PS转换波界面二次源法射线追踪

界面二次源法是最近提出的一种最小走时射线追踪方法，尤其适合层状介质中走时和射线路径的计算.该方法相对于传统的最小走时树方法（如Moser法），仅在物性界面上设置二次源，射线路径的方向只在层界面处发生改变，该方法最大程度地消除了射线路径的锯齿状现象，同时也避免了低变速区的射线路径多值现象，因此，它具有更高的追踪精度和效率.本文采用界面二次源法在各向同性介质中实现了PS转换波射线追踪，理论模型的计算证实了界面二次源法追踪PS转换波的准确性和高效性，同时该方法在各向异性介质中也很好地追踪出分离的PSV波和PSH波，因此该方法有利于横波分裂在地震勘探中的研究和应用     

基于LTI和网格界面剖分的三维地震射线追踪算法

将二维线性走时插值射线追踪算法(LTI)推广应用至三维模型,并结合网格界面剖分方式,提出了一种三维射线追踪算法．该算法既可获得高精度的全局最小走时和射线路径,又具有快速稳定的特点．三维模型计算结果表明,在模型参数包括网格密度完全相同情况下,本文算法较传统的三维最短路径算法在计算效率、走时和射线的计算精度上均有明显改进．     

基于图形结构的三维射线追踪方法

在地震层析成像研究中,为了克服最小走时射线路径追踪方法存在的问题,对该方法计算过程中的关键步骤进行了改进．在节点走时的计算中引入Ｂｒｅｓｅｎｈａｍ画线算法;在最小走时节点查寻中,结合使用快速排序算法与插入排序算法,替代以往方法中多采用的堆排序算法;所采用的节点设置方式,可以引入速度界面,还可以实现反射波射线追踪．模型计算证明,改进的最小走时射线路径方法具有精度高,速度快的特点,所提出的三维空间反射波射线追踪算法简便易行。     

分区多步最短路径极值法多值多次反射波追踪

基于网格单元扩展的射线追踪算法,如:较为流行的有限差分解程函方程法和最短路径法均是建立在费马(最小走时)原理基础上的射线追踪算法,只能进行单值(最小走时)的多次反射波的追踪.然而当介质速度反差较大或存在复杂反射界面(如:常见的向斜、背斜、透镜体、塌陷构造等)时,将出现波前的自相缠绕(即蝴蝶结现象),相应的地震射线则为多...     

动态网络最短路径射线追踪

最短路径射线追踪算法,用预先设置的网络节点的连线表示地震波传播路径,当网络节点稀疏时,获得的射线路径呈之字形,计算的走时比实际走时系统偏大. 本文在波前扩展和反向确定射线路径的过程中,在每个矩形单元内,通过对某边界上的已知走时节点的走时进行线性插值,并利用Fermat原理即时求出从该边界到达其他边界节点的最小走时及其子震源位置和射线路径,发展了相应的动态网络算法. 从而克服了最短路径射线追踪算法的缺陷,大大提高了最小走时和射线路径的计算精度.     

宽角反射地震波走时模拟的双重网格法

在研究地壳结构的人工源宽角反射地震资料解释中,常规宽角反射波走时和射线路径计算大都假定地壳模型为层状块状均匀介质.为了逼近实际地壳结构模型,要求模型尺度较大,为了提高地震资料解释的可靠性,须减小模型离散单元的尺寸,但同时计算量大大增加,使资料解释的效率较低.为此,本文尝试同时提高宽角反射地震资料解释效率和可靠性的方法,即使用双重网格计算宽角反射地震波走时和射线路径的最小走时树方法.双重网格法在均匀介质内部仅计算大网格节点,在速度变化点、震源点和检波点区域,同时计算小网格节点;在界面边界点使用比介质内部节点更大的子波传播区域.模型计算结果表明,对于大尺度的层状块状均匀介质模型,在保证精度的条件下,本文所提出的双重网格射线追踪方法的计算效率比单网格方法显著提高.     

改进Moser方法二维初至波走时层析成像正演研究

地震层析成像是剖析地球内部结构与性质的主要手段之一。以二维初至波走时层析成像为研究方向,剖析Moser初至波走时层析成像的基本原理,指出在原始算法中走时计算误差较大和射线路径追踪存在的问题,讨论提出两种改进办法,分别是:（1）使用动态节点提高走时计算的精度;（2）使用多重链表散列改进波前节点的处理效率。通过均匀介质模型验证改进Moser方法在正演中比原始算法在计算精度上的大幅提高,其中五个动态节点模型相对误差可达0.1%,解决了原始方法存在的问题。另外实现了改进的Moser方法在Marmousi2复杂介质模型中的正演计算,从绘制的波前射线图中可以看出与理论预期的结果相符,从而证明了改进Moser方法的准确性。      

计算最小走时和射线路径的界面网全局方法

用慢度分块均匀正方形模型将介质参数化，仅在正方形单元的边界上设置计算结点，这些结点构成界面网．根据Ｈｕｖｓｅｎｓ和Ｆｅｒｍａｔ原理，由不断扩张、收缩的波前点扫描代替波前面搜索，在波前点附近点的局部最小走时计算中对波前点之间的走时使用双曲线近似，通过比较确定最小走时和相应的次级源位置，记录在以界面网点位置为指针的３个一维数组中．借助这些数组通过向源搜索可计算任意点（包括界面网以外的点）上的全局最小走时和射线路径．这一方法不受介质慢度差异大小限制，占内存少，计算速度较快，适于走时反演和以Ｍａｓｌｏｖ射线理论为基础的波场计算．     

一种改进的线性走时插值射线追踪算法

线性走时插值法（LTI）在走时的计算中,由于射线方向考虑不全,计算得到的节点走时不一定最小,导致追踪的射线路径无法满足最小走时.针对这一问题,本文提出了一种改进的射线追踪算法,通过采用多方向的循环计算,得到所有计算节点的最小走时,使追踪到的射线路径能真正满足最小走时,以确保射线追踪的精度.模拟实验结果表明,在介质速度变化剧烈的结构中,该算法与传统的LTI算法相比,有效地提高了射线追踪的精度.     

矩形网格三点Fermat射线追踪技术

矩形网格三点Fermat射线追踪法是基于矩形网格三点扰动法的一种提高计算速度的方法．取矩形网格三个点,在Fermat最小旅行时原则下求取扰动中间点的位置,而不象扰动法那样依次扰动．因此,计算速度比扰动法提高2倍多,同时不受扰动摄动量大小选择的困扰．该方法继承了矩形网格三点扰动法的优点,对任意离散的速度场,总能找到最短时间路径,避免了射线盲区和追踪路径并非时间最短路径问题．     

最短路径射线追踪方法及其改进

综述了用网络最短路径算法求解地震射线追踪问题的原理、方法技术以及存在问题和改进措施。特别介绍了作者在最短路径算法基础上，提出的动态网络最短路径地震射线追踪方法。该方法先采集从炮点到整个模型所有节点上的初至旅行时，其中，在一个单元内，对相邻每对已计算出最小旅行时的节点进行线性插值，并利用Fermat原理计算未知节点的最小旅行时；然后，利用同样的方法，从接收点开始，反向追踪炮点到接收点的射线路径、该方法能适于各种复杂的非均匀介质，极大地提高了射线追踪的精度。     

Application of Snell's law in reflection raytracing using the multistage fast marching method

Accurate calculations of travel times and raypaths of reflection waves are important for reflection travel time tomography. The multistage shortest path method(MSPM) and multistage fast marching method(MFMM) have been widely used in reflection wave raytracing, and both of them are characterized by high efficiency and accuracy. However, the MSPM does not strictly follow Snell's law at the interface because it treats the interface point as a sub-source, resulting in a decrease in accuracy. The MFMM achieves high accuracy by solving the Eikonal equation in local triangular mesh. However, the implementation process is complex. Here we propose a new method which uses linear interpolation to compute the incident travel time of interface points and then using Snell's law to compute the reflection travel time of grid points just above the interface. Our new method is much simpler than the MFMM; furthermore, numerical simulations show that the accuracy of the MFMM and our new method are basically the same, thus the reflection tomography algorithms which use our new method are easier to implement without decreasing accuracy. Besides, our new method can be extended easily to other grid-based raytracing methods.     

迭代优化的网络最短路径射线追踪方法研究

网络最短路径射线追踪算法,用预先设置的网格节点的连线表示地震波传播路径,当网格节点稀疏时,获得的射线路径呈Z字形,计算的走时比实际走时偏差大.本文在网络最短路径射线追踪算法的基础上,提出了迭代法与网络最短路径相结合的射线追踪算法,运用迭代法优化计算由网络最短路径算法得到的射线路径,并对迭代法进行修正,从而克服了最短路径射线追踪算法的缺陷,大大提高了最小走时和射线路径的计算精度.     

用于图像重建的波前法射线追踪

本文给出一种基于Huygens-Fresnel原理的射线追踪方法--波前法.该方法精度高、计算速度快,不仅可给出波从源点传播到接收点的透射走时和射线路径,而且可给出任何时刻的波阵面,为层析成像提供了一种有效的射线追踪方法.     

SEISMIC RAY TRACING USING LINEAR TRAVELTIME INTERPOLATION1

A new ray-tracing method called linear traveltime interpolation (LTI) is proposed. This method computes traveltimes and raypaths in a 2D velocity structure more rapidly and accurately than other conventional methods. The LTI method is formulated for a 2D cell model, and calculations of traveltimes and raypaths are carried out only on cell boundaries. Therefore a raypath is considered to be always straight in a cell with uniform velocity. This approach is suitable to tomography analysis. The algorithm of LTI consists of two separate steps: step 1 calculates traveltimes on all cell boundaries; step 2 traces raypaths for all pairs of receivers and the shot. A traveltime at an arbitrary point on a cell boundary is assumed to be linearly interpolated between traveltimes at the adjacent discrete points at which we calculate traveltimes. Fermat's principle is used as the criterion for choosing the correct traveltimes and raypaths from several candidates routinely. The LTI method has been compared numerically with the shooting method and the finite-difference method (FDM) of the eikonal equation. The results show that the LTI method has great advantages of high speed and high accuracy in the calculation of both traveltimes and raypaths. The LTI method can be regarded as an advanced version of the conventional FDM of the eikonal equation because the formulae of FDM are independently derived from LTI. In the process of derivation, it is shown theoretically that LTI is more accurate than FDM. Moreover in the LTI method, we can avoid the numerical instability that occurs in Vidale's method where the velocity changes abruptly.     

Can Euler deconvolution outline three-dimensional magnetic sources?

Severe limitations of the standard Euler deconvolution to outline source shapes have been pointed out. However, Euler deconvolution has been widely employed on field data to outline interfaces, as faults and thrust zones. We investigate the limitations of the 3D Euler deconvolution–derived estimates of source dip and volume with the use of reduced-to-the-pole synthetic and field anomalies. The synthetic anomalies are generated by two types of source bodies: (1) uniformly magnetized prisms, presenting either smooth or rough interfaces, and (2) bodies presenting smooth delimiting interfaces but strong internal variation of magnetization intensity. The dip of the first type of body might be estimated from the Euler deconvolution solution cluster if the ratio between the depth to the top and vertical extent is relatively high (>1/4). For the second type of body, besides dip, the source volume can be approximately delimited from the solution cluster envelope, regardless of the referred ratio. We apply Euler deconvolution to two field anomalies which are caused by a curved-shape thrust zone and by a banded iron formation. These anomalies are chosen because they share characteristics with the two types of synthetic bodies. For the thrust zone, the obtained Euler deconvolution solutions show spatial distribution allowing to estimate a source dip that is consistent with the surface geology data, even if the above-mentioned ratio is much less than 1/4. Thus, there are other factors, such as a heterogeneous magnetization, which might be controlling the vertical spreading of the Euler deconvolution solutions in the thrust zone. On the other hand, for the iron-ore formation, the solution cluster spreads out occupying a volume, in accordance with the results obtained with the synthetic sources having internal variation of magnetization intensity. As conclusion, although Euler deconvolution–derived solutions cannot offer accurate estimates of source shapes, they might provide a sufficient degree of reliability in the initial estimates of the source dip and volume, which may be useful in a later phase of more accurate modelling.     

一种最短路径射线追踪的快速算法

为提高最短路径射线追踪的精度,需要增加模型的剖分网格和离散节点,并增加子波传播方向,或者采用其他方法改善计算结果,这些处理会带来大量的额外计算.本文的快速算法改进了波前点的管理和子波传播的计算这两项耗时的工作,较大幅度地提高了传统算法的效率.在波前点的管理上,采用按时间步划分区间的方法,实现了波前点的桶排序管理,其效率高于传统方法中常用的堆排序算法. 在子波传播的计算上,利用斯奈尔定律,同时参考来自邻近节点的波的走时,来限定当前子波传播的有效区域,排除大量不需要计算的子波传播方向. 模型实算表明,本文快速算法的计算速度是传统方法的几倍至十多倍.