5·12汶川地震青川县木鱼镇滑坡坝稳定性分析

滑坡坝及其形成的堰塞湖是山区常见的一种地质灾害,在强地震发生时,滑坡坝形成的堰塞湖的数量多,规模大。汶川5·12地震发生时,就形成了多个堰塞湖,这些滑坡坝一旦发生溃坝,将会对下游灾民和抢险人员生命安全构成很大的威胁。文中对汶川大地震发生期间木鱼镇滑坡坝进行研究。通过地质分析和计算表明,这个滑坡坝在发生和强降雨和地震期间是稳定的,不会对下游构成威胁,因此,可以不对此滑坡坝采取防治措施。此研究结果已在实践中证明是正确的,其研究方法可以为类似工作提供参考。     

5·12汶川地震青川县木鱼镇滑坡坝稳定性分析

滑坡坝及其形成的堰塞湖是山区常见的一种地质灾害,在强地震发生时,滑坡坝形成的堰塞湖的数量多,规模大.汶川5·12地震发生时,就形成了多个堰塞湖,这些滑坡坝一旦发生溃坝,将会对下游灾民和抢险人员生命安全构成很大的威胁.文中对汶川大地震发生期间木鱼镇滑坡坝进行研究.通过地质分析和计算表明,这个滑坡坝在发生和强降雨和地震期间是稳定的,不会对下游构成威胁,因此,可以不对此滑坡坝采取防治措施.此研究结果已在实践中证明是正确的,其研究方法可以为类似工作提供参考.     

四川宝兴大板桥堵江滑坡作坝的可行性分析

针对四川宝兴县大板桥堵江滑坡堆积体,在现场调查分析的基础上,对其作坝存在的主要工程地质问题及作坝的可行性进行了分析研究,为开展堵江滑坡作坝提供参考。     

植物特征与某滑坡坝形成时间和稳定性关系

植物生长受其生长环境的影响，一定的生长情况，反映了其生活环境。在环境、生物、地质等学科，通过对植物种属、生长形态等分析，可以表明其生活环境的某些特征。在地质上，马刀树的存在是滑坡存在一个典型证据，生存时间较长的树，是其生活地区的活化石，对其进行分析，可以论证地质体的稳定性，在自然风景区和国家保护区，这种方法是非常具有应用价值的。本文通过对某一保护区的滑坡坝顶部生长的树木分析，确定其形成时间，这同其它调查结果是一致的。计算分析表明滑坡坝在形成后处于稳定状态，它同植物生长特征符合。表明这种分析方法是一种简易实用的方法，对其它工程也有借鉴意义。     

永胜金沙江寨子村古滑坡和古堰塞湖的发现

在滇西北地区永胜南部金沙江的右岸,发现了总方量为2.5×108 m3的超大型古滑坡.滑坡后缘及两侧断壁为近直立的石灰岩峭壁,高5 ～30 m.滑床发育有规模不一的冲沟,覆盖有发育植被的坡积物、倒石堆和巨石.该滑坡曾造成过严重的堵江事件,在金沙江左岸仍然可以看到垄岗状残留滑坡坝,坝体方量约180×104 m3,滑坡坝和坝体后侧基岩界限清晰,两者之间岩性区别较大.滑坡堵江事件在上游形成了沿江连续分布长度约46 km的古堰塞湖沉积,沉积物主要由粉土、粉质粘土及粉细砂构成,偶夹卵石层,以水平层理为主,粉细砂层中见有小型交错层理,湖相沉积特征显著,而沉积物的树枝状平面分布进一步证实其形成于堰塞湖环境.     

喜德采书组“8·31”滑坡工程地质特征及运动过程

受青藏高原新生代快速隆升和河流的快速下切影响,在我国西南山区高山峡谷、高地应力场、频繁的地震活动、暴雨及人类活动等内外动力作用下,河谷地段常形成暴雨诱发滑坡→堵江→堰塞湖灾害链。2012-08-31,四川喜德县遭遇200 a一遇的特大暴雨,日最大降雨量达149.2 mm。热柯依达乡上游1.5 km处发生大型碎屑岩滑坡,体积为520×104m3,堵河形成堰塞坝。堰塞湖水位上升28.6 m,库容量达120×104m3,威胁下游9个乡镇与县城约1.29万人的生命财产安全。基于对滑坡及堰塞坝的工程地质测绘,分析了滑坡的平面、空间形态,滑坡体、堰塞坝的物质结构、变形破坏特征。研究了滑坡运动过程的地质力学模式,推导出本构方程。主要认识有:1.滑坡体物质主要分为散体、层状碎裂、层状块裂结构。2.滑坡失稳运动地质模式为:强降雨诱发滑体产生后退式拉裂蠕滑启动;在岩体裂隙中静水压力和动水压力作用下,和前缘良好临空条件结合,产生高速滑动,凌空飞行;受河谷、对岸山体阻挡,急速停止,解体、破碎,堆积于河谷,堵断河流形成堰塞体。3.滑坡启动失稳力学模式主要为潜水和承压含水层混合模式。天然工况下稳定性系数为1.18,处于基本稳定状态;暴雨工况下为0.92,失稳破坏。推导出滑坡短程飞行、碎屑流运动本构方程。4.堰塞坝整体稳定性好,发生管涌或流土溃决的可能性小,主要以"漫顶"模式逐级冲刷破坏。     

初始含水率对黄土滑坡堰塞坝溃决影响研究

黄土区各类地质灾害伴随着极端降雨频繁发生,然而当前针对黄土滑坡堰塞坝溃决机制的相关研究成果较少,尤其是初始含水率、密实度、来水流量等参数对堰塞坝溃决的影响仍缺乏系统研究,其灾害机理尚不清晰.在影响堰塞坝溃决的众多因素中,初始含水率对黄土滑坡堰塞坝的稳定性有着重要影响,本文基于室内模型试验,初步探究了0％ ～25％含水率...     

利用树轮重建九房山滑坡活动年份

理解地貌过程以及认识过去灾害发生的频率,是自然灾害风险评价的重要任务。树木年轮由于其具有定年准确、连续性强、分辨率高和易于复本等特点,近年来被用到恢复过去灾害发生的时间。随着滑坡、泥石流等山地地质灾害性事件发生频率的增加,地质灾害风险管理和评价受到了越来越多的关注。在样品量足够的前提下,树木年轮方法可以精确地确定滑坡事件发生的年份。以甘肃南部武都区外纳乡的九房山滑坡为研究对象,利用树木年轮分析方法对该滑坡的灾害事件发生的时间进行了初步的研究。结果显示:1.树木年轮样品在1980—1982年,1984—1987年以及1991-1993年都出现了年轮宽度迅速减小或者迅速增加的现象。本研究将1980—1982年,1984—1987年以及1991—1993年定为滑坡活动年份,其中1992年和1993年的滑坡与当地记载的滑坡年份一致。强降水,地震影响以及不合理的灌溉活动都可能导致滑坡的复活,但降雨仍是导致九房山滑坡复活的重要因素。2.树木年轮样品中出现的偏心木和伪轮现象也是对滑坡灾害发生的佐证,说明受到滑坡灾害的影响,树木的生长环境发生了改变。     

浙江山地滑坡现状及其成因

在考察浙西、浙南山地滑坡灾害点的基础上,结合地质、土壤、土地背景资料确定了庆元、青田、龙泉等１５个县（市）为滑坡集中分布区;中小型基岩风化残坡积土层滑坡是浙江主要滑坡类型。山高坡陡的地貌特征、软硬互层的地层岩性、多组断珐交叉的区域地质构造和发育深厚的土壤类型,是滑坡形成的地学基础;人为切坡、流水蚀坡、水耕梯田、植被破坏和集中降雨,是滑坡的诱发因子。     

金龙山地区滑坡综合观测方案概述

金龙山地区滑坡综合观测方案的设计原则有:阶段性、科学性、综合性和适用性。滑坡综合观测内容含:斜坡应力变化,滑体的运动变形与滑坡的地声,地下水动态,以及影响滑坡发生发展的因素(降水等)。为此在本方案中包含10个滑坡观测项目(1987—1991年已在当地开展了8个,获取3万余个数据),对观测数据由微型计算机加以综合管理。此外对组建减灾防灾组织系统(如成立指挥部和制定群防避灾措施等)在方案中也作了考虑。     

中国堵江滑坡发育分布特征

在我国已经发现和识别出160余个堵江滑坡,根据这些实际资料,绘制了我国滑坡堵江事件分布图,研究表明,堵江滑坡的发育与我国的降雨分区、地形地貌、断裂分布、地震活动和地层岩性的分布密切相关,从而堵江滑坡灾害在时间上、空间上的发育分布具有一定的规律。     

裂点发育及其对堰塞坝的稳定性影响

通过野外调查及试验对堰塞坝的稳定和裂点的发育进行研究,发现堰塞坝的稳定性主要取决于泄洪道内阶梯-深潭系统的发育程度SP和坝体上游洪峰的水流能量P.堰塞坝的保存与溃决情况采用保留的坝高比进行定量描述,对于洪峰流量小于30 m3/s山区河流,保留坝高比与SP呈线性相关;洪峰流量大于30 m3/s(＜ 30000m3/s)时,河道稳定所需的最小河床结构强度SP随着单宽水流能量P的增加而增大.堰塞坝泄洪道内不发育阶梯-深潭系统或发育程度较低的坝体,SP值小于稳定河床最小的阻力强度,将会发生下切、溯源冲刷并引起溃坝.保留的堰塞坝在泥沙淤积和水流的长期作用下会形成裂点,对河床下切起到控制作用,降低再次发生滑坡的风险.大型裂点能改变河床演变和河流地貌,连续堰塞坝形成的裂点能长期保存并形成优美的自然景观,创造良好的河流生态环境.     

Flood assessment and early warning of the reoccurrence of river blockage at the Baige landslide

On 10th Oct.and 3rd Nov.2018,two successive landslides occurred in the Jinsha River catchment at Baige Village,Tibet Autonomous Region,China.The landslides blocked the major river and formed the barrier lake,which finally caused the huge flood disaster loss.The hillslope at Baige landslide site has been still deforming after the 2018 slidings,which is likely to fail and block the Jinsha River again in the future.Therefore the investigation of 2018 flood disaster at the Baige landslide is of a great significance to provide a classic case for flood assessment and early warning for the future disaster.The detailed survey revealed that the outstanding inundations induced bank collapse disasters upstream the Baige landslide dams,and the field investigations and hydrological simulation suggested that the downstream of the Baige landslide were seriously flooded due to the two periods of the outburst floods.On these bases,the early warning process of potential outburst floods at the Baige landslide was advised,which contains four stages:Outburst Flood Simulating Stage,Outburst Flood Fore-casting Stage,Emergency Plan and Emergency Evacuation Stage.The study offers a con-ceptual model for the mitigation of landslides and flood disasters in the high-relief mountain-ous region in Tibet.     

Seven landslide dams of old seismic origin in southeastern Sicily (Italy)

This paper focuses on origin, morphology and evolution of seven landslide dams in southeastern Sicily. These landforms are part of a set of 146 landslides recently recognised in this area, which was hitherto considered to have little or no slope instability. Southeastern Sicily consists of a plateau (the Hyblaean Mountains) incised by canyons and surrounded by lower lands. It is underlain mostly by subhorizontal, moderately to well-lithified carbonate rocks. Relief is low.Several lines of evidence justify the assumption of a seismic trigger for the landslides in this area: (1) the geo-climatic environment is not favourable to landsliding, (2) low-angle basal shear surfaces are very frequent, (3) landslide distribution is consistent with the known magnitude–distance relationships for earthquake-induced landslides, (4) historical documents testify to earthquake-triggered slope instability and (5) a specific landslide can be exactly dated.The phenomena illustrated here include six rock slides (one with a debris-flow component) and one rock fall. Slip surfaces are mostly non-circular. Landslide volume ranges from about 50×10³ to 34×10⁶ m³.With reference to the Costa and Schuster [Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100 (1988) 1054] classification of landslide dams, five cases belong to type II (spanning the entire valley), and two to type IV (failures from both valley sides, with frontal or side contact between failed masses). With reference to Crozier and Pillans [Catena 18 (1991) 471] classification of landslide lakes, all cases show a main valley lake while tributary valley, back and supra lakes are sporadically present. One damming is attributable to the 1693 earthquake with certainty; another damming, to the same earthquake with high probability. Three dams were reincised, one breached or reincised, one is slightly reincised and two more or less intact; correspondingly, five silting up deposits were reincised, one is being reincised at present and two are still under formation.     

洞庭湖区堤垸时空分布与历史演变分析（英文）

Dongting Lake is the largest lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. For centuries, people inhabiting the Dongting Lake area have been reclaiming land and constructing dams for flood resistance, agricultural production, and rural settlement, forming geographical entities known as polders. In this study, the regional spatial distributions of polders in the Dongting Lake area in 1949, 1998, and 2013 were obtained using historical maps and modern remotely sensed data, revealing changes since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Nanxian County was then selected to demonstrate polder changes at the county level, because it has undergone the most dramatic changes in the area. Different polder change models for the Datonghu, Yule, and Renhe polders were analyzed for eight periods: 1644(the early Qing Dynasty), 1911(the late Qing Dynasty), 1930(the Republic of China), 1949(the People's Republic of China), 1963, 1970, 1998, and 2013. Three resulting polder evolution models are: 1) reclaiming polders from lakes, 2) integrating polders by stream merging, and 3) abandoning polders for flood release. The polder evolution models demonstrate the wisdom of local people in using land resources according to the specific regional conditions. Throughout their long-term historical evolution, the spatial distribution of polders in the Dongting Lake area tended to be homogeneous, and the degree of human disturbance tended to be stable. However, a shift occurred, from pure polder area growth or removal to more comprehensive management and protection of the regional environment.     

美国西部红层地貌发育及与中国东南部丹霞地貌的对比

美国西部和中国东南部都是世界上中生代红层的主要分布区,形成了以赤壁丹崖为特征的地貌景观,具有很高的对比研究价值。通过地质资料分析和野外考察,对美国西部红层的分布和形成年代,地质构造背景,岩性和地貌特征等进行梳理,并和中国东南部丹霞地貌进行对比。结果表明：美国西部红层地貌和中国东南部丹霞地貌都是发育在红层基础上的侵蚀地貌,都有显著的红色陡崖坡,但受控于区域地质构造、物质基础、及主导外营力等因素的差异,两地具体的地貌特征并不完全一致。美国西部红层主要形成于三叠纪和侏罗纪,红层堆积的构造环境为大型弧后盆地,沉积环境复杂多变,以陆相为主,尤以风沙沉积最为典型,岩性以细砂—粉砂岩和泥岩为主,砾岩很少,主导外营力为流水下切,红层发育的地貌类型相对单一,总体以高原—峡谷景观为主。中国东南部丹霞地貌区的红层多形成于白垩纪,构造环境为内陆中小型断陷/拗陷盆地,沉积环境全部为陆相,以粗碎屑混杂堆积为主,主导外营力以流水冲刷侧蚀为主,发育的地貌类型较为多样,整体以簇群式峰丛—峰林景观为主。     

流域开发与土地管理模式——兼谈伊犁河流域土地开发与产业定位

通过对美国西部市场经济条件下的土地开发过程、前苏联计划经济条件下的土地开发模式、新中国成立初期计划经济体制下新疆生产建设兵团规模化的土地垦荒以及"十五"期间市场经济体制下的克拉玛依现代化综合农业开发模式的对比和利弊分析,总结了在过去一个世纪人类规模化土地开发的成功经验与教训,并结合对伊犁河流域资源环境特点的分析,就伊犁河流域水土资源开发相关的政策导向、管理体制、产业定位和发展方向等问题提出了见解。     

Spatial pattern and influencing factors of landslide casualty events

Analysis of casualties due to landslides from 2000 to 2012 revealed that their spatial pattern was affected by terrain and other natural environmental factors, which resulted in a higher distribution of landslide casualty events in southern China than in northern China. Hotspots of landslide-generated casualties were in the western Sichuan mountainous area and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau region, southeast hilly area, northern part of the loess hilly area, and Tianshan and Qilian Mountains. However, local distribution patterns indicated that landslide casualty events were also influenced by economic activity factors. To quantitatively analyse the influence of natural environment and human-economic activity factors, the Probability Model for Landslide Casualty Events in China (LCEC) was built based on logistic regression analysis. The results showed that relative relief, GDP growth rate, mean annual precipitation, fault zones, and population density were positively correlated with casualties caused by landslides. Notably, GDP growth rate ranked only second to relative relief as the primary factors in the probability of casualties due to landslides. The occurrence probability of a landslide casualty event increased 2.706 times with a GDP growth rate increase of 2.72%. In contrast, vegetation coverage was negatively correlated with casualties caused by landslides. The LCEC model was then applied to calculate the occurrence probability of landslide casualty events for each county in China. The results showed that there are 27 counties with high occurrence probability but zero casualty events. The 27 counties were divided into three categories: poverty-stricken counties, mineral-rich counties, and real-estate overexploited counties; these are key areas that should be emphasized in reducing landslide risk.     

台湾崩塌地的分类与防治工法

台湾本岛南北轴长约385km，东西最这处约143km，中央山脉纵贯本岛南北长约350km，其中至少有25个以上的主峰海拔高度超过3000m，台湾山地面积约占总面积70％，不但地质环境复杂，地势陡峻，土壤浅薄、河流短急，降雨多、强度大且集中，山坡地崩塌常随着台风、豪雨及地震、或伴随着人为的破坏还引起，屡屡造成重大灾害。崩塌常发生于特定地质或地质结构上，尤以坡地或台地的缓坡面为最多，其移动缓慢而有特续性及周期（反复）性。本研究针对台湾坡地崩塌的特性试作型态上的分类，并寻求其有效且可行之防治工法，盼能降低灾害所造成之损失，并确保该区域人民之生命及财产之安全。