显薄弱,一直缺乏系统深入的研究.本文对索溪流域不同层状地貌进行了地貌学、沉积学和年代学综合研究.研究结果表明,索溪河谷普遍发育三级阶地,T;很少发育,主要表现为河流两侧化置较高的古宽谷或剥蚀面.岩溶洞穴黄龙洞从上往...     

桂林峰林平原、峰丛洼地残留中生代地层空间展布形成机制探讨

文章探讨了桂林峰林平原、峰丛洼地内中生代地层空间展布及形成机制,为查清桂林岩溶地貌发育演化过程提供参考。在前人研究基础上,通过调查地层、地貌的空间展布特征,结合区内构造发展史、 岩相古地理环境变化及岩溶水文地貌过程等要素,对桂林峰林平原、峰丛洼地内中生代地层空间展布特征、形成机制,进行归纳总结与分析,认为:三叠纪地层和白垩纪地层覆盖于泥盆纪地层之上,中间缺失二叠纪、侏罗纪地层,其原因是中三叠世时期地壳抬升,三叠系上统和二叠系被剥蚀殆尽,在侏罗纪研究区处于剥蚀期,导致两个时期地层缺失;而三叠系、白垩系残余地层分布在泥盆系形成的洼地、谷地、洞穴、山腰及山顶等地,主要是区内在中三叠世、侏罗纪时代古岩溶发育的天坑、洼地、谷地和洞穴等负地形,为晚三叠世和白垩纪沉积提供空间;现代岩溶地貌发育过程中,形成的岩溶负地貌将上覆地层向纵深方向携带,从而形成不同常理的地层接触关系;同时,这些负地形为堆积或沉积在内的三叠纪、白垩纪地层提供了免受剥蚀场所,使其残留至今。     

张家界：石英砂岩地貌独一无二

《阿凡达》影片中的地貌，尤其是核心带哈利路亚柱状悬浮山，是一个严谨的地质组成，每个细节都契合砂岩地貌的特征。导演卡梅隆说原型为黄山，显然是张冠李戴了。黄山只能说是全球珍贵花岗岩地貌之一；而张家界则是全球砂岩峰林地貌的唯一，乾坤柱只是张家界400平方公里石英砂岩地貌中的一个极小的组成部分。     

三清山花岗岩峰林地貌景观资源及其形成演化

三清山花岗岩体受北东、北西和北东东向三条断裂控制,形成典型的三角形断块山,地貌处于幼年晚期至壮年早期发育阶段。区内花岗岩峰峦、峰丛、峰墙、峰柱、石芽及造型石等微地貌景观发育,并较好地反映了峰林地貌的形成演化过程。奇绝的景观,为世界罕见。     

黔南独山砂岩地貌特征及形成演化

黔南独山北东—东部一带广泛出露下泥盆统砂岩,形成了类型丰富的砂岩地貌景观。本文以野外调查为基础,对地貌景观类型及其成因演化机理作了主要分析,认为该区地貌为省内可与张家界媲美的砂岩地貌分布区,具有砂体时代老、演化属幼年期的特征。     

北京西山圣莲山地质公园的岩溶地貌演化

圣莲山地质公园为房山北部大石河上游一个小型完整的岩溶盆地,地质构造属于百花山向斜的南翼。遣景岩石从下至上依次为,寒武纪张夏组鲕粒灰岩、炒米店组条带状石灰岩和奥陶纪石灰岩。遣貌构追为,印支运动．燕山运动和新构造运动。印支运动的南北向挤压形成响山背斜;燕山运动的北西-南东向挤压形成神牛岭和翠屏峰两个方向的岩溶墙;新构遣运动的8次抬升,形成穿洞（通风洞）、孤峰（莲子峰）、脚洞（圣米石塘）,房山地貌（笔架山）、岩溶夷平面（晾马台）、北西向岩溶墙（翠屏峰）、北东向岩溶墙（神牛岭）,溶洞（隐仙洞）岩溶地貌景观。穿洞为北京西山最高的岩溶洞穴,孤峰为残存的新近纪峰林地貌,圣米石塘为孤峰脚洞,笔架山为上新世石林与第四纪岩溶陡壁组合成的房山地貌,晾马台为中更新世形成的岩溶夷平面,翠屏峰和神牛岭为晚更新世形成的岩溶墙,隐仙洞为全新世形成的岩溶洞穴。     

武陵源峰林地貌形成的大地构造条件

武陵源峰林是一种新被认识的峰林地貌类型。出于它是以千姿百态、形神兼备的石峰石柱密集,幽峡深壑纵横交错,并衬托以密茂的植被和碧清的溪湖之胜驰名于世,经联合国教科文组织批准列入世界自然遗产名录,成为世界级的重点保护地区。因其所构成的岩石、成因和产生的大地构造历史背景和发育环境具有自己的特色,遂在地貎学上饶有研究价值。在亚洲大地构造图中,武陵源位于东亚壳体南段,云贵地洼区的湘西黔东地穹列的东北端。构成上述峰林的岩石为时代属于晚泥盆世的地台构造层的石英砂岩。这种砂岩为本区地台阶段和缓期的产物,由于它所具有的稳定区型沉积建造特征所决定,其物质组份单纯,粒度和园度也分选性好,质地致密坚硬;同时又因其所在的部位受中生代地洼阶段造山运动的褶皱作用影响较弱,且他于一个宽展型向斜层轴部的末端,岩层产状尚保持平缓,而垂直节理及断层却十分发育,遂于第四纪新构造运动期内上升过程中,在风化、水蚀及重力的综合作用配合下,形成了这样奇丽的峰林景色。     

川西北部泥盆系观雾山组沉积相新认识——以大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面为例

川西泥盆系观雾山组沉积相研究缺乏横向对比,沉积模式还存在争议。根据川西北部白家乡大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面实测成果,对中泥盆统观雾山组沉积相进行了分析,认为:大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面观雾山组为碳酸盐镶边台地沉积,期间发生短暂的碳酸盐缓坡化;桂溪剖面观雾山组同属碳酸盐台地边缘,观雾山组中段发育开阔台地深水沉积,并不是前人认为的潟湖沉积。研究区碳酸盐镶边台地包括台地边缘和前缘斜坡两种亚相,前缘斜坡亚相发育于何家梁剖面,以塌积岩沉积为标志。碳酸盐缓坡包括深水缓坡和浅水缓坡两种亚相。随着海平面变化,观雾山组碳酸盐岩发育三个沉积旋回,第一、第三沉积旋回为镶边台地沉积,第二沉积旋回为碳酸盐缓坡沉积。观雾山组沉积微相对储层的分布起控制作用:生物碎屑滩和上斜坡微相为有利储层发育相带;生物礁中在油气运移之前形成的溶蚀孔洞已被白云石和方解石充填,滩间微相泥质(泥晶)白云岩不利于溶蚀孔洞形成,这二者均不是有利储层发育相带。     

内蒙古达茂旗北瓦窑西别河组、查干哈布组及二者间的不整合

内蒙古达茂旗北瓦窑一带的西别河组和查干哈布组是1:20万区调建立的岩石地层单位,当时归于上志留统。1:25万区调中通过区域对比,将分布于巴特敖包一带的志留系、泥盆系进行了归并,不整合面之下的为上志留统西别河组,不整合面之上的为下泥盆统查干哈布组。该不整合的确立,标志着晚加里东运动在华北地块北部增生带有明显的响应,具有全球对比意义。     

Late Paleozoic volcanic record of the Eastern Junggar terrane, Xinjiang, Northwestern China: Major and trace element characteristics, Sr–Nd isotopic systematics and implications for tectonic evolution

The Eastern Junggar terrane of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt includes a Late Paleozoic assemblage of volcanic rocks of mixed oceanic and arc affinity, located in a structurally complex belt between the Siberian plate, the Kazakhstan block, and the Tianshan Range. The early history of these rocks is not well constrained, but the Junggar terrane was part of a Cordilleran-style accreted arc assemblage by the Late Carboniferous. Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks of the northern part of the east Junggar terrane are divided, from base to top, into the Early Devonian Tuoranggekuduke Formation (Fm.), Middle Devonian Beitashan Fm., Middle Devonian Yundukala Fm., Late Devonian Jiangzierkuduke Fm., Early Carboniferous Nanmingshui Fm. and Late Carboniferous Batamayineishan Fm. We present major element, trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses of 64 (ultra)mafic to intermediate volcanic rock samples of these formations. All Devonian volcanic rocks exhibit remarkably negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies on the primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagrams, and are enriched in more highly incompatible elements relative to moderately incompatible ones. Furthermore, they have subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios, and their Zr/Nb and Sm/Nd ratios resemble those of MORBs, characteristics of arc-related volcanic rocks. The Early Devonian Tuoranggekuduke Fm., Middle Devonian Beitashan Fm., and Middle Devonian Yundukala Fm. are characterized by tholeiitic and calc-alkaline affinities. In contrast, the Late Devonian Jiangzierkuduke Fm. contains a large amount of tuff and sandstone, and its volcanic rocks have dominantly calc-alkaline affinities. We therefore propose that the Jiangzierkuduke Fm. formed in a mature island arc setting, and other Devonian Fms. formed in an immature island arc setting. The basalts from the Nanmingshui Fm. have geochemical signatures between N-MORB and island arcs, indicating that they formed in a back-arc setting. In contrast, the volcanic rocks from the Batamayineishan Fm. display geochemical characteristics of continental intraplate volcanic rocks formed in an extensional setting after collision. Thus, we propose a model that involves a volcanic arc formed by northward subduction of the ancient Junggar ocean and amalgamation of different terranes during the Late Paleozoic to interpret the formation of the Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks in the Eastern Junggar terrane, and the Altai and Junggar terranes fully amalgamated into a Cordilleran-type orogen during the end of Early Carboniferous to the Middle–Late Carboniferous.     

Quartz sandstone peak forest landforms of Zhangjiajie Geopark, northwest Hunan Province, China: pattern, constraints and comparison

The Zhangjiajie Sandstone Peak Forest Geopark in northwest Hunan Province, China, is a comprehensive geopark containing many spectacular quartz sandstone landforms, limestone karst landscapes and various other important geoheritage resources. It is listed as a UNESCO World Geopark and is also part of the World Heritage Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area for its important landscape features. Many of the sandstone landforms, particularly the vast number of thin pillars or spires, are very unusual and serve as the core landscapes of the geopark. But Zhangjiajie displays a diverse range of landform types, exhibiting spectacular patterns and regular distributions. In this paper, the geomorphic traits, distribution pattern and constraints of the sandstone landforms of the Zhangjiajie Geopark are examined. Our study indicates that in the outcropping areas, the sandstones display four distinctive levels from 300 to 1,000 m above sea level, and these extend clearly from the highest sandstone plateau platform to the center of the valleys. The high sandstone platforms developed close to a flat high-level erosional surface, and subsequent erosion into this plateau has resulted in successively lower levels of landforms that transition gradually from peak walls, peak clusters, peak forests and peak pillars to remnant peaks in the lower valley bottoms. The form and distribution of the Zhangjiajie sandstone landforms are primarily dominated by the geological setting, particularly the presence of brittle structures (fractures and joint sets) trending NNW, ENE and NE. Triggered by the episodic tectonic movements, major streams and escarpments frequently occur along these structural directions, while some of the peak walls, peak clusters and peak forests have their longer elongated axes corresponding to NE or NNW directions, with an increased density of peak forms at the intersection of these fractures and joints. The geometry of the diverse sandstone landforms is also influenced to a certain degree by the climatic, water system distribution, lithologic properties, biological process, meteorological features and denudation processes. The suite of quartz sandstone landforms in Zhangjiajie can be compared with other sandstone landscapes regionally, and our interpretation of the sandstone peak forest formation processes offers a significant contribution to the study of topographic features and the geomorphic evolution of sandstone landscapes.     

阿尔泰山南缘晚古生代火山岩的地质地球化学特征及其对构造演化的启示

阿尔泰山南缘晚古生代火山岩十分发育,从早泥盆世到早二叠世均有发育。其中中泥盆世北塔山组为一套中基性火山岩,并且底部含有厚度超过100m的苦橄岩;中泥盆世蕴都喀拉组为一套浅海相细碎屑沉积岩夹中性、中基性火山岩;晚泥盆世江孜尔库都克组为火山碎屑岩夹中基性和中酸性火山岩组合;而晚石炭世巴塔玛依内山组以玄武岩和玄武安山岩为主,夹凝灰岩、粉砂岩和炭质页岩。对这4个组火山岩的主要元素、微量元素地球化学特征研究表明,北塔山组和蕴都喀拉组为拉斑和钙碱性系列,并且均具有大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集,而高场强元素与MORB相当,说明其为岛弧环境。江孜尔库都克组火山岩为钾玄岩系列,并且具有较高的LILE富集,表明其形成于岛弧演化的晚期阶段;巴塔玛依内山组火山岩为碱性系列,并且具有强烈富集LILE的特征,指示了其形成于大陆板内环境。因此,从火山岩的时间和空间演化来看,本区晚古生代火山岩与准噶尔洋板块向北的俯冲有关,西伯利亚板块和准噶尔板块的碰撞发生在早石炭-晚石炭世。     

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of the Late Devonian (Famennian) Strata in the Northwestern Border of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwestern China

The base of the Saerba Member (Mbr) of the Hongguleleng Formation (Fm.) probably lies in the Famennian Palmatolepis crepida Zone; the Longkou Mbr is probably a sedimentary wedge that thins out northwards; the Duguer Mbr has an approximate age from the upper part of the Pa. marginifera Zone or the Lower Pa. rugosa trachytera Zone through the top of the Pa. perlobata postera Zone; the Wulan Mbr has an age approximately corresponding to the whole Pa. gracilis expansa Zone. In the Bulongguoer section, the Lower Mbr of the Hongguleleng Fm. corresponds to Famennian Pa. crepida Zone through Pa. marginifera Zone; the Middle Mbr probably ranges from the Pa. r. trachytera Zone through the Pa. g. expansa Zone. The basal Namu Mbr of the Heishantou Fm. is probably the product during and after the Hangenberg Event in the upper part of the Siphonodella praesulcata Zone, which is still within the Devonian. In this context, the underlying Chasi Mbr may approximately correspond to the lower part of the S. praesulcata Zone (before the Hangenberg Event). Lateral distribution of strata indicates that the Upper Devonian in the Gennaren and Saerba areas each constitutes a structure of syncline, which differs from the previous recognition of a monocline structure.     

福建高陂矿区构造演化分析

根据高陂煤矿区主要断层的走向、形成期次、平面展布样式和发育特征,分析了该区应力状态及矿区构造演化过程。研究表明:在矿区北东、南西向局部主压应力作用下,产生了南部一系列逆冲断层和褶曲,同时在这种压应力持续作用下,又产生了与局部主压应力几乎垂直的北西、南东向的张应力,从而进一步产生了低序次的北东—南西向张断裂;该区在印支晚期主要形成了3条滑覆断层,燕山早期形成了高陂向斜、矿区东西边界断层、次一级褶曲和小断层;燕山中、晚期形成了矿区南北边界断层,并使高陂向斜南高北低。