三种降水产品在雅砻江流域的时空适用性研究

基于雅砻江流域及邻近地区28个地面气象站点资料,在不同时空尺度采用降水探测评价指标评价了多源降水再分析产品——中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集(CMFD)中的降水资料,全球降水计划多卫星集成降水产品(GPM-IMERG)和多源加权融合降水产品(MSWEP)三种降水产品在研究区的适用情况。结果表明:虽然CMFD在湿季和年尺度研究区有极轻微的低估现象,但在各时间尺度表现均优于IMERG和MSWEP;在日、月、年和湿季尺度,三者精度同纬度和高程成正比,在干季,纬度高海拔地区精度较中低纬度和中低海拔地区低;CMFD和IMERG精度随月、年、湿季、干季和日尺度的顺序降低;而MSWEP精度随月、年、干季、湿季和日尺度的顺序降低;IMERG在湿季、MSWEP在干季表现较好,在月尺度二者表现相近;CMFD探测不同量级雨量能力最高,MSWEP和IMERG分别次之;随着降水数量的增加,各数据集探测能力均变弱。研究结果为研究区水文气象工作提供借鉴。     

苏州1956年以来的降水变化及其空间差异研究

本文采用苏州大市自1956年以来的逐月降水观测数据,运用距平百分率(R)分析和GIS技术,时该地区近半个世纪来的降水变化特征及其空间分异规律进行研究.首先系统分析了1956～2006年苏州降水的年际、年内变化特征,并参照国际标准评价其降水正常概率;然后分别从苏州市域和城郊对比的角度,探讨了多年平均降水的区域差异及其与城市化的关系.     

北疆冬季降水的气候特征分析

基于新疆北部1961-2009年43站逐日降水资料,分析了北疆冬季降水的气候分布及时间变化特征.结果表明:北疆冬季降水存在明显的区域差异,北疆西部是降水量和降水日数最多的区域.相对夏季,冬季降水受地形影响规律不明显,这与两个季节形成降水的云物理微观过程的环境条件差异有关.冬季降水呈明显的增加趋势,其中小雪表现为减少趋势...     

基于Γ函数的祁连山葫芦沟流域湿季小时降水统计特征

高山区降水主要集中在湿季(5~9月),湿季小时降水的概率分布统计特征是研究山区降水分布的重要基础。选择祁连山中段典型流域为研究区,使用葫芦沟流域6个观测点2015年5~9月半小时降水数据,采用极大似然法对影响Γ分布函数的形状参数α和尺度参数β进行估计,并且对不同强度降水概率密度分布、累计概率密度以及降水概率与海拔和降水量关系进行分析。结果表明:形状参数α和尺度参数β呈明显负相关,形状参数α与小时平均降水量分布大致相同;在葫芦沟流域,除海拔因素外,局地地形也是影响降水再分配和降水概率分布的重要因素;在该流域,除降水事件增加外,1~3 mm/h强度降水概率随着海拔增加而增加也是降水量随海拔增加而增加的主要原因。     

珠江流域降水干湿时空特征及气候因子影响研究

利用模糊C-均值聚类算法、皮尔逊相关和滑动相关分析等方法,对珠江流域做了气候一致性分析,在此基础上,研究了珠江流域不同分区年降水和干湿季降水变化的时空特征,分析了区域干湿变化与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、北大西洋涛动(NAO)、印度洋偶极子(IOD)和太平洋10年涛动(PDO)等主要气候因子的遥相关关系,探讨了珠江流域干湿变化的气候成因。在此基础上,进一步研究上述气候指标对不同时间尺度干湿变化影响的平稳性与差异性。除此之外,还研究了气候指标的冷暖期对基于6个月SPI值的珠江流域干湿状态的影响。研究表明:(1)IOD、NAO和ENSO分别是导致珠江流域年降水、湿季降水和干季降水发生变化的主要影响因素,且对当年及下一年降水的影响是相反的。(2)珠江流域不同时间尺度的降水与对其有显著影响的气候指标(年降水与IOD,湿季降水与NAO,干季降水与ENSO),两者之间不同时期的滑动相关往往具有较强的相关性和前后相关一致性。(3)各气候指标对珠江流域不同时间尺度降水的影响在空间分布上不太均匀。(4)不同位相下气候指标对珠江流域干湿状态的影响存在较大差异。总体而言,当处于各气候指标暖期时珠江流域出现湿润期的概率较冷期时更大且在空间分布上更均匀。     

某滑坡区地下水氢氧同位素组成特征研究

根据某滑坡区地下水氢氧同位素组成测试成果,系统地研究该区地下水的起源以及与区域构造和海拔高度间的关系。研究表明,该区地下水具有大气降水补给的特点,地下水氧同位素具有明显的海拔效应,温泉水的出露与区域高热流值和构造有着密切的关系。     

塔里木河北源及干流区域降水变化趋势与多尺度特征对比:

选择塔里木河北源及干流区12个代表气象站1959-2004年的年降水系列资料,采用线性回归、平滑方法和Morlet小波功率谱等分析方法,对比分析了塔里木河北源与其干流两个不同区域降水变化趋势与多尺度特征.趋势分析表明:近46a来,两区域年降水都存在增加的趋势,但北源区增加的幅度要明显大于干流区;两个区域在1986年前后,降水增加更趋明显.多尺度分析显示,两区域年降水存在集中于2～8a尺度带上的显著周期.其中,北源区域年降水尺度较为分散,大部分站点年降水集中在2～4a尺度带上,准5a～准8a尺度上也有少量分布;干流区域则主要集中于准3a尺度上.另外,由于时间序列长度的限制和其它不确定因素的影响,两区域部分站点检测出的16a以上的年代际尺度不显著.     

近40年来烟台地区气温与降水量变化的关系研究

利用烟台地区1960～1999年的气象资料.分析了近40年来该区气温与降水之间的关系.结果表明,从20世纪60年代至90年代,气温呈上升趋势,而全年、夏季、秋季降水量则随温度上升而减少,二者之间表现出显著线性相关.春季降水与气温相关性不明显,二者不迭显著水平.冬季降水量与冬季平均气温之间相关性显著,降水随温度升高而增加,可用二次多项式回归方程量化表示.这样,该区气温状况如何,为预测未来降水趋势提供了信息,对合理利用本地气候资源具有实际意义.     

区域岩石圈组成和热状态对岩浆作用和成矿的制约——以秦巴地区为例

遵循区域岩石圈系统的组成和状态制约区域各类地质—地球化学作用过程的性质和特征,以及各类地质—地球化学过程引起的物质分异和循环反映区域岩石圈发展和演化的构想,分析了秦巴地壳的化学和岩石组成特征及岩石圈的高热流状态,并据之阐明秦巴花岗岩类多具有Ⅰ型和Ⅰ—S混合型特征及该区缺乏与花岗岩类有关的典型岩浆期后热液矿床的原因,同时由该区花岗岩类岩石多具有黑云母组合和角闪石组合脱水熔融特征,揭示了多数花岗岩浆形成的较高熔融程度及有大量未经风化沉积旋回的岩浆岩加入了岩浆的源区,从而为秦巴上、下地壳化学成分差异小、物质分异弱找到了较合理的解释。本例表明在区域成岩和成矿研究中,区域岩石圈组成和状态的分析具有重要意义。     

地下水位变化与降水的关系分析

地下水位的变化具有周期性的特点,在本地区与降水关系比较密切。通过资料分析可以看出地下水位变化趋势与各月降水量的变化趋势基本一致。年度各月平均地下水位变化曲线图整体形状呈山谷状,大体上水位下降时间相对较长,高水位保持时间较短。年度各月水位的变化紧随降水的变化,降水量大,水位则高,反之则低。降水对地下水的补给具有滞后的同步性,时间大体上在2个月左右。年降水量出现丰桔变化时,地下水位也随之产生高低变化,因此,降水与水位变化关系密切。     

Inter-annual variability of summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa (India) in relation to cyclonic disturbances

The summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa, a state on the eastern coast of India, is more significantly related than Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) to the cyclonic disturbances developing over the Bay of Bengal. Orissa experiences floods and droughts very often due to variation in the characteristics of these disturbances. Hence, an attempt was made to find out the inter-annual variability in the rainfall over Orissa and the frequencies of different categories of cyclonic disturbances affecting Orissa during monsoon season (June–September). For this purpose, different statistical characteristics, such as mean, coefficient of variation, trends and periodicities in the rainfall and the frequencies of different categories of cyclonic disturbances affecting Orissa, were analysed from 100 years (1901–2000) of data. The basic objective of the study was to find out the contribution of inter-annual variability in the frequency of cyclonic disturbances to the inter-annual variability of monsoon rainfall over Orissa. The relationship between summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa and the frequency of cyclonic disturbances affecting Orissa shows temporal variation. The correlation between them has significantly decreased since the 1950s. The variation in their relationship is mainly due to the variation in the frequency of cyclonic disturbances affecting Orissa. The variability of both rainfall and total cyclonic disturbances has been above normal since the 1960s, leading to more floods and droughts over Orissa during recent years. The inter-annual variability of seasonal rainfall over Orissa and the frequency of cyclonic disturbances affecting Orissa during monsoon season show a quasi-biennial oscillation period of 2–2.8 years. There is least impact of El Nino southern oscillation (ENSO) on inter-annual variability of both the seasonal rainfall over Orissa and the frequencies of monsoon depressions/total cyclonic disturbances affecting Orissa.     

Interannual and long-term variability of the summer monsoon and its possible link with northern hemispheric surface air temperature

Some statistical properties of the summer monsoon seasonal rainfall for India during the last 100 years (1881–1980) are presented. The most recent decade of 1971–1980 shows the lowest value of standard-decadal average monsoon rainfall (86.40 cm) and is also characterised by the second highest value of coefficient of variation in monsoon rainfall (12.4 %). The combined last two standard-decadal period of 1961–1980 was the period of the largest coefficient of variation and the lowest average monsoon rainfall for India. The possible influence of global climatic variability on the performance of the monsoon is also examined. Analyses of correlation coefficient show that a statistically significant positive relationship with a time-lag of about six months exists between monsoon rainfall and northern hemispheric surface air temperature. A cooler northern hemisphere during January/February leads to a poor monsoon. All the major drought years during the last 3 decades had much cooler January/February periods over the northern hemisphere—1972 having the coldest January/February with a temperature departure of −0.94°C and the most disastrous monsoon failure.     

Analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall trends for Ranchi district,Jharkhand, India

The aim of this study was to investigate temporal variation in seasonal and annual rainfall trend over Ranchi district of Jharkhand, India for the period (1901–2014: 113 years). Mean monthly rainfall data series were used to determine the significance and magnitude of the trend using non-parametric Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator. The analysis showed a significant decreased in rainfall during annual, winter and southwest monsoon rainfall while increased in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall over the Ranchi district. A positive trend is detected in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall data series while annual, winter and southwest monsoon rainfall showed a negative trend. The maximum decrease in rainfall was found for monsoon (? 1.348 mm year^?1) and minimum (? 0.098 mm year^?1) during winter rainfall. The trend of post-monsoon rainfall was found upward (0.068 mm year^?1). The positive and negative trends of annual and seasonal rainfall were found statistically non-significant except monsoon rainfall at 5% level of significance. Rainfall variability pattern was calculated using coefficient of variation CV, %. Post-monsoon rainfall showed the maximum value of CV (70.80%), whereas annual rainfall exhibited the minimum value of CV (17.09%), respectively. In general, high variation of CV was found which showed that the entire region is very vulnerable to droughts and floods.     

Large-scale interannual variation of the summer monsoon over India and its empirical prediction

Large-scale interannual variability of the northern summer southwest monsoon over India is studied by examining its variation in the dry area during the period 1871–1984. On the mean summer monsoon rainfall (June to September total) chart the 800 mm isohyet divides the country into two nearly equal halves, named as dry area (monsoon rainfall less than 800 mm) and wet area (monsoon rainfall greater than 800 mm). The dry area/wet area shows large variations from one year to another, and is considered as an index for assessing the large-scale performance of the Indian summer monsoon. Statistical and fluctuation characteristics of the summer monsoon dry area (SMDA) are reported. To identify possible causes of variation in the Indian summer monsoon, the correlation between the summer monsoon dry area and eleven regional/global circulation parameters is examined. The northern hemisphere surface air temperature, zonal/hemispheric/global surface air and upper air temperatures, Southern Oscillation, Quasi-biennial oscillation of the equatorial lower stratosphere, April 500-mb ridge along 75°E over India, the Indian surface air temperature and the Bombay sea level pressure showed significant correlation. A new predictor parameter that is preceding year mean monsoon rainfall of a few selected stations over India has been suggested in the present study. The stations have been selected by applying the objective technique ‘selecting a subset of few gauges whose mean monsoon rainfall of the preceding year has shown the highest correlation coefficient (CC) with the SMDA’. Bankura (Gangetic West Bengal), Cuddalore (Tamil Nadu) and Anupgarh (West Rajasthan) entered the selection showing a CC of 0.724. Using a dependent sample of 1951–1980 a predictive model (multiple CC = 0.745) has also been developed for the SMDA with preceding year mean monsoon rainfall of the three selected stations and the sea level pressure tendency at Darwin from Jan–Feb to Mar–May as independent parameters.     

南亚季风降水的双极振荡*

文章利用气象资料揭示在印度半岛南部和北部,南亚季风降水变化在10年尺度以上呈翘翘板变化形式;利用更长的季风降水资料,即300年的喜马拉雅山达索普冰芯降水记录和印度半岛南部石笋降水记录,发现印度南部和喜马拉雅山季风降水呈双极振荡行为。自1700年以来,喜马拉雅山,即印度北部(或印度半岛南部)季风降水经历了1700~1764年期间的减小(或增加)趋势,1764~1876年期间的增大(或减小)趋势,1876~2000年期间的减小(或增加)趋势。同时,发现印度半岛南部的季风降水同北半球温度变化具有相同的变化特征,而喜马拉雅山季风降水同北半球温度变化具有相反的变化特征。南亚季风降水的这种南北翘翘板变化形式,与跨赤道气流有密切的联系。     

Active and break spells of the Indian summer monsoon

In this paper, we suggest criteria for the identification of active and break events of the Indian summer monsoon on the basis of recently derived high resolution daily gridded rainfall dataset over India (1951–2007). Active and break events are defined as periods during the peak monsoon months of July and August, in which the normalized anomaly of the rainfall over a critical area, called the monsoon core zone exceeds 1 or is less than −1.0 respectively, provided the criterion is satisfied for at least three consecutive days. We elucidate the major features of these events. We consider very briefly the relationship of the intraseasonal fluctuations between these events and the interannual variation of the summer monsoon rainfall.     

Spatio-temporal variability of summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa in relation to low pressure systems

The summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa occurs mostly due to low pressure systems (LPS) developing over the Bay of Bengal and moving along the monsoon trough. A study is hence undertaken to find out characteristic features of the relationship between LPS over different regions and rain-fall over Orissa during the summer monsoon season (June-September). For this purpose, rainfall and rainy days over 31 selected stations in Orissa and LPS days over Orissa and adjoining land and sea regions during different monsoon months and the season as a whole over a period of 20 years (1980-1999) are analysed. The principal objective of this study is to find out the role of LPS on spatial and temporal variability of summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa. The rainfall has been significantly less than normal over most parts of Orissa except the eastern side of Eastern Ghats during July and hence during the season as a whole due to a significantly less number of LPS days over northwest Bay in July over the period of 1980-1999. The seasonal rainfall shows higher interannual variation (increase in coefficient of variation by about 5%) during 1980-1999 than that during 1901-1990 over most parts of Orissa except northeast Orissa. Most parts of Orissa, especially the region extending from central part of coastal Orissa to western Orissa (central zone) and western side of the Eastern Ghats get more seasonal monsoon rainfall with the development and persistence of LPS over northwest Bay and their subsequent movement and persistence over Orissa. The north Orissa adjoining central zone also gets more seasonal rainfall with development and persistence of LPS over northwest Bay. While the seasonal rainfall over the western side of the Eastern Ghats is adversely affected due to increase in LPS days over west central Bay, Jharkhand and Bangladesh, that over the eastern side of the Eastern Ghats is adversely affected due to increase in LPS days over all the regions to the north of Orissa. There are significant decreasing trends in rainfall and number of rainy days over some parts of southwest Orissa during June and decreasing trends in rainy days over some parts of north interior Orissa and central part of coastal Orissa during July over the period of 1980-1999     

Rainfall variability and indices of extreme rainfall-analysis and perception study for two stations over Central Himalaya,India

The analysis of rainfall pattern and indices of extreme rainfall events is performed for two meteorological stations located in the Central Himalayan Region which is highly vulnerable to rain-induced hazards. The records of these rain-induced disasters suggest that such events are generally observed in later part of monsoon season, when soil is saturated after monsoon rains. An attempt is made here to test trends of 19 different extreme rainfall indices that have been widely used in the literature, using daily rainfall data for two urban centres (Nainital and Almora) over the period 1992–2005. We have used statistical tools such as Sen’s method and Mann–Kendall test for detection of trend in annual rainfall, monsoon rainfall, number of rainy days and 1-day extreme rainfall. Principal component analysis gives the correlation between different extreme rainfall indices. Time series of principal components are representing the trends of extreme indices, their variation and interrelation between different indices. The perception study conducted in the same sites indicates that extreme rainfall events and change in rainfall amount and timing are well perceived by the local people.     

Some characteristics of very heavy rainfall over Orissa during summer monsoon season

Orissa is one of the most flood prone states of India. The floods in Orissa mostly occur during monsoon season due to very heavy rainfall caused by synoptic scale monsoon disturbances. Hence a study is undertaken to find out the characteristic features of very heavy rainfall (24 hours rainfall ≥125 mm) over Orissa during summer monsoon season (June–September) by analysing 20 years (1980–1999) daily rainfall data of different stations in Orissa. The principal objective of this study is to find out the role of synoptic scale monsoon disturbances in spatial and temporal variability of very heavy rainfall over Orissa. Most of the very heavy rainfall events occur in July and August. The region, extending from central part of coastal Orissa in the southeast towards Sambalpur district in the northwest, experiences higher frequency and higher intensity of very heavy rainfall with less interannual variability. It is due to the fact that most of the causative synoptic disturbances like low pressure systems (LPS) develop over northwest (NW) Bay of Bengal with minimum interannual variation and the monsoon trough extends in west-northwesterly direction from the centre of the system. The very heavy rainfall occurs more frequently with less interannual variability on the western side of Eastern Ghat during all the months and the season except September. It occurs more frequently with less interannual variability on the eastern side of Eastern Ghat during September. The NW Bay followed by Gangetic West Bengal/Orissa is the most favourable region of LPS to cause very heavy rainfall over different parts of Orissa except eastern side of Eastern Ghat. The NW Bay and west central (WC) Bay are equally favourable regions of LPS to cause very heavy rainfall over eastern side of Eastern Ghat. The frequency of very heavy rainfall does not show any significant trend in recent years over Orissa except some places in north-east Orissa which exhibit significant rising trend in all the monsoon months and the season as a whole.     

Spatial monsoon variability with respect to NAO and SO

In this paper, the simultaneous effect of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Southern Oscillation (SO) on monsoon rainfall over different homogeneous regions/subdivisions of India is studied. The simultaneous effect of both NAO and SO on Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is more important than their individual impact because both the oscillations exist simultaneously throughout the year. To represent the simultaneous impact of NAO and SO, an index called effective strength index (ESI) has been defined on the basis of monthly NAO and SO indices. The variation in the tendency of ESI from January through April has been analyzed and reveals that when this tendency is decreasing, then the ESI value throughout the monsoon season (June–September) of the year remains negative andvice versa. This study further suggests that during the negative phase of ESI tendency, almost all subdivisions of India show above-normal rainfall andvice versa. The correlation analysis indicates that the ESI-tendency is showing an inverse and statistically significant relationship with rainfall over 14 subdivisions of India. Area wise, about 50% of the total area of India shows statistically significant association. Moreover, the ESI-tendency shows a significant relationship with rainfall over north west India, west central India, central north east India, peninsular India and India as a whole. Thus, ESI-tendency can be used as a precursor for the prediction of Indian summer monsoon rainfall on a smaller spatial scale.