金门岛红树林湿地海洋线虫群落结构的初步探究

本研究于2021年2月在金门岛红树林湿地设置2个断面4个采样站位进行沉积物样品采集,对小型底栖动物的类群组成,海洋线虫群落的优势属、优势种和摄食类型等方面进行研究。结果表明：共鉴定出10个小型底栖动物类群,包括海洋线虫、桡足类、寡毛类、多毛类、涡虫、有孔虫、腹足类、涟虫、双壳类和缓步类;其中海洋线虫为最优势类群,占小型底栖动物总数的93.93%。共鉴定出海洋线虫51种或分类实体,隶属于4目15科31属。建功屿断面JH站位鉴定出11属16种,其优势属（数量百分比≥5%）为Ptycholaimellus、Viscosia、Daptonema、Dorylaimopsis、Parasphaerolaimus、Anoplostoma,优势种为Ptycholaimellus sp.1、Viscosia sp.1、Daptonema ungula、Dorylaimopsis sp.1、Anoplostoma papaviviparum; JM站位鉴定出23属35种,其优势属为Metachromadora、Daptonema、Viscosia、Ptycholaimellus、Dorylaimopsis,优势种为Metachromadora sp.1、Viscosia sp.1、Dorylaimopsis sp.1、Daptonema baihaijiaoensis、Ptycholaimellus ocellatus; JL站位鉴定出18属30种,其优势属为Daptonema、Dorylaimopsis,优势种为Daptonema quattuor、Daptonema setihyalocella、Viscosia sp.1、Daptonema baihaijiaoensis、Ptycholaimellussp.1、Spilophorella candida。古宁头断面GH站位鉴定出21属35种,其优势属为Daptonema、Parasphaerolaimus、Ptycholaimellus、Viscosia、Ptycholaimellus,优势种为Daptonema aquattuor、Daptonema setihyalocella、Viscosia sp.1、Daptonema baihaijiaoensis、Ptycholaimellus sp.1、Spilophorella candida。从群落结构来言,4个采样站位仅Daptonema为共有优势属,其他无共有优势种。从摄食类型来看,除建功屿断面中潮位的海洋线虫群落以2A型为主以外,在其他3个采样站位均以1B型为优势,故本研究海洋线虫以非选择性沉积食性者为主。     

台湾海峡中北部海洋线虫群落的种类组成及分布

1998年2月对台湾海峡中北部3个断面13个取样站进行了自由生活海洋线虫调查，获得了海洋线虫100种，隶属于3目28科91属，其中密度较高的种有萨巴线虫（Sabatieria sp.1)、变异矛咽线虫（Dorylaimopsis variabilis)、Vasostoma sp．、花斑线虫（Spilophorella sp.)、吞咽线虫（Daptonema sp.)、Linhystera sp.1、吸咽线虫（Halalaimus sp.1)和（Filoncholaimus sp.)等。虽然这些海洋线虫绝大多数只鉴定江口外海降低。从优势种分布看，不同取样站其密度差异很大。海洋线虫的取食类型以选择性食沉积物者（1A）占优，有38种，但刮食性种类（2A）和非选择性食沉积物者（1B）也分别为29种和25种，表明了台湾海峡中北部海洋吸虫取食类型的复杂性。文中还探讨了海洋线虫分布与海流等环境因子的关系。     

冬季大连砂质潮间带自由生活海洋线虫群落结构及多样性的比较

本研究于2015年12月在濒临渤海的大连夏家河子沙滩和濒临黄海的大连金沙滩采集海洋线虫样品,对两处砂质潮间带海洋线虫群落结构及多样性特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,两处砂质潮间带海洋线虫丰度、优势种、摄食结构及多样性差异显著。夏家河子海洋线虫平均丰度为(592.0±318.9) ind./(10 cm2),金沙滩海洋线虫平均丰度为(54.6±53.8) ind./(10 cm2),显著低于夏家河子。共鉴定海洋线虫43种,共有种13个。夏家河子沙滩海洋线虫优势种为Daptonema sp.1、Daptonema sp.2、Theristus sp.1、Setosabatieria sp.1、Prochromadorella sp.1、Daptonema sp.3、Paracyatholaimus sp.1、Sabatieria breviseta,以非选择性沉积食性线虫为主;金沙滩海洋线虫优势种为Oncholaimus sp.1、Chromadorita sp.1、Theristus sp.2, Neochromadora sp.1、Enoplus sp.1、Prochromadorella sp.1,以杂食性或捕食性线虫为主。两处砂质潮间带海洋线虫种数S、丰富度指数d和香农?威纳多样性指数H'存在极显著的差异,其值均表现为夏家河子显著高于金沙滩。相似性分析结果显示,两处沙滩的海洋线虫群落结构存在显著差异。间隙水pH、沉积物有机质含量及中值粒径是引起海洋线虫群落结构及多样性差异的主要因子,其中,沉积物中值粒径对线虫群落特征的影响最为突出。就两处沙滩潮区差异而言,受沉积物粒径特征及pH的影响,夏家河子海洋线虫群落特征在不同潮区之间也存在差异,其低潮带海洋线虫多样性高于高、中潮带,杂食者和捕食者丰度高,反映其海洋线虫群落结构较复杂。金沙滩不同潮区的环境因子无显著差异,线虫群落结构及多样性潮区差异不显著,较为均一。此外,水动力对海洋线虫群落结构沙滩差异和潮区差异也产生重要影响。一方面,水动力通过影响不同粒径沉积物的沉积影响海洋线虫群落特征;另一方面,水动力可影响线虫的分散性,进而对其潮区分布产生影响。     

南黄海冬季自由生活海洋线虫群落结构的研究

采用现场调查和室内分析方法,对2003年1月南黄海鳀鱼越冬场调查航次中22个站位所取得的小型底栖生物沉积物样品进行了分析研究。结果表明,自由生活海洋线虫是最优势类群,占整个小型底栖生物总丰度的87.1%。不同站位线虫的丰度从每10cm2505条到1272条不等[平均(831±247)×10-1ind/cm2]。其中80.1%的线虫分布在表层(0-2cm)沉积物中。共鉴定出线虫223种或分类实体,隶属于145属、32科、4目,主要优势种是Dorylaimopsis rabalaisi、Terschellingia longicaudata、Sphaerolaimus balticus、Quadricoma scanica、Paramonohystera riemanni、Vasostoma spiratum和Promonhystera faber等。营养结构中沉积食性者(1A 1B)占优势;线虫群落中幼龄个体一般占到线虫群落个体总数的60%以上;雌雄比例平均为1︰0.79。分析检验显示研究站位冬季线虫的种类组成应属于一个群落,两个亚群落,总体上属于潮下带泥质生境冷水性群落。相关分析表明线虫丰度与水温和盐度显著相关;种类组成和多样性与Chl-a和Pha-a显著相关。线虫的丰度和生物量均与Chl-a的含量显著相关;线虫的种类数与有机质含量、含砂量呈显著相关,与Chl-a和Chl-a Pha-a极显著相关。     

中华钩线虫的DNA条形码研究及分类意义探讨

海洋线虫是海洋底栖生物中数量上最丰富的类群,在海洋生态系统中起着重要的作用。对海洋线虫进行种类鉴定是线虫研究中最重要的工作之一。目前,海洋线虫的鉴定主要采用形态学的分析方法,但是这种方法往往费时费力,对于如此丰富的物种,急需新的鉴定方法。作者以黄海潮间带自由生活线虫优势种——中华钩线虫(Oncholaimus sinensis)为例,在形态学分类的基础上,将DNA条形码技术引入线虫的鉴定中,探讨了线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶第一亚基(mt COI)基因序列、28S r DNA序列的D2D3区以及18S r DNA序列的部分序列作为DNA条形码在中华钩线虫中的适用性。结果表明,18S r DNA序列可作为该种线虫的DNA条形码,为海洋线虫的DNA条形码研究提供了很好的借鉴。目前,利用DNA条形码技术对海洋线虫进行鉴定的报道在国内还属空白,本研究将是海洋线虫分类学研究的很好补充。同时,对于了解该海域海洋线虫多样性及群落分布格局,开展海洋环境监测,进而对海洋的底质环境状况进行健康评价具有十分重要的科学意义。     

深圳福田红树林保护区自由生活海洋线虫群落特征研究

分别于2013年7月(夏季)、2013年10月(秋季)、和2014年1月(冬季)在深圳福田红树林保护区选取沙嘴码头(S)、凤塘河口(F)、观鸟屋(G)和基围鱼塘(Y)四个采样区10个采样站点采集样品,探讨海洋线虫在该红树林保护区的丰度、群落结构及其时空变化规律。结果表明,福田红树林保护区海洋线虫群落平均丰度为(1 591.4±84.8) ind./10 cm~2,丰度变化范围与中国其他红树林生境基本一致。海洋线虫群落以轴线虫科(Axonolaimidae)和条线虫科(Linhomoeidae)为优势科,假拟齿线虫属(Pseudolella)、拟齿线虫属(Parodontophora)、微口线虫属(Terschellingia)、吞咽线虫属(Daptonema)、亚囊咽线虫属(Subsphaerolaimus)、后线形线虫属(Metalinhomoeus)等为优势属,刮食者(2A型)为优势摄食类型。优势属组成与中国各地红树林生境相似,表明海洋线虫群落种类组成相似。但是,仍有部分属或种的优势度仅在福田红树林生境较高,具有典型的地方性分布特点。福田红树林线虫群落结构和丰度具有显著的空间差异和季节性变化特征。季节动态主要表现为夏季丰度极高,秋冬季丰度低,三个季节种类组成区分度明显。线虫群落结构和丰度的空间差异主要表现为区域差异显著,而潮带差异不显著,表明同一区域线虫群落结构基本一致。区域差异表现为S区线虫丰度最高,F区丰度最低;线虫种类组成在Y区、S区和F区之间存在显著差异。从摄食结构而言,Y区以非选择性沉积食性线虫为优势,其他三区以刮食者为优势摄食类型。相关性分析结果显示,间隙水温度、盐度、沉积物粉砂黏土含量或中值粒径、脱镁叶绿酸、有机质含量等与线虫群落结构和丰度显著相关。植被类型差异、沉积物粒度特征的差异和有机质含量代表的食物资源差异是引起线虫群落空间差异的主要原因,间隙水温度、盐度、沉积物粒度特征的变化是引起季节差异的主要因素。海洋线虫群落的空间差异和季节性动态也是对变化中的红树林环境特征的响应。     

福建省红树林湿地海洋线虫的优势属及摄食类型

本文于2012年4月、7月与10月以及2013年1月与4月,对福建省云霄县漳江口、龙海市九龙江口、厦门市凤林湾、泉州市洛阳江口、宁德市湾坞5片红树林湿地的海洋线虫进行采样与优势属及摄食类型研究,主要研究结果如下:采样区域优势度大于等于5%的海洋线虫优势属依次为Sabatieria、Ptycholaimellus、Parasphaerolaimus、Terschellingia、Daptonema、Viscosia和Dichromadora,优势度依次为19.82%、7.88%、7.45%、7.26%、6.79%、6.00%和5.25%。在漳江口红树林、九龙江口红树林及洛阳江口红树林均以Sabatieria为第一优势属,优势度分别为27.87%、28.37%和23.40%;凤林红树林以Terschellingia为第一优势属,优势度为18.10%;湾坞红树林以Daptonema为第一优势属,优势度为22.86%。海洋线虫摄食类型数量的季节变化如下,漳江口红树林:1B>2A>2B>1A;九龙江口红树林:1B>2B>2A>1A;凤林红树林:1B>2A>2B>1A;洛阳江口红树林:2B>1B>2A>1A;湾坞红树林:2A>1B>2B>1A。在漳江口红树林、九龙江口红树林和凤林红树林中海洋线虫均以1B型为主导,在湾坞红树林中以2A型为主导,在洛阳江口红树林是2B型为主导,在5个区域内1A型海洋线虫的丰度均为最低。     

厦门东西海域海洋线虫群落种类组成及摄食类型的初步比较研究

2002年6月30日和7月1日在厦门海域2个采样点取样,对厦门东西海域自由生活海洋线虫的群落结构进行了初步比较研究.结果显示:2个站位共鉴定自由生活海洋线虫53种,西海域37种,东海域31种,其中优势种是茅咽线虫Dorylaimopsis variabilis.、萨巴线虫Sabaticria sp.、霍帕线虫Hoppcria sp.、海洋拟齿线虫Parodontophora marina 和星火线虫Marylymnia sp.;对海洋线虫群落结构和生物多样性指数的比较表明,2个站位的群落多样性指数和优势种基本一致,但优势种的优势度有一定差异.西海域站位出现的种类多,但种类分布不均匀;东海域出现的种类少,但种类分布较均匀.非选择性沉积食性者(即1B型)和底上硅藻食性者(即2A型)是该海域两个站位的优势摄食类群.从优势种和摄食类群方面来看,厦门海域与台湾海峡南部、黄河口站位海洋线虫群落有一定的相似性.     

渤海自由生活海洋线虫多样性的研究

首先介绍Warwick和Clarke(1995)提出的等级生物多样性指数以及在自由生活海洋线虫中的应用,重点以1998年9～10月和1999年4～5月两个航次的沉积物样品,用物种数目(S)、Margalef物种丰富度指数(d)、优势度Simpson指数(λ)、多样性Shannon-Wiener指数(H')、Pielou的均匀度指数(J)、Hill多样性系列指数(N₁,N₂和N_+∞)、分类多样性指数(△)、分类差异指数(△*)、等级多样性指数(△+)对渤海自由生活海洋线虫的多样性进行了研究。结果表明,黄河输入的泥沙对渤海自由生活海洋线虫多样性的变化有一定的作用,距离黄河口越近的站位,群落具有的物种多样性和均匀性越低,优势度越高;距离黄河口越远的站位,群落具有的物种多样性和均匀性越高,优势度越低。     

黄海自由生活线虫两个新纪录种描述

作者以山东烟台养马岛采集的未受扰动的样品为研究材料,对中国黄海潮间带自由生活线虫的种类和多样性展开研究,发现两个新纪录种八棘单茎线虫(Monoposthia octalata Galtsova,1976)和瑞氏拟单宫线虫(Paramonohystera riemanni (Platt,1973) Lorenzen,1977)并进行描述。八棘单茎线虫主要特征为体表具有八排侧装饰,化感器呈圆形、较小,口腔具有一个大的背齿,口腔前端具有明显角质化波浪形的结构,无交接刺,引带作镰刀状,尾呈锥状。标本特征与Galtsova描述的模式标本特征基本吻合,只是黄海的标本虫体稍长,化感器略大,引带稍长。瑞氏拟单宫线虫主要特征为虫体较细,头刚毛短,化感器呈圆形位于口腔后部,口腔内不具齿,交接刺稍弯曲,为对应体径的4.1倍,引带简单,尾细长呈纤毛状。标本特征与Platt描述的模式标本特征基本吻合,只是黄海的标本虫体稍长,头刚毛和尾部更长,交接刺略长。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.