热带海表风速与海表温度日变化关系分析

利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)搭载的微波成像仪(TMI)探测结果,在像元分辨率上同步反演的10年海表温度(SST)和海表风速(SSW)资料,研究了热带地区非降水条件下SSW变化对SST日变化的影响。结果表明热带地区SST日变化显著,SST日最小值多出现在早晨03:00(当地时间,下同)至06:00,日最大值多出现在午后17:00至19:00,SST日绝对振幅为1.9~3.4℃,日相对振幅为5%~7%。SSW变化对SST日最小值和日最大值的出现时间及SST日振幅均有明显的影响,且均呈现出区域性差异。热带地区SST日绝对振幅随SSW增大而减小,当SSW增加至9 m/s之后,SST日绝对振幅变化不再明显;二者符合特定的正弦函数关系。在风速小的情况下,暖池区域平均SST日绝对振幅异常减小了0.16℃;在风速大的情况下,秘鲁沿岸区域平均SST日绝对振幅异常增大了0.17℃,且SST随时间变化波动较大。上述研究结果为下一步研究海表感热和潜热日变化打下了基础。     

Temporal variability and spatial distribution of Sea Surface Temperatures in the Aegean Sea

Summary Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is a critical factor in the assessment of the climatic structure of a coastal region affected mainly by air temperature (AT). A regionalization of the Aegean Sea based on SST values measured at twenty-one representative stations is presented using a widely accepted clustering method. With this method, the Aegean Sea is divided into sub-regions with similar characteristics, on a seasonal basis.Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that SSTs oscillate simultaneously in the Aegean Sea and that the major part of the variance is concentrated in the first mode. Spectral analysis shows a high concentration of energy for periods of one year, as is expected. When the annual oscillation is filtered, two secondary peaks can be distinguished, one representing periods from two to three years and another representing periods from three to five years. The first peak is caused by the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and the second as a result of the Southern Oscillation (SO).Interannual variability of the SSTs, although present in the overall signal, seems to be low compared with the strong annual period signal.With 7 Figures     

南极海冰的变动与赤道SST的关系

本文利用1973—1982年卫星观测的南极海冰资料，借助于谐波分析和谱分析计算方法，探讨了南极海冰与东、西太平洋赤道海温（SST）的关系。发现南极海冰和东太平洋赤道海温都存在准三年振荡周期，并且它们之间还存在着明显的相关关系。     

北太平洋海平面气压场变化与海温的关系

利用SVD（singular value decomposition）方法分析了1948年1月—2002年12月北太平洋海平面气压场与海温的关系。结果表明,SVD第1对异类相关分布型反映出,当东北太平洋副热带高压加强（减弱）时,Namias海区海温升高（降低）,而加利福尼亚海流区海温降低（升高）。SVD第2对异类相关分布型表明,当阿留申低压加深、北太平洋副热带地区气压升高时,黑潮暖流区海温升高,而北太平洋高、低纬海温降低;反之亦然。时滞相关表明,北太平洋大气环流异常超前海温1个月的相关最好,海温变化对大气环流异常分布型具有维持作用。NCAR CCSM3模拟结果很好地验证了上述结论,即在海气相互作用过程中,东北太平洋副热带高压和NPO（North Pacific Oscillation）与北太平洋海温存在密切联系。     

Influence of the South China Sea Biweekly Sea Surface Temperature on the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Especially during the Indian Ocean Dipole

The influence of the biweekly sea surface temperature (SST) in the South China Sea (SCS) on the SCS summer monsoon, especially during the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is presented using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) SST and rainfall data for April to June from 1999 to 2013. During positive IOD (PIOD) years the biweekly SST anomalies over the SCS lead the rain anomalies by three days, with a significant correlation (r?=?0.8, at the 99% confidence level), whereas during negative IOD (NIOD) years, the correlation is only 0.2. The biweekly SST is observed to influence the westward and northward propagating rainfall anomalies over the SCS and, hence, affect the SCS summer monsoon, especially during PIOD years. No such propagation was seen during NIOD years. The biweekly intraseasonal oscillation of SST in the SCS results in enhanced sea level pressure and surface shortwave radiation, especially during PIOD years. The potential findings here indicate that the biweekly SST in the SCS is strongly (weakly) influenced during PIOD (NIOD) years. Further, it is observed that SST in the SCS has a strong (weak) effect on the SCS summer monsoon by westward and northward propagation of rainfall, especially during PIOD (NIOD) years. When a PIOD or NIOD exists over the tropical Indian Ocean, the SCS SST will be strongly (r?=?0.6, at the 99% confidence level) or weakly correlated with the residual index, respectively.     

散射计风场的三维变分对海雾数值模拟的影响

为了评估同化QuikSCAT海面风场资料对海雾模拟的影响,对发生在2006年4月3—5日的海雾过程,首先通过3个敏感性试验,研究了不同边界层参数化方案对海雾模拟的影响,发现YSU边界层参数化方案更适合海雾过程的模拟。然后对2006年4月3—5日平流雾过程和2005年6月23—24日辐射雾过程利用WRF-3DVAR系统将QuikSCAT海面风场资料同化到模式中,并以未同化和同化了QuikSCAT海面风场资料的数据为初始场,应用WRF模式进行模拟预报,同时对模拟预报得到的结果与实况 (卫星云图和地面观测) 进行对比,结果表明:QuikSCAT海面风场资料的三维变分同化能够改善低层其他要素场,对海雾预报有明显的正效应,但对高层的影响相对有限。     

近百年中国近海海温变化

使用Hadley中心1901～2004年1°×1°海表温度(SST)资料,在渤海、黄海、东海和南海选择代表区域研究中国近海海温的长期变化.研究发现,近100年多来各海区呈增温趋势,20世纪80年代以后增暖明显,90年代至今最暖.渤、黄、东海年平均和1月海温、东海7月海温变化基本呈阶梯型,20世纪初至30年代冷、50年代较暖、60年代略有下降,80年代上升;7月渤、黄海海温呈2波型,20世纪第一个10年和80年代冷,30～50年代和90年代暖;南海20世纪初至70年代海温变化不显著.除东海年平均海温外,各海区年、季海温均具有2～4年的显著变化周期和准7年的变化周期.     

Rainfall on the Sea: Surface Renewals and Wave Damping

Rainfall on the sea surface causes a variety of effects on the molecular boundary layers. Two such effects are the reduction of the surface renewal time period and the damping of short gravity waves being responsible for wave breaking at higher wave frequencies. The effects described recently by Schlüssel et al. are revaluated in order to fully include the varying raindrop velocity. New parameterizations are derived, which differ from the previous ones, and a substantially higher kinetic energy flux due to rain is found. The general conclusions about the impact on the thermal molecular boundary do not change, although we point to several minor errors in the calculations of Schlüssel et al. (1997).     

南海障碍层的季节变化及其与海面通量的关系

对气候平均态的温度和盐度分析证实,夏、秋季南海南部上层海洋存在障碍层现象.决定障碍层出现的关键因素是净淡水通量,而障碍层的深度和厚度分布则受风场的显著影响,障碍层受混合层和等温层发展的调制.夏季,南海南部上层海洋在东南向Ek-man水平输运以及东侧下降运动双重因素作用下,较淡的水体在南海东南侧堆积,混合层底部高温水脱离混合层保留在等温层中,造成障碍层在南海东南侧最为深厚,达到30 m.最厚障碍层出现的位置和最厚"南海暖水"出现的位置几乎重合,障碍层的"热障"作用促进了"南海暖水"的发展.     

A Note on the Drag of the Sea Surface at Hurricane Winds

Based on the solution of the turbulent kinetic energy balance equation for the airflow in the regime of limited saturation by suspended sea-spray droplets, some experimental evidence, and simple arguments, a resistance law of the sea surface at hurricane winds is derived. It predicts the reduction of the drag coefficient for the wind speed exceeding hurricane values of 30–40 m s ^-1 in agreement with field data.     

海表温度和地表温度与中国东部夏季异常降水

主要研究太平洋与印度洋海表温度和地表温度场与中国东部夏季降水的相关关系,以及异常大降水产生的下垫面条件.研究结果表明:(1)夏季黑潮区海温与同期长江流域的降水存在明显正相关,北方地区夏季降水与靠近非洲东岸的印度洋海域存在明显负相关.(2)夏季海温异常与同期中国降水异常场之间的相关分析(SVDI)表明,20世纪70年代后期当海温由La Nina多发期向El Nino多发期转变后,长江流域向异常多雨转变,而其北方和南方地区则向异常少雨方向发展.(3)中国东部区域降水与陆面温度的明显相关区有:(a)春,夏季热带非洲和夏季亚洲大陆部分地区地表温度与当年长江流域夏季降水存在显著正相关;(b)春季4、5月份部分亚洲大陆地表温度与当年华北地区夏季降水有明显负相关.(4)通过对比分析发现:长江(1954,1998和1999年)或江淮(1991年)流域几次特大异常降水的下垫面条件是黑潮区为海温正距平,同期欧亚大陆主要为正地表温度距平场.     

Impact of Surface Exchange Coefficients and Sea Surface Cooling on Tropical Cyclone Simulation

The surface flux exchange associated with the exchange coefficients and upper ocean conditions is essential to the development of tropical cyclones (TCs). Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the present study has investigated the impact of exchange coefficients and ocean coupling during Super Typhoon Saomai (2006). Firstly, two experiments with different formula of roughness are conducted. The experiment with the Donelan formula for drag coefficient (Cd) and ramped formula for enthalpy coefficient (Ck) can simulate stronger intensity compared to other experiments due to the increased surface wind and enthalpy fluxes. That is because the new formulas allows for a smaller Cd and larger Ck in the high wind regime than the former formulas did. Moreover, two coupled simulations between WRF and a one-dimensional ocean model are conducted to examine the feedback of sea surface cooling to the TC. In the experiments with a horizontal uniform mixed layer depth of 70 m, the sea surface cooling is too weak to change the evolution of TC. While in the experiment with an input mixed layer calculated using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) data, the significant sea surface cooling induces obvious impact on TC intensity and structure. Under the negative feedback of sea surface cooling, the sensible and latent heat fluxes decreases, especially in the right part of Saomai (2006). The negative feedback with coupled ocean model plays a vital role in simulating the intensity and structure of TC.     

阿拉伯海—南海海温距平纬向差异对长江中下游降水的影响

本文从分析阿拉伯海至南海海温距平场为东暖西冷和东冷西暖两种不同纬向分布型时热带大气环流不同的特征中讨论了该区海温异常对长江中下游梅雨影响的物理过程。指出不同类型的海温距平纬向分布,可能导致印度季风和东亚季风位置和强度不同的变异,并通过这两支季风的相互作用和调整,影响西太平洋热带辐合带、副热带高压和我国降水的分布。     

试用GMS卫星多通道资料反演海表温度

从Ｓ－ＶＩＳＳＲ图像定位和数据定标出发，参考极轨气象卫星多窗区ＭＣＳＳＴ技术，对２５°－４５°Ｎ、１１７．５°－１４０°Ｅ区域ＧＭＳ－５卫星海表ＳＳＴ反演作了尝试，探讨了静止气象卫星多通道资料反演ＳＳＴ的方法。     

海表动量和热量通量的数值模拟

本文分析了用IAP两层大气环流模式模拟的海表动量和热量通量,并将其同Han等和Esbensen等的气候资料比较.模拟的热量通量与观测估计值有类似的水平分布和季节变化,但在中低纬地区有偏多的热量由海洋向大气输送,尤其1月北半球中纬大气需要从海洋获得过分多的热量;模拟的海表动量通量和气候估计值也类似,但模拟的北半球冬季中高纬西风动量通量中心位置偏东,赤道中西太平洋和大西洋的东风动量通量偏弱,南半球环绕南极的西风带模拟得过分弱(尤其在7月份).本文还检验了基本变量的日变化和日际变化对计算海表动量和湍流扩散热量通量的影响,结果表明用月平均,日平均和每小时的基本量计算的动量和湍流扩散热量通量依次增大,尤其在中高纬地区更明显.     

Nino海区SSTA的时频结构特征

根据1950～2003年Nino海区SSTA资料，采用小波变换方法分析了SST变化的多尺度结构及其强度变化。结果表明，Nino海区的SSTA序列表现为多层次相互嵌套的时频结构，存在着2～7a、8～20a和30a以上时间尺度的变化，经检验显著变化周期为2～7a，10a以上和1a以下的周期信号较弱。冷暖事件的能量主要集中在2～7a的尺度上，以准4a尺度的周期振荡最为显著。同一事件在不同海区的频率结构也不相同，1970年以后各尺度上冷暖事件的强度明显增大，有向低频发展的趋势。     

北极海冰减少及其与相关气象场的联系

利用 195 3— 1998年北极海冰资料及相应的海平面气压场和我国东北 4 2°N以北 2 2个台站气温资料 ,应用统计分析方法 ,研究海冰和气象场的年际和年代际变化以及它们的联系。得到如下结论 :(1)高纬各纬度带和主要海域的海冰范围都呈现明显的衰减现象 ,6 0°N以北纬带趋势项的方差贡献超过总方差一半 ,远远大于周期项的方差贡献 ,此海域更明显显示近年海冰减少的现象。 (2 )巴伦支海和格陵兰海 ,海冰的年代际变化具有明显的 10年以上的周期变化特点 ,也存在明显的减少趋势 ;而拉布拉多海和白令海海冰主要是 10年以上的周期变化。 (3)自 90年代开始 ,海冰均发生陡然减少的现象 ,对全球气候变暖现象 ,海冰的变化是十分敏感的。 (4) 4 0°N以北的各纬度带的海平面气压的总体趋势是下降的 ,北冰洋涛动指数明显显示海平面气压场的减少趋势和 90年代前后的显著性差异。 (5 )与海平面气压的下降相对应 ,我国东北的温度是明显上升的。 (6 )北冰洋涛动能制约巴伦支海、格陵兰海和拉布拉多海域的海冰范围 ,也与我国东北温度有十分密切的联系。当AO指数偏大时 ,即冬季冰岛附近海平面气压偏低时 ,巴伦支海和格陵兰海海冰范围缩小 ,而拉布拉多海海冰范围扩大 ;我国东北冬半年的温度出现明显上升。     

The 30–60-day Intraseasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the South China Sea during May–September

This study investigates the structure and propagation of intraseasonal sea surface temperature(SST) variability in the South China Sea(SCS) on the 30–60-day timescale during boreal summer(May–September). TRMM-based SST, GODAS oceanic reanalysis and ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis datasets from 1998 to 2013 are used to examine quantitatively the atmospheric thermodynamic and oceanic dynamic mechanisms responsible for its formation. Power spectra show that the 30–60-day SST variability is predominant, accounting for 60% of the variance of the 10–90-day variability over most of the SCS. Composite analyses demonstrate that the 30–60-day SST variability is characterized by the alternate occurrence of basin-wide positive and negative SST anomalies in the SCS, with positive(negative) SST anomalies accompanied by anomalous northeasterlies(southwesterlies). The transition and expansion of SST anomalies are driven by the monsoonal trough–ridge seesaw pattern that migrates northward from the equator to the northern SCS. Quantitative diagnosis of the composite mixed-layer heat budgets shows that, within a strong 30–60-day cycle, the atmospheric thermal forcing is indeed a dominant factor, with the mixed-layer net heat flux(MNHF) contributing around 60% of the total SST tendency, while vertical entrainment contributes more than 30%. However, the entrainment-induced SST tendency is sometimes as large as the MNHF-induced component, implying that ocean processes are sometimes as important as surface fluxes in generating the30–60-day SST variability in the SCS.     

Characteristics of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies and Their Influences on the Onset of South China Sea Summer Monsoon

The characteristics of sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)in the tropical oceans and their influences on the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM)have been studied.The anomaly of SST in tropical Pacific Ocean exerts persistence impact for one to three months on atmospheric circulations.If the warm pool becomes anomalously warmer during an earlier period from February to April,the SCSSM breaks out earlier,and vice versa.Singular value decomposition(SVD)and composite analysis have shown that,in La Ni a pattern,the convection over Western Pacific will occur earlier and be stronger than normal,which favors the convergence at a lower layer over Western Pacific,as well as the strengthening of upwelling branch of Walker circulation,leading to an earlier burst of westerly in the southern South China Sea.Moreover,the convection in Sumatra appears earlier than normal and favors the westerly evolution in eastern Indian Ocean,resulting in the splitting of the subtropical high belt and an early onset of SCSSM.However,the atmospheric circulation anomaly is reversed in El Nio pattern.     

南海夏季风变化及其与全球大气和海温的关系

本文分析了1948～2006年南海夏季风的年际变化, 讨论了南海夏季风与全球气象要素场如环流、相对湿度、海表温度 (SST) 等的关系。结果表明: 南海夏季风与全球各物理量之间有较好的大范围统计相关。选出了10个强南海夏季风年, 8个弱南海夏季风年, 利用合成分析研究了季风强、 弱年的环流和SST特征及其差异, 结果表明南海夏季风强弱年各特征量之间存在显著差异。尤其表现在SST上, 强弱季风年不仅在夏季东印度洋－西太平洋区域有明显差异, 并且前期春季此区域的SST与南海夏季风有持续的显著负相关, 可以作为南海夏季风强度变化的一个预报因子。