日照近海表层沉积物中重金属分布特征及其生态风险评估

根据日照近海13个站位表层沉积物粒度和重金属含量测试结果，分析了研究区表层沉积物粒度和重金属含量分布特征，采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估了研究区重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险，探讨了重金属的来源和控制因素。结果表明，研究区表层沉积物可分为粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂等3种类型，沉积物类型主要呈大致平行岸线的条带状分布，由岸向海依次为粉砂 砂质粉砂 粉砂质砂。研究区表层沉积物中Cr、Zn、Pb、As、Cu、Cd、Hg等重金属的平均含量由高到低依次为45.5、21.8、16.4、8.5、4.8、0.113、0.11 μg/g。从空间分布特征来看，Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb高值区主要出现在付疃河口近岸和研究区中西部海域，Cd和As高值区位于研究区中东部海域。污染状况评估显示，Cr、Cu、Zn、As未出现污染；Cd轻度污染，个别站位达到中度污染，Hg、Pb部分站位呈轻度污染。潜在生态风险等级依次为：Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn，其中Cd和Hg表现为中生态风险，个别站位Cd为高风险危害。表层沉积物中Cu、Cr、Zn、Hg和Pb元素主要来源于陆源细粒物质的输入，Cd和As元素可能来源于钢铁冶炼、煤炭燃烧、农药、化肥以及海水养殖等。研究区表层沉积物中重金属空间分布主要受物源控制。     

珠海高栏港湾表层沉积物重金属分布特征及来源分析评价

于2013年5月对高栏港湾内11个采样站位表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr与As等重金属元素进行测定,探讨了表层沉积物重金属平均含量及其分布特征。并对由11个采样站位分组而成的4个区域(填海区、浇灌养殖排污区、航道区与外海区)进行了表层沉积物重金属的污染程度分析以及潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,该湾表层沉积物重金属的平均含量较低,除Cu与Cr属于国家海洋沉积物二类标准外,其余4种元素均低于国家海洋沉积物一类标准,平均含量由多到少依次为Zn、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Cd。重金属的分布特征具有明显的区域性:除Cr外,其余5种重金属元素含量由高到低的区域依次为:填海区、浇灌养殖排污区、航道区、外海区。高栏港湾表层沉积物重金属单因子污染程度总体不高,属于中等污染水平,污染程度排序由大到小依次为Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cr。高栏港湾表层沉积物生态风险评价处于较低水平,区域评价上由高到低依次为:填海区、浇灌养殖排污区、航道区、外海区,其中填海区的生态风险评价为中等水平,主要受Cd元素的高风险水平的影响。     

湛江安铺港海域海水及沉积物重金属污染分析与评价

为深入了解雷州半岛西北部海湾重金属污染状况，本文对湛江安铺港海域海水和沉积物中汞（Hg）、砷（As）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr） 等7 种重金属元素的含量进行分析，并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物重金属污染进行评价。结果表明：安铺港海域海水Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 的平均含量分别为0.011 μg/L、0.7 μg/L、2.5 μg/L、0.43 μg/L、10.3 μg/L、0.08 μg/L、0.1 μg/L，所有站位均符合第一类海水水质标准。表层沉积物Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 的平均含量分别为0.065×10-6、11.7×10-6、12.6×10-6、21.6×10-6、29.3×10-6、0.12×10-6、36.1×10-6，，沉积物中总有机碳（Total Organic Carbon，TOC）的含量与重金属Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd 含量均呈显著的正相关关系，说明表层沉积物中重金属的含量受到TOC 的影响。地累积指数法评价结果显示，沉积物重金属Hg 和Cu 表现为轻度污染，而As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 表现为无污染。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果显示，安铺港海域各站位重金属潜在生态危害指数（Risk Index，RI） 平均值为179.55，处于中等生态危害，重金属Hg 具有较重的生态危害。     

珠江口外陆架海域表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价及来源分析

基于2017年11月珠江口外陆架海域表层沉积物中Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr等7种重金属元素的调查结果,应用单因子标准指数和地累积指数法评价了研究海域表层沉积物环境质量,采用H?kanson潜在生态风险指数评价法定量评估沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险,并利用Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析初步探究了研究海域沉积物中重金属的主要来源。结果表明:研究海域表层沉积物中7种重金属污染物含量均达到海洋沉积物质量一类标准,地累积指数显示研究海域表层沉积物环境整体处于清洁状态,部分站位中的As和Cd属轻度污染。总体来说,研究海域沉积物环境属于低潜在生态风险(综合潜在生态风险系数RI 150)。单项因子潜在生态风险由高到低为Cd Hg As Pb Cu Cr Zn,研究海域西部表层沉积物重金属Cd的潜在生态风险系数均值达到中等潜在生态风险水平。Cr、Cu和Zn元素具有相近来源,主要为工业产生的陆源污染物; Pb、As和Cd元素来源相似,来源于陆源工业和农业污染经大气沉降及海上交通污染;而Hg与其他重金属元素无明显相关。     

洋山深水港区海域秋、冬季沉积物中重金属来源分析及生态风险评价(英文)

通过测定洋山深水港区海域2010~2013年6个航次秋、冬季沉积物中重金属含量,分析其时空差异,结果表明该海域沉积物重金属总体含量较低,空间分布较为均匀,Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd含量秋季明显高于冬季,As、Cu含量的季节性波动较小,用因子分析法研究该海域重金属来源,发现陆源工业、船舶航运排污以及有机质降解是研究海域Pb、Cd、Zn的主要来源;农业污染、码头货物装卸残留及建筑垃圾支配着Cu、As、Hg的来源。SQG-Q生态风险评价表明研究海域沉积物中重金属均存在中、低度的生态风险,秋季的生态风险高于冬季,Hg和Cu是主要生态风险因子;地累积指数法评价结果显示研究海域基本不受Hg、As、Zn、Pb的污染;Cd、Cu以轻度污染为主,部分站位属于偏中度污染,6种重金属污染程度依次为:CdCuPbZnHgAs。因子综合得分评价表明,重金属污染相对严重的站位依次为5号、4号及3号站位。但总体看来洋山深水港区附近海域沉积物中重金属污染状况属于轻度污染。     

洋山深水港区海域秋、冬季沉积物中重金属来源分析及生态风险评价

通过测定洋山深水港区海域2010-2013年6个航次秋、冬季沉积物中重金属含量,分析其时空差异,结果表明该海域沉积物重金属总体含量较低,空间分布较为均匀,Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd含量秋季明显高于冬季,As、Cu含量的季节性波动较小。用因子分析法研究该海域重金属来源,发现陆源工业、船舶航运排污以及有机质降解是研究海域Pb、Cd、Zn的主要来源;农业污染、码头货物装卸残留及建筑垃圾支配着Cu、As、Hg的来源。基于平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)的生态风险评价结果表明研究海域沉积物中重金属均存在中、低度的生态风险,秋季的生态风险高于冬季,Hg和Cu是主要生态风险因子;地累积指数法评价结果显示研究海域基本不受Hg、As、Zn、Pb的污染;Cd、Cu以轻度污染为主,部分站位属于偏中度污染,6种重金属污染程度依次为:CdCuPbZnHgAs。因子综合得分评价表明,重金属污染相对严重的站位依次为5号、4号及3号站位。但总体看来,洋山深水港区附近海域沉积物中重金属污染状况属于轻度污染。     

锦州湾三河入海口重金属分布特征及污染评价

基于锦州湾24个海水样品和12个表层沉积物数据,分析了锦州湾三河入海口重金属含量及空间分布特征,采用单因子评价法及地累积指数法对研究区污染情况做出评价。结果表明:表层沉积物重金属元素含量随远离河口区而减少,含量顺序ZnCuCrPbHgCd。根据地累积指数计算,Zn有3个站位达到重污染,2个站位中度污染,剩余站位为偏中度污染。Cu、Pb、Cr元素在轻度污染和偏中度污染之间。研究区海水中重金属污染物主要为Pb和Zn,8个站位Pb含量超标,Zn有1个站位超标。     

茅尾海重金属分布特征及污染评价

分析了茅尾海海水、表层沉积物和生物体中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg的含量及分布特征,并运用单因子指数法、地积累指数法评价了该区重金属污染程度。结果表明:海水中Pb、Cd、Hg的含量大都符合海水水质第一类标准,Cu符合第二类标准,Zn超第二类标准,但含量均低于渔业水质标准;表层沉积物重金属含量符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg的地积累指数(1geo)均较小,Cd污染程度略大,污染多在红树林潮滩,沉积物质量属轻度污染,与国内外海湾相比处于较低污染水平;不同生物对重金属吸附作用存在较大差异,潮间带生物除对Pb外的其他重金属富集效果显著。     

兴化湾海域水体和表层沉积物中重金属分布及其源解析

根据2015年春季兴化湾海域的环境调查资料,对海水和沉积物中的重金属分布及其来源进行了探讨。采用单因子污染指数法和地质累积指数法对海水和沉积物污染程度进行评价,并利用主成分分析法对其重金属的潜在来源进行解析。结果显示:表层海水中重金属Cd,As和Cr质量浓度符合海水水质一类标准,重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg质量浓度均符合海水水质二类标准;表层沉积物中重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg,As,Cd,Cr含量均符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准。地质累积指数评价结果显示,沉积物中重金属Cd总体为污染,其余6种重金属为清洁水平。表层沉积物中重金属间相关性分析表明,Hg与Cu,Zn之间具有相似的来源特征。研究区重金属潜在来源主要为江阴港周边入港船舶排放、生活污水和工农业生产的输入、周边河流输入和大气沉降等。     

珠江口大万山海域大气总悬浮颗粒物中微量元素富集因子特征及物源解析

利用2014年秋季珠江口大万山海域大气气溶胶样品,分析了总悬浮颗粒物中微量元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Fe、Cr和As)的含量,根据调查结果,利用富集系数法对微量元素的来源进行了分析。结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Fe、Cr、As来源环境具有相同或相似性。调查海域大气颗粒物中的Pb、Zn、Cd和As含量相对于地壳均表现为强富集,富集系数远远大于10,属于污染元素,主要来自人类活动污染。珠江口大万山海域、辽东湾海域、青岛海域和东海海域这四个海域海洋大气中Pb、Zn和Cu的富集系数依次降低的顺序是一致的。整体而言,珠江口大万山海域Pb、Zn和Cu元素的富集因子相较国内其它海域低,但Cd的富集因子较高,达1000以上,受人类活动影响很大。     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

Recent advances in marine technology in Canada

Much of the recent Canadian activity in marine technology has focused on development of capabilities in Arctic waters, and on the update and replacement of naval vessels. This paper describes some of the significant projects and programs now under way, and suggests future research and development requirements.     

一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展

对一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展进行了归纳,总结了一氧化氮对浮游植物生长的影响,探讨了浮游植物中一氧化氮的产生机制,并对今后的研究重点提出展望。     

Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe

Marine environment protection in Europe faces a number of challenges. One is the coordination of relevant sectoral policies — such as agricultural and fisheries policies — with regard to marine protection objectives. The question in the following is on how marine protection issues can be more closely integrated in sectoral policies under the conditions prevailing at present. In particular the strength and weaknesses of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the key instrument for marine environment protection in Europe are analyzed in this context. In particular, the MSFD does not adequately address all sectors and policies which are relevant to marine environment protection. One possible means of giving the MSFD greater influences on other policies of relevance to marine waters is to integrate the objectives established under the MSFD in the European maritime policy. The aim should be to require the further development of sectoral policies to take unrestricted account of the objectives of the MSFD implementation process. But also other instruments of marine policy such as maritime spatial planning and marine protected areas are crucial to advance the protection of European seas.     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.