巯基改性凹凸棒石黏土对土壤有效态镉及油菜吸收镉的影响

重金属不可降解,长期存在于土壤环境会严重影响作物安全。添加巯基改性凹凸棒石黏土(ATP-SH)到不同Cd污染程度土壤中,进行盆栽油菜实验,以石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定了土壤有效态Cd和油菜不同部位Cd的含量;采用SPSS讨论了ATP-SH添加量、土壤有效态Cd、油菜不同部位Cd的相关性;计算了油菜对Cd的富集系数及转运系数,探究了ATP-SH对土壤Cd的钝化效果及对油菜富集和转运Cd的影响。实验结果显示,添加ATP-SH后,土壤有效态Cd、油菜各部位Cd含量显著降低,土壤有效态Cd降低率为40.65%~74.27%,油菜根、茎、枝、菜籽中Cd降低率分别为29.36%~79.46%、41.44%~88.45%、43.19%~95.89%和38.02%~95.81%;ATP-SH添加量与土壤有效态Cd、油菜各部位Cd含量均呈显著或极显著负相关,土壤有效态Cd与油菜各部位Cd含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,油菜各部位之间的Cd含量存在明显正相关关系;对照组油菜根、茎、枝、菜籽对Cd的富集系数分别是实验组的1.42~4.87倍、1.71~8.66倍、1.92~24.43倍、1.61~23.76倍,油菜各部位Cd的转运系数的大小是茎＞枝＞菜籽,且茎远大于枝和菜籽,是枝和菜籽转运系数的3.5~25倍。综上,ATP-SH能降低土壤Cd的生物有效性,阻隔土壤Cd向油菜迁移。     

不同耕作方式下川芎对土壤中铅、镉含量的富集特征

以彭州川芎种植区的菜园土、稻田翻耕土、稻田免耕土和旱地(未种过川芎和蔬菜)四种土壤为研究对象,探讨了不同耕作方式下川芎对土壤中Cd、Pb的富集特征。结果表明:在四种耕作方式下,菜园土中Cd、Pb含量显著高于其他三种土壤,分别为1.10mg·kg-1和29.78mg·kg-1;土壤Cd综合污染指数和Hacanson系数分别为3.76和133.07,处于重污染和强生态危害状态。稻田翻耕土、稻田免耕土和旱地三种类型土壤在Cd含量上差异显著,依次为稻田免耕土(0.86mg·kg-1)稻田翻耕土(0.59mg·kg-1)旱地(0.37mg·kg--1),在Pb含量上三者差异不显著。川芎植株对Cd的富集在菜园土中显著高于其他土壤,表现为菜园土稻田免耕土旱地稻田翻耕土;川芎植株对Pb的富集以在稻田免耕土中最大,依次为稻田免耕土旱地稻田翻耕土菜园土。在四种土壤中,川芎叶片对Cd、Pb的富集能力均大于根茎,其中川芎叶片对Cd的富集能力是根茎的1.37倍,对Pb的富集能力是根茎的1.42倍,二者对Cd的富集能力在菜园土中差异最大(叶/根为1.56),对Pb的富集能力在稻田免耕土中差异最大(叶/根为1.98)。川芎对Cd、Pb的富集主要受轮作作物种类和耕作措施的影响。     

桂林灵川县典型有机水稻田重金属元素分布特征及污染评价

为了解桂林市灵川县有机水稻种植区土壤和水稻中重金属含量、分布特征及健康风险,选择典型田块采集了水稻根、茎、叶、稻穗及对应根系土样品10套,分别测定了土壤和植物样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn共8种重金属元素含量以及土壤pH值,计算了各元素富集系数及转运系数,总结了水稻不同部位重金属元素富集迁移规律,并根据相关标准评价了土壤重金属污染及食品健康风险。结果表明:(1)研究区产出的稻米无食用安全风险,土壤重金属含量均低于风险管制值,但10份样品中有3份的Cd含量高于风险筛选值,且全部调查田块的环境质量均不符合绿色食品产地质量要求;(2)对比水稻不同部位的元素富集系数,发现大部分元素富集系数在根部最大,籽实最小。根、茎、叶、糙米的富集系数平均值分别为1.13、0.26、0.20、0.10;(3)对比不同元素的富集系数与转运系数发现,As易于从土壤聚集到根部,Pb的活动性较弱而不易被水稻吸收,Cu、Zn相对较易在水稻中转运。综上所述,并考虑到灵川县过去长期施用石灰带来的不利影响,建议当地相关部门对Cd超标风险引起注意,在控制石灰用量的同时加强土地质量监控,必要时采取增施有机肥料、种植低累积品种的水稻等措施,以降低水稻Cd超标的风险。     

不同超富集、富集植物-玉米间作模式对玉米中镉吸收、转运的影响研究

为了研究Cd污染条件下,玉米分别与苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵间作对重金属Cd吸收和转运的特点,从而选择适宜与玉米间作的富集植物,同时达到修复重金属Cd污染土壤的目的。该文以镉(Cd)污染的河南棕壤黏土为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验,基于玉米各器官中Cd含量、富集系数、转运系数、土壤有效态Cd含量的变化,研究了间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵对玉米各器官Cd的积累特性的影响及其迁移转运机制。结果表明：(1)龙葵、苋菜、黑麦草间作使得玉米地上部Cd含量显著性降低(P<0.05),其中以籽粒中Cd含量的下降最为显著。间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵,玉米籽粒中Cd含量分别下降了67.6%、75.7%和79.9%。(2)间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵使得玉米的富集系数较单作处理下玉米的富集系数分别下降了49.3%、39.7%和68.5%,且差异达到显著水平。(3)与苋菜、黑麦草间作相比,间作龙葵的玉米转运系数分别下降了27.5%、24.2%,且差异均达到显著水平。通过对人体每天摄入Cd量的安全值计算得出间作后土壤中Cd全量应低于2.26 mg·kg-1,土壤有效态Cd含量低于0.88 mg·kg-1。该污染农田在间作模式下,食用玉米Cd暴露对居民健康不存在风险。间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵能够抑制玉米对Cd的吸收,同时阻控玉米地上部Cd向地上部的转移,尤其是向籽粒转移。通过间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵,不仅降低了主栽作物玉米的Cd累积量,实现玉米安全、优质种植,同时也达到了修复污染土壤的目的。     

救荒野豌豆对污染土壤中Cd的富集特征

研究了Cd单一和Cd、Zn复合污染对救荒野豌豆(Vicia Sativa L)生长及吸收富集重金属元素Cd的影响.以武汉市郊某蔬菜基地的农田土为试验土壤,分别加入5种质量分数的Cd(5,20,50,100,200 mg/kg),Zn的添加质量分数为150 mg/kg,模拟污染土壤进行盆栽试验,每盆移栽生长一致、数量相同的植株幼苗.结果表明:植株根、茎、叶、豆中的w(Cd)随着土壤中w(Cd)的增加而增加,且根＞茎＞叶＞豆.当土壤中的w(Cd)=5 mg/kg时,根部的富集系数达到了17.18.但是,随着w(Cd)的增加,富集系数逐渐减小.在Cd、Zn复合污染的情况下,植物对Cd、Zn的吸收存在着协同效应,尤其是根部对镉的吸收有显著的提高.救荒野豌豆不仅能在高含量的镉污染土壤中正常生长,而且其根部的w(Cd)要远远大于地上部分,说明它是一种镉的排异植物.     

湿地芦苇对有毒重金属元素的抗性及吸收和累积

通过对大冶市铜绿山铜矿区人工湿地中芦苇的野外调查和Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 5种有毒重金属元素的测试分析发现,该区芦苇对有毒重金属元素具有良好的抗性.同时,该湿地芦苇对5种重金属元素的吸收和累积表现出两种不同的模式:①芦苇植物体内Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数及分配百分比表现为根＞叶＞茎,且根组织中Zn、Cu、Cd的质量分数及分配百分比远远高于其他组织(茎、叶),而叶组织中略高于茎组织;②芦苇体内Pb和Cr质量分数及分配百分比表现为根＞茎＞叶,根、茎、叶组织中的质量分数及分配百分比均较高且基本相当,差异不明显.生物富集系数的计算结果显示,芦苇不同组织(根、茎、叶)对有毒重金属元素的生物富集能力存在较大差异,根组织的生物富集能力最大,且容易富集Pb和Cd;而茎、叶组织的生物富集能力较低,易富集Pb.     

促根剂及水分胁迫对Cd污染异质土壤中小麦吸收、转运Cd的影响

为了研究促根剂与水分胁迫诱导小麦根伸长及其降低小麦对异质土壤中Cd吸收转运的影响,本研究制备了不同浓度Cd污染土壤,利用根箱法设置了3种不同土层(0~6 cm、7~12 cm及13~18 cm)下的Cd污染异质土壤,研究了3种添加比例(0.1%、0.2%和0.4%)下促根剂与3种水分胁迫诱导(60%、50%和40% MWHC)下小麦根伸长对降低小麦Cd吸收、转运的影响。结果表明：不同促根剂与水分胁迫诱导处理可以明显促进小麦根系生长,表现为小麦根系总长与根表面积的显著增加,其中促根剂促使下层(13~18 cm)土壤中小麦根系总长增加了63.2%~205.9%,水分胁迫诱导增加了69.1%~91.2%。不同促根剂处理可以不同程度增加小麦分蘖数,从而增加了小麦籽粒生物量(小麦籽粒生物量增加5.6%~50.3%);与对照相比,除了40% MWHC水分处理(WS3)外,不同促根剂与水分胁迫处理可以显著降低(P<0.05)Cd污染异质土壤中小麦茎叶与籽粒中Cd的浓度,降低范围分别为24.0%~41.5%和23.0%~42.7%,其中以添加0.4%促根剂处理效果最佳,不同处理对降低小麦籽粒Cd含量效果顺序为RA3≈RA2>WS2≈RA1≈WS1>WS3。基于上述结果,RA2和WS2在Cd异质污染农田修复中具有较大的应用价值。     

云南岩溶区As、Cd元素异常特征

云南岩溶区水系沉积物中As、Cd元素含量分别为6.7~14.9ppm和0.14~0.21ppm,普遍高于省内其它地区。云南不同岩溶区As、Cd元素含量高异常还有较大的差异。As、Cd元素的高异常以滇东南岩溶区最为明显,异常幅度最大;其次为滇东岩溶区、滇西北以及滇西保山—沧源岩溶区;滇东北地区Cd异常较为突出,而As异常较弱。一般从岩石到土壤As、Cd元素呈富集态势,富集约4~5倍。通过对小江流域泸西As、Cd元素高异常区的地球化学和地质环境分析,发现农作物对As吸收量不大,超标率为14.8%;但对Cd元素吸收远高于As元素,超标率高达74.1%。通过对比分析,认为岩溶区碳酸盐岩As、Cd元素的高背景含量(As含量12.89~28.86ppm、Cd含量0.031~0.314ppm)是其风化形成的土壤中As、Cd元素含量高异常的根本来源,As、Cd元素主要通过粘土矿物和有机质的吸附累积而富集。      

胁迫时间和胁迫浓度对超积累植物印度芥菜细胞中镉分布的影响

超积累植物对重金属的区隔化作用能有效降低细胞质内金属离子的浓度,是对重金属重要的解毒机制之一,而细胞内各组织的区隔化作用大小并未取得一致性结论。本文研究了胁迫浓度和胁迫时间对超积累植物印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)细胞及亚细胞中镉分布的影响。印度芥菜幼苗分别用0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、5.0mg/L镉胁迫1、5、7、10、14天后收获,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定印度芥菜根系和叶片亚细胞中镉的含量。结果表明:镉在细胞壁中的比例占50%~64%,细胞液占22%~38%,细胞器占7%~17%,镉在细胞壁中所占比例显著高于细胞液和细胞器,证明细胞壁区隔化在镉的解毒机制中具有重要的作用。随着胁迫时间和胁迫浓度的增加,根系和叶片中亚细胞各组织中镉含量持续增加,超过7天,镉含量显著升高,说明镉对植物的危害是一个缓慢过程。印度芥菜对镉胁迫浓度的最大耐受量为1.0 mg/L,超过此浓度,植物细胞的破坏症状加重;细胞超微结构研究也表明,镉胁迫浓度超过1.0 mg/L后,细胞结构发生了不同程度的损坏,出现质壁分离、液泡增大甚至空泡化、质膜粗糙等现象,继而影响到细胞的正常功能。因此,在考察重金属对植物的危害时,要充分考虑时间和浓度梯度两个参数的协同作用。     

田间条件下不同农艺措施对烟叶镉吸收及烟叶品质的影响

为研究不同农艺措施对烟叶镉(Cd)富集及生长发育的影响,选取中国南方植烟区两种Cd污染土壤(红泥田、黄泥田)为研究对象,以云烟87为供试品种,通过田间小区试验,研究增施磷酸二氢钾、硫酸锌、腐殖酸络合钾和生石灰对土壤Cd有效态含量、烟叶Cd含量、土壤肥力指标、烤烟经济性状及常规化学成分的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,增施磷酸二氢钾、硫酸锌、腐殖酸络合钾和生石灰均能有效减少土壤Cd生物有效性和烟草对Cd的富集,土壤有效态Cd含量降低10.4%~25.5%,烟叶Cd消减率为20.39%~43.47%,不同处理顺序为磷酸二氢钾>腐殖酸络合钾>硫酸锌≈生石灰;施用生石灰可提高土壤pH值0.24~0.51,但会造成土壤肥力下降,影响烤烟生长发育;增施腐殖酸络合钾可提高土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性,提高土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、有效氮含量等肥力指标,显著提高烤后烟叶钾含量,降低烟叶糖含量,使烟叶化学成分更趋于协调。     

实验室与田间条件下骨炭粉与海藻肥对镉污染土壤修复效果评价

本研究基于小麦、玉米、高粱籽粒及烟草烟叶镉(Cd)消减率、修复边际效率及土壤中Cd有效态含量的变化等对比了实验室与田间条件下骨炭粉与海藻肥对Cd污染农田土壤的修复效果。研究结果表明：骨炭粉与海藻肥使玉米、小麦、高粱和烟草对Cd的吸收、转运均有显著(P<0.05)降低作用;在田间条件下,骨炭粉与海藻肥对不同作物籽粒或烟叶的Cd消减率为16.2%~39.8%,可增加作物产量12.3%~38.6%。钝化剂对不同作物增产效果有一定差异,对小麦籽粒增产作用最为有效。研究发现添加钝化剂改变了Cd在土壤团聚体中的分布,使得Cd在大粒径团聚体中负载量增加,并且与对照相比,显著提高土壤pH(提高0.43~0.77),降低土壤Cd的有效性,有利于控制Cd在土壤植物系统中的迁移。总体而言,不同钝化剂的Cd污染土壤修复边际效率为3.99%~14.74%,同海藻肥相比,骨炭粉的修复边际效率较高。不同钝化剂在盆栽实验的修复效果优于田间实验的效果,可能是因为相比于田间实验,盆栽实验条件下根系的作用范围有限,钝化剂的作用效果较高。     

Phytoremediation of cadmium using plant species of Athyrium wardii (Hook.)

Athyrium wardii (Hook.) is a promising herbaceous plant species for phytostabilization of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated sites with large biomass and fast growth rate. However, little information is available on its tolerance mechanisms toward Cd. To further understand the mechanisms involved in Cd migration, accumulation and detoxification, the present study investigated subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in the mining ecotypes and corresponding non-mining ecotypes of A. wardii via greenhouse pot experiment. Subcellular fractionation of Cd-containing tissues demonstrated that the majority of the element was mainly located in soluble fraction in cell walls. This indicated that both the vacuoles and cell walls might be evolved the Cd tolerance mechanisms to protect metabolically active cellular compartments from toxic Cd concentrations. Meanwhile, Cd taken up by the plant existed in different chemical forms. Results showed that the majority of Cd in plant was in undissolved Cd–phosphate complexes (extracted by 2 % CH₃COOH), followed by water-soluble Cd–organic acid complexes, Cd(H₂PO₄)₂, pectates and protein form (extracted by deionized water and 1 M NaCl), whereas only small amount of Cd in roots was in inorganic form (extracted by 80 % ethanol), which suggests low capacity to be transported to aboveground tissues. It could be suggested that Cd integrated with undissolved Cd–phosphate complexes in cell wall or compartmentalization in vacuole might be responsible for the adaptation of the mining ecotypes of A. wardii to Cd stress.     

Heavy metal concentrations (Cd,Cu and Pb) in five aquatic plant species in Tasik Chini,Malaysia

The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals namely cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in the five aquatic plants. For this purpose, the concentration of heavy metals were measured in water and in the five aquatic plant species, Lepironia articulata, Pandanus helicopus, Scirpus grossus, Cabomba furcata and Nelumbo nucifera, in 15 sites from Tasik Chini. The concentrations were different among the plant species as well as among the parts of plants. The highest concentration of heavy metals among the aquatic plants and plant parts was found in the roots of S. grossus. The concentrations of Cd in the leaves and stems of submerged aquatic plant, C. furcata, were higher than concentration of Cd in the leaves and stems of emergent aquatic plant and floating leaf plant. The concentration of Cu in the stem of C. furcata was greater than that in the leaf, while the concentration of Cd was more in the leaf than in the stem. The heavy metal contents of the aquatic plants were in descending order of Pb > Cu > Cd. The metal concentration quotient of leaves/roots and stems/roots (ML/MR and MS/MR) were calculated. The highest internal translocation was found in P. helicopus, while the lowest internal translocation was found in S. grossus.     

不同微生物肥对植烟区镉污染土壤的修复效果

为研究不同微生物肥对土壤中Cd的钝化效果和烟叶Cd含量的影响,选取南方植烟区3种不同类型(红泥田、黄泥田及青紫泥田)Cd污染土壤,以南方主栽烤烟云-87和K-326为测试品种,采用盆栽试验,测定了3种微生物肥(DY、AMS和HMD)在不同浓度下对烟草生物量、不同部位烟叶Cd含量、土壤Cd形态以及土壤中微生物种类的影响。结果表明：(1)3种微生物肥均能增加烟叶生物量,其中HMD增重效果最好。(2)与对照相比,3种微生物肥能有效地降低土壤中Cd的有效性和烟叶Cd的含量。针对3种土壤施用微生物肥浓度为1.5%时,叶片中Cd的降Cd率(与对照相比)分别达到17.2%~63.9%、20.4%~58.3%及18.9%~48.3%,DTPA-Cd下降比例分别为13.8%~17.3%、17.2%~22.8%及12.8%~16.2%;而随着施用微生物肥浓度增加到3.0%后,上述土壤烟叶中Cd的降Cd率显著增加,分别为20.3%~59%、31.3%~66.6%及25.2%~56.1%,DTPA-Cd下降比例分别为15.5%~28.2%、19.6%~26.6%及13.8%~17.3%。HMD效果最好,其次为DY和AMS。(3)3种微生物肥都增加土壤中微生物种类和数量,优化了烟草生长环境。总体来说,该植烟区土壤,DY和HMD增加产量的同时降Cd效果较好,可以在大田推广使用。     

Potential hyperaccumulation of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in endurant plants distributed in an old smeltery, northeast China

The absorption and accumulation of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in some endurant weed plant species that survived in an old smeltery in Liaoning, China, were systematically investigated. Potential hyperaccumulative characteristics of these species were also discussed. The results showed that metal accumulation in plants differed with species, tissues and metals. Endurant weed plants growing in this contaminated site exhibited high metal adaptability. Both the metal exclusion and detoxification tolerance strategies were involved in the species studied. Seven species for Pb and four species for Cd were satisfied for the concentration time level standard for hyperaccumulator. Considering translocation factor (TF) values, one species for Pb, seven species for Zn, two species for Cu and five species for Cd possessed the characteristic of hyperaccumulator. Particularly, Abutilon theophrasti Medic, exhibited strong accumulative ability to four heavy metals. Although enrichment coefficients of all samples were lesser than 1 and the absolute concentrations didn’t reach the standard, species mentioned above were primarily believed to be potential hyperaccumulators.     

Enrichment of heavy metals in paddy crops irrigated by paper mill effluents near Nanjangud, Mysore District, Karnatake, India

 Extensive irrigation by the effluents released from a paper mill near Nanjangud have led to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and different parts of the paddy crops. In this paper, the physicochemical characteristics of paper mill effluents and the accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in the soil and different parts (root, leaf, and seed) of the paddy crops growing in the irrigated area are described and compared with the soil and paddy crops irrigated by natural waters (unpolluted). Chemical and biological oxygen demands of wastewater were found to be 437 and 1070 ppm respectively, which are beyond the tolerance limits set by Indian standards. The total dissolved and suspended solids are 1754 and 900 ppm respectively. The concentration of heavy metals (except Zn) in the seeds is remarkably less than that in the roots and leaves of the paddy crops. The heavy metal uptake by plants shows the greatest accumulation of Cu, Cr, Co, and Pb in the roots; Cd and Ni in the leaves; and Zn in the seeds of rice. The heavy metal content of the soil and their total uptake by paddy roots has the relation: Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd and Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd. Survival of paddy crops irrigated by polluted waters indicates tolerance to toxic heavy metals. In conclusion, since in many tropical countries the common diet of people is rice, the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in rice may lead to health disorders. Received: 18 July 1995 / Accepted: 24 February 1997     

An X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Cd binding onto bacterial consortia

In this study, we use extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy measurements to examine the atomic environment of Cd bound onto two experimental bacterial consortia: one grown from river water, and one grown from a manufacturing gas plant site. The experiments were conducted as a function of pH and demonstrate that the complex mixtures of bacteria, containing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, yield relatively simple EXAFS spectra, a result which indicates that only a limited number of functional group types contribute to Cd binding for each bacterial consortium. The EXAFS spectra indicate that the average Cd binding environment in the river water consortium varies significantly with pH, but the manufacturing gas plant consortium exhibits a Cd binding environment that remains relatively constant over the pH range examined. The EXAFS data for the river water consortium were modeled using carboxyl, phosphoryl and sulfhydryl sites. However, only carboxyl and phosphoryl sites were required to model the manufacturing gas plant consortium data under similar experimental conditions. This is the first EXAFS study to identify and quantify the relative importance of metal binding sites in bacterial consortia. Although our results indicate differences in the binding environments of the two consortia, the data suggest that there are broad similarities in the binding environments present on a wide range of bacterial cell walls.