西秦岭舒家坝组古孢子化石组合特征及时代讨论

在西秦岭舒家坝组地层中发现了丰富的以RetusotrilitescommunisHaun ,Convolutisisporaimplicata (Kodo)GaoetZhong ,PunctatisporitesrugosusGaoetHou ,CalamosporaplanaGaoetHou ,Punc tatosporitessp .等为代表的古孢子化石共 77个属种 ,该组面貌可与我国峡东地区秭归、长阳及贵州独山、都匀等地的泥盆纪古孢子化石组合对比 ,并根据其化石论证了该组地层时代应为中晚泥盆世     

东昆仑中西段布喀达坂峰地区早泥盆世地层的发现及初步研究

在东昆仑中西段布喀达坂峰地区发现了一套含早-中泥盆世生物化石的海陆交互相地层。从而确定了该地区泥盆纪地层的存在。该套地层可与东昆仑西段泥盆纪布拉克巴什组相对比。就目前研究状态而言。确定了早中泥盆世地层在东昆仑西段地区由西往东廷仲的位置。同时。该套地层的发现及其古构造沉积背景的确定对东昆仑造山带的研究具有重要意义。     

西准噶尔玛依勒山一带早泥盆世生物化石的发现及其意义

新疆北部西准噶尔地区玛依勒山一带泥盆纪火山碎屑岩、陆源碎屑沉积岩建造较发育,以往资料一般将其划为中泥盆统。本次工作在该套地层中发现了大量属于早泥盆世的化石,为该套地层的时代确定提供了依据。根据岩石地层单位将该区泥盆系划分为下泥盆统马拉苏组和中泥盒统库鲁木迪组。     

前寒武系地层古生物学研究的学者 ——恭贺邢裕盛教授八十华诞及从事地质工作五十七周年

邢裕盛教授是我国著名前寒武纪地层古生物学家, 是我国前寒武纪微古植物和古藻类学研究的奠基人之一。他是一位野外勤奋工作、实验室严谨治学的科学家。邢裕盛教授长期从事前寒武纪微古植物及生物地层研究, 为国际上最早研究前寒武纪微古植物的少数专家之一。自1962年以来开拓了中国前寒武纪微古植物研究领域, 发现和确定了一些前寒武纪后生动物和后生植物化石门类, 建立了中国晚前寒武纪各时代微古植物组合序列, 探讨了地球早期生物演化进程, 同时在全国晚前寒武纪地层划分和地层对比中解决了一些重大地层问题, 为我国晚前寒武纪地层与国际对比提供了重要依据。     

辽西阜新北部原建平群大理岩系中微古植物化石的发现及其意义

在辽西阜新北部原建平群大理岩系中发现了大量的微古植物化石,经鉴定有５个属,其组合时代为中元古代。这些微古植物化石的发现为确定这些大理岩形成时代提供了可靠证据,并对进一步探讨华北板块北缘古大陆边缘构造演化及整个东北亚地区的前寒武纪地质具有重要意义。     

开展华北地台古元古代早期微古植物群与真核生物研究

深入开展古元古代早期 (2 5 0 0～ 180 0Ma)微古植物化石研究 ,查清其产出层位、种属组成、组合特征、时空分布规律等 ,在古元古代晚期长城系层位之下建立一个目前世界上时代最老、层位最低的真核生物的微古植物化石组合 ,这是在国内外该时期生物地层学研究中一个全新的课题和极待解决的问题。通过比较形态学、分子古生物学和古生态学研究 ,查清微古植物群中真核生物的生物学属性 ,追索真核生物产出的最低层位 ,探索真核生物的起源 ,为探讨地球早期生命演化提供直接的化石证据。开展古元古代早期微古植物群研究和探讨真核生物的起源 ,不但具有地层划分与对比的实际价值 ,而且在生物学研究上具有重大的理论意义     

河北宽城地区中元古界高于庄组微古植物群

通过对河北宽城地区高于庄组微古植物进行系统采样,利用化学浸解法,获得了大量微古植物信息,在80件样品中发现微古植物个体5000余粒,共鉴定出41属108种(含1个新属,9个新种,38个未定种),其中包括丰富的多细胞植物化石及其碎片。根据微古植物化石的分布和特征,划分出4个化石组合。与下伏长城系微古植物相比,高于庄组微古植物具有明显的差异。这些微古植物的发现为地球早期生物演化、区域地层划分和对比,以及生物成矿和成油研究提供了重要信息。     

中国泥盆纪植物群

中国的泥盆纪植物分布广泛,内容丰富。但在解放前知道得很少。解放初期,晚泥盆世植物群首先在我国东南部有所发现。近年来,在西南和西北广大地区采集和积累了大量早、中泥盆世植物化石,在此基础上,逐渐开展了我国泥盆纪植物群的系统研究,初步弄清了某些植物的地史、地理分布规律,建立了早、中、晚泥盆世的三个植物群和几个植物组合。为有关地层的划分、对比和古生态环境、古生物地理分区等,提供了古植物学上的     

肇庆市郊发现震旦纪微古植物化石

分布在肇庆市郊乌榕、南坑、栏柯山、金鸡等地的变质岩，以往未找到化石，时代的确定缺乏依据。近年来，在其中的灰黑色千枚岩中发现了较丰富的微古植物化石，为该套低绿片岩相变质岩时代定为震旦纪提供了依据，同时，对地层层序和地质构造的研究也具有一定的意义。     

古亚洲洋的发生-发展-消亡的历史——来自黑龙江省西北部古生代(O1-C1)地层的连续沉积记录

黑龙江省西北部发育连续沉积的古生代（O₁-C₁）地层.结合该地区近年来的区域地质调查和科学研究成果,将该地区奥陶纪-石炭纪岩石地层划分为伊勒呼里山群、黑河群和燎原群3个群15个组,并将各组的岩石建造、化石组合、沉积环境等与古亚洲洋发生、发展、消亡演化历史结合在一起进行论述分析.通过古生代（O_{1-C1）地层方面的综合研究,为黑龙江省西北部古亚洲洋演化提供了岩石地层、生物地层和沉积环境方面的综合资料.根据上述地层记录,认为古亚洲洋发生于早奥陶世早期,兴盛于早奥陶世晚期-晚奥陶世,收敛期为早志留世-晚志留世-中泥盆世、消亡于晚泥盆世-早石炭世.}     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.