三塔长跨斜拉桥振动台试验研究

多塔长跨斜拉桥受力复杂,采用轻质结合梁时结构地震响应更具特点.本文以某主跨为616m的三塔结合梁斜拉桥为工程背景,制作动力缩尺模型进行三台阵振动台试验.在单向一致激励振动台试验的基础上,进行多维激励、多点激励振动台试验,并与数值分析结果进行比较验证.试验结果表明:此结构的基本振型为中塔纵弯与主梁竖弯的耦合振动.纵向一致地震作用下,主塔及主梁均会有较大的地震响应;横向一致地震激励下,中塔地震响应较边塔更为不利.多点激励振动台试验表明,行波效应使得各构件地震响应不同程度增大;最后,通过多维地震激励下试验结果验证了规范中方向组合计算方法的准确性.     

TLD振动台子结构试验的数值仿真分析

本文采用振动台子结构试验数值仿真验证了圆柱形调谐液体阻尼器(CTLD)控制建筑结构地震响应的性能。振动台子结构试验将结构模型作为数值子结构在计算机中计算,将CTLD作为试验子结构进行物理试验。在CTLD和振动台之间安装剪切力检测装置,将测得的剪切力和地震波输入到数值子结构中,采用实时子结构中心差分法进行数值子结构运动方程的求解,计算得到了结构顶层的绝对加速度。再将加速度由振动台实时加载到试验子结构上,实现了结构和CTLD的相互作用。对一个单自由度结构有CTLD控制和无CTLD控制时的加速度响应进行了精确数值求解,结果验证了CTLD能够有效地控制结构在地震作用下的加速度响应。用振动台子结构试验对CTLD与结构耦合系统进行仿真,得到的加速度响应与精确数值求解的结果吻合较好,验证了这种方法能够准确地评估CTLD的减振性能。     

基于压电摩擦阻尼器的输电塔模型结构控振分析与试验研究

研究了新型压电摩擦阻尼器对输电塔结构模型在地震作用下的振动控制问题。提出了一种新式的拉索-压电摩擦阻尼器减振系统,对安装有拉索-压电摩擦阻尼器减振系统的输电塔结构模型进行了振动台试验,试验中采用最优Bang-Bang半主动控制策略对阻尼器出力进行实时调节。对试验进行数值模拟分析,并将分析结果与试验结果进行对比,同时对结构的耗能进行了时程分析。结果表明:拉索-压电摩擦阻尼器减振系统能有效减小输电塔结构模型在地震过程中的响应;模拟与试验结果相吻合,说明了模拟结果的可靠性良好。     

MCS自适应算法在非线性结构AMD控制中的应用

控制算法决定着振动控制的稳定性和减振效果,是结构AMD主动控制的核心组成部分。将最小控制综合(MCS)自适应算法运用于AMD控制结构系统,该算法不要求事先知道受控结构的精确力学模型和参数,且在受控结构进入非线性状态下也能达到很好的控制效果。利用拉格朗日方程推导了采用MCS算法的非线性结构AMD系统的控制方程;在小型振动台上对刚度突变结构进行了控制试验。试验结果表明:采用MCS自适应算法的AMD系统可以有效地减小刚度突变结构响应,并且可让实际结构响应与参考模型预期响应保持一致,达到满意的减振效果。     

按刚性地基结构设计AMD控制器控制SSI体系的适用性

本文首先分析了基于刚性地基结构体系设计的AMD控制器控制SSI体系地震反应的基本原理和方法。然后,采用LQR方法通过仿真分析对基于刚性地基结构体系设计的AMD控制器控制SSI体系的适用性进行了研究,结果表明当SSI体系的基频与刚性地基结构体系的基频比ωs/ωr大于0.9时控制效率基本和考虑SSI效应控制器的控制效果接近,当ωs/ωr值小于0.4的时候,控制效率降低比较严重,对SSI体系不能起到控制作用。接着,对4种控制器及三种土体条件SSI体系进行了AMD主动控制的振动台模型试验,试验结果表明当土体相对较硬时基于刚性地基结构体系设计的AMD控制器可以控制SSI体系的反应,但土体相对较软时这种AMD控制器不能控制SSI体系的反应,甚至放大结构的反应。最后,设计和完成了上部两层框架SSI体系地震反应AMD控制的小型振动台试验,试验结果进一步验证了仿真分析的结论。     

不规则高层结构基于新型电磁惯性质量阻尼器的半主动控制

为了研究新型电磁惯性质量阻尼器(Electromagnetic Inertial Mass Damper,EIMD)应用于偏心高层结构振动控制工程的可行性,鉴于半主动控制技术的优点,基于LQR主动控制算法,提出一种可行的EIMD-偏心高层结构半主动控制策略,同时研究EIMD在结构每层中安装位置不同对于控制偏心高层结构扭转反应的影响。以一个实体24层偏心高层结构作为研究对象验证地震作用下所提控制策略的有效性,仿真结果表明:(1)所提半主动控制策略基本能够达到主动控制对于结构振动反应分量的控制效果;(2)当采用半主动控制策略时,调整EIMD的安装位置对于偏心高层结构转角和转角加速度反应有着较好的控制效果。     

基于CSI效应的直线电机驱动塔系结构风振控制研究

控制系统与结构振动的相互作用(Control Structure Interaction,简称CSI)广泛存在于结构与主动控制系统之间,然而目前在直线电机驱动的塔系结构风振控制研究中往往没有充分考虑CSI效应,使得理论控制效果与实际控制效果存在偏差。为了考察CSI效应对塔系结构风振控制的影响,首先以电磁驱动AMD系统"电-力-运动"相互关系模型为基础,建立考虑CSI效应的塔系结构直线电机驱动AMD风振控制系统模型;其次综合权衡计算效率和控制精度的关系,选取考虑低阶CSI效应模型以及最经典的LQR控制算法。在此基础上,对该塔系结构确定是否考虑CSI效应进行相应的控制分析。结果表明,CSI效应在塔系结构风振控制中起着重要的作用,制定与实际工程结合更佳的直线电机驱动AMD系统风振控制方案中需要考虑CSI效应,为以后在实际工程中推广应用提供一种新思路。     

基于Pushover方法的柱端铰型受控摇摆钢筋混凝土框架抗震性能分析

柱端铰型受控摇摆钢筋混凝土框架采用整体结构刚度"弱化"的方式来减小结构的地震作用效应,同时通过设置层间阻尼器来控制结构地震位移响应并消耗地震能量。模拟地震振动台试验研究结果表明,在罕遇地震作用下,模型主体结构未见损伤,结构抗震性能优异。首先介绍柱端铰型受控摇摆钢筋混凝土框架结构形式,并进行有限元计算分析,通过与试验结果对比验证数值建模的正确性,其次使用Pushover分析方法对比和评定无控及受控状态下柱端铰型摇摆框架的抗震性能。分析结果表明,通过设置层间耗能阻尼器,受控柱端铰型摇摆框架的位移响应可以得到有效控制,地震加速度和位移响应满足抗震性能指标。     

海洋平台结构振动的AMD主动控制参数优化分析

本文针对海洋平台结构的冰激振动和地震反应控制问题，提出了采用AMD主动控制的控制策略，结合JZ20－2MUQ平台结构进行了AMD控制系统的硬参数和软参数的优化分析，并就相应于最优参数下的AMD控制海洋平台结构冰激振动和地震反应的几种代表性工况进行了时程分析，得到了一些定性和定量的结论，为实际工程的控制设计提供了基础。本文提出的AMD主动控制方法对类似的海洋平台结构的控制问题也有参考价值。     

环向空间预应力结构模型振动台试验研究

某新建国际网球赛馆为大型空间预应力混合结构。其主赛馆看台为倒锥形现浇预应力混凝土结构,屋盖为开闭式钢结构。对该结构进行了缩尺模型的振动台试验,根据几何相似和预应力等效的原则,研究解决了小比例振动台模型中预应力筋配置和预应力施工的技术课题,探索了该类旋转对称、高宽比较小的空间结构不同于普通高层结构的振动测试布置方法。试验验证了这一结构以扭转为主的振型特点,揭示了环向预应力在保证结构维持罕遇地震作用下的整体性上的重要作用,并对工程作出了抗震性能评价。     

Control strategies and experimental verifications of the electromagnetic mass damper system for structural vibration control

The electromagnetic mass damper （EMD） control system, as an innovative active control system to reduce structural vibration, offers many advantages over traditional active mass driver/damper （AMD） control systems. In this paper, studies of several EMD control strategies and bench-scale shaking table tests of a two-story model structure are described. First, two structural models corresponding to uncontrolled and Zeroed cases are developed, and parameters of these models are validated through sinusoidal sweep tests to provide a basis for establishing an accurate mathematical model for further studies. Then, a simplified control strategy for the EMD system based on the pole assignment control algorithm is proposed. Moreover, ideal pole locations are derived and validated through a series of shaking table tests. Finally, three benchmark earthquake ground motions and sinusoidal sweep waves are imposed onto the structure to investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of using this type of innovative active control system for structural vibration control. In addition, the robustness of the EMD system is examined. The test results show that the EMD system is an effective and robust system for the control of structural vibrations.     

变阻尼半主动结构控制振动台试验

在一个１：４的五层模型刚架结构上进行了变阻尼半主动结构控制振动台试验．在结构的底层安装了一个溢流阀式变阻尼控制器,输入几种不同的地震动并采用几种不同的控制算法对结构进行了变阻尼半主动控制。振动台试验结果表明,受阻尼半主动结构控制仅需要很少的电能,就可以达到较好的控制效果,是一种很有应用前景的结构振动控制方案。结合溢流阀式变阻尼控制器的特点,分析了一些因素对控制效果的影响．     

Experimental and analytical study on pounding reduction of base‐isolated highway bridges using MR dampers

Pounding between adjacent superstructures has been a major cause of highway bridge damage in the past several earthquakes. This paper presents an experimental and analytical study on pounding reduction of highway bridges subjected to earthquake ground motions by using magnetorheological (MR) dampers. An analytical model, which incorporates structural pounding and MR dampers, is developed. A series of shaking table tests on a 1:20 scaled base‐isolated bridge model are performed to investigate the effects of pounding between adjacent superstructures on the dynamics of the structures. Based on the test results, the parameters of the linear and the nonlinear viscoelastic impact models are identified. Performance of the semiactive system for reducing structural pounding is also investigated experimentally, in which the MR dampers are used in conjunction with the proposed control strategy, to verify the effectiveness of the MR dampers. Structural responses are also simulated by using the established analytical model and compared with the shaking table test results. The results show that pounding between adjacent superstructures of the highway bridge significantly increases the structural acceleration responses. For the base‐isolated bridge model considered here, the semiactive control system with MR dampers effectively precludes pounding. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

经验模分解及小波分析在结构损伤识别中的应用:试验研究

本文利用一个三层剪切型结构模型在各种激励下的振动台试验，研究经验模分解（empirical mode decomposition，EMD）和小波分析（wavelet analysis，WA）在结构损伤识别中的应用。研究针对结构刚度突然损失的损伤类型，并在试验中通过连接在模型两侧的弹簧的断裂来模拟。利用EMD和WA分析试验记录到的结构加速度信号来识别结构损伤发生的时刻和位置。试验结果表明，EMD和WA方法均可利用分解信号中的尖峰准确识别结构损伤发生的时刻，并利用信号尖峰在结构上的空间分布来确定损伤位置。研究表明，EMD和WA都是进行结构在线检测的良好方法。     

Linear dynamic modeling of a uni‐axial servo‐hydraulic shaking table system

This paper focuses on the development of a linear analytical model (even though servo‐hydraulic actuation systems are inherently non‐linear, especially for large amplitude simulations — near the performance capacity of the system — linearized models proved experimentally to be quite effective overall in capturing the salient features of shaking table dynamics) of a uni‐axial, servo‐hydraulic, stroke controlled shaking table system by using jointly structural dynamics and linear control theory. This model incorporates the proportional, integral, derivative, feed‐forward, and differential pressure gains of the control system. Furthermore, it accounts for the following physical characteristics of the system: time delay in the servovalve response, compressibility of the actuator fluid, oil leakage through the actuator seals and the dynamic properties of both the actuator reaction mass and test structure or payload. The proposed model, in the form of the total shaking table transfer function (i.e. between commanded and actual table motions), is developed to account for the specific characteristics of the Rice University shaking table. An in‐depth sensitivity study is then performed to determine the effects of the table control parameters, payload characteristics, and servovalve time delay upon the total shaking table transfer function. The sensitivity results reveal: (a) a potential strong dynamic interaction between the oil column in the actuator and the payload, and (b) the very important effect of the servovalve time delay upon the total shaking table transfer function. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking‐table tests on reinforced concrete frames with different isolation systems

The effectiveness of seismic isolation in protecting structural and non‐structural elements from damage has been assessed in an extensive programme of shaking‐table tests, carried out on four identical 1/3.3‐scale, two‐dimensional, reinforced concrete (R/C) frames. Four different isolation systems were considered, namely: (i) rubber‐based, (ii) steel‐based, (iii) shape memory alloy (SMA)‐based and (iv) hybrid, i.e. based on both SMA and steel components, isolation systems. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the main results of the experimental tests on base‐isolated models, whose structural response is described through: (i) maximum base displacements; (ii) maximum interstorey drifts; (iii) maximum storey accelerations and (iv) maximum storey shear forces. The evolution of the fundamental frequency of vibration of the R/C frame during the tests is also described. The beneficial effects of using base isolation resulted in no or slight damage, under strong earthquakes, to both structural and non‐structural members, as well as to the internal content of the building. The comparison with the experimental results obtained in shaking‐table tests on similar fixed‐base models emphasizes these positive aspects. Finally, advantages and drawbacks related to the use of each isolation system are discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SEISMIC TESTING OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE WITH A SEMI-ACTIVE FLUID DAMPER CONTROL SYSTEM

This paper describes shaking table tests of a multi-storey scale-model building structure subjected to seismic excitation and controlled by a semi-active fluid damper control system. The semi-active dampers were installed in the lateral bracing of the structure and the mechanical properties of the dampers were modified according to control algorithms which utilized the measured response of the structure. A simplified time-delay compensation method was developed to account for delays within the control system. The results of the shaking table tests are presented and interpreted and analytical predictions are shown to compare reasonably well with the experimental results. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic response control of a building complex utilizing passive friction damper: experimental investigation

Multi‐storey main buildings constructed with a low‐rise podium structure possess some architectural merits but the setback features of such a building complex may lead to seismic response enlargement of the main buildings. This paper explores the possibility of using passive friction dampers to connect the podium structure to the main buildings to prevent their seismic response enlargement without violating the architectural features. A series of shaking table tests were carried out on one 3‐storey and one 12‐storey building models in fully‐separated, rigidly connected, and friction damper‐linked configurations. Four sets of seismic ground motions were selected as inputs to the shaking table. The control competence of two buildings linked with friction damper was evaluated by comparison of their responses with those from fully‐separated and rigidly connected cases. Experimental results showed that unfavourable seismic response amplification did occur in the building complex in the rigidly connected case. By contrast, friction damper showed effectiveness in reducing absolute acceleration and interstorey drift responses of both buildings if friction force level was appropriately applied. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study of the semi‐active control of building structures using the shaking table

A magnetorheological (MR) damper has been manufactured and tested and a non‐linear model is discussed. The parameters for the model are identified from an identification set of experimental data; these parameters are then used to reconstruct the force vs. displacement and the force vs. velocity hysteresis cycles of the MR damper for the hysteretic model. Then experiments are conducted on a three‐storey frame model using impact excitation, which identifies dynamic parameters of the model equipped with and without the MR damper. Natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes, as well as structural properties, such as the mass, stiffness and damping matrices, are obtained. A semi‐active control method such as a variable structure controller is studied. Based on the ‘reaching law’ method, a feedback controller is presented. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the control system and the effect of earthquake ground motions, both numerical analysis and shaking table tests of the model, with and without the MR damper, have been carried out under three different ground motions: El Centro 1940, Taft 1952, and Ninghe 1976 (Tangshan Earthquake in Chinese). It is found from both the numerical analysis and the shaking table tests that the maximum accelerations and relative displacements for all floors are significantly reduced with the MR damper. A reasonable agreement between the results obtained from the numerical analysis and those from the shaking table tests is also observed. On the other hand, tests conducted at different earthquake excitations and various excitation levels demonstrate the ability of the MR damper to surpass the performance of a comparable passive system in a variety of situations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋沥青隔震层振动台试验及其在不同高度砌体结构电力用房中的地震响应分析

为弥补试验的不足,对试验室里难以实现的情况进行研究,如大比例甚至足尺模型的动力试验,利用大型有限元软件MSC.MARC对钢筋-沥青复合隔震层建立了非线性有限元模型。利用钢筋非线性子程序UBEAM和非线性弹簧子程序USPRNG,分别模拟了钢筋和砖墩-上梁之间相互作用关系的非线性情况,引入了沥青油膏的温度影响系数。为验证该模型,在钢筋沥青隔震层试件振动台试验的基础上,对振动台试验中各试件的模态进行了计算、对各工况进行了三维有限元时程分析,并将分析结果与试验结果对比,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了该模型的准确性和合理性。最后利用该模型,建立了不同高度的砌体结构有限元模型,设计并建立了相应的墙下条形隔震层模型,对钢筋沥青复合隔震层在不同高度的砌体结构中的动力性能和隔震效果进行了数值模拟,并对计算结果进行了归纳和分析,得出了一系列有用的结论。