长江三角洲晚第四纪沉积地质学研究述评

长江三角洲已有的晚第四纪沉积地质学研究成果阐明了区域内晚第四纪沉积分区和沉积序列,建立了层序地层格架及其内部构型,对千年级和百年级事件沉积进行了初步探讨,总结出了长江三角洲发育模式和控制因素。但同时仍有一些涉及长江三角洲沉积和演化的重要问题尚未得到很好的阐述。目前,对末次冰盛期的长江三角洲存在与否尚存在较大分歧,长江古河口湾向三角洲的转换机制与模式尚不清楚,三角洲系统“源到汇”的研究尚未开展,长江三角洲对人类活动的响应也刚受到重视。对这些问题的探讨,需要以沉积地质学的手段对海区三角洲进行精细解剖。目前,长江三角洲沉积地质学研究中存在着陆区三角洲研究程度高、海区三角洲研究程度低的现状,因此,进一步的研究需在海区三角洲加大力度。     

长江三角洲全新世孢粉组合及其地质意义

长江三角洲是在河、海交错影响下的沉积,是世界上最大的三角洲之一.长江三角洲地区又是我国东部主要的工农业基地.因此,长江三角洲全新世沉积的研究对于含水层划分、工程地质评价、天然气等矿产调查及三角洲岩系研究(古三角洲沉积往往是油气聚集的有利地带)皆有一定意义.长江三角洲全新世地层其岩性主要为灰色、灰褐色和黄色粉细砂和亚粘土,下部相对较粗,以粉细砂及粘土粉细砂为主.其厚度各地不一,一般是由西南向东北变厚,常州、无锡、崑山一带约5—20米,而上海、崇明为20—50米,苏北长江沿岸最厚达40—60米.     

长江水下三角洲沉积环境与演变:进展与展望

长江是我国第1大河流,在其巨量的泥沙供给下形成了大型的三角洲沉积体系。前人已经对现代长江水下三角洲的沉积过程、沉积物运移规律进行了研究,并利用矿物学和地球化学等方法探讨了沉积物物质来源,并对晚第四纪以来的各种时空尺度的沉积作用与沉积过程进行了论述,对长江水下三角洲的沉积演化过程有了比较深入的认识。但对于一些涉及三角洲沉积与演化的重要问题还有待深入研究。目前,关于末次盛冰期的古长江三角洲是否存在仍有一定分歧;长江三角洲作为重要的"源—汇"转换地带,对其进行"源—汇"研究应放眼于长江流域—长江三角洲—东海陆架为整体的更大尺度上进行;人类对于河口三角洲的作用和影响已经愈发强烈,必须重视和加强河口三角洲沉积对人类活动响应过程的研究。随着海洋科技调查和研究实力的增强,要回答和解决这些问题必须逐渐统一调查手段与处理方法,使调查结果具有同一性、可比性,对河口三角洲进行更加精细的解剖。     

长江水下三角洲浅孔岩芯的地层划分

长江水下三角洲的分布范围、沉积相特征、全新世地层划分及发育形成作用的研究,是对整个长江三角洲开展研究不可缺少的一个重要组成部分.前人对长江三角洲平原区全新世地层的研究较为详尽.但对水下三角洲全新世地层的研究甚少.中国科学院海洋研究所海洋地质研究室(1976)以浅地层剖面仪为主要手段,开展了长江水下三角洲的调查研究工作,认为在长江水下三角洲存在两套性质完全不同的岩层,上部为全新统前三角洲相沉积,质地松软,具有层理,下部为晚更新世湖相沉积,质地致密,不具层理.1978年我局在长江口外开展海洋地质综合调查,在长江口施工了17个孔深为2.4—9.4米的浅钻孔,均未揭穿全新世地层.在嵊泗以东海区有一个孔深为27米的钻孔资料表明,全新世地层厚度为21.30米,见有厚度为1.70米的暗绿色硬粘土层.但未见到详细的地层研究成果.     

松辽盆地黒帝庙地区姚一段浅水三角洲沉积特征及沉积演化

根据岩心、测井解释、录井资料和地震资料,对姚一段的沉积微相类型、展布特征及其沉积演化规律进行了系统研究,结果表明黒帝庙地区姚一段发育浅水三角洲沉积体系。本次研究建立了浅水三角洲沉积体系的沉积模式,其可划分出浅水三角洲平原、浅水三角洲前缘和前浅水三角洲,根据不同的沉积特征,各亚相可进一步划分为多种沉积微相。与正常三角洲不同的是,浅水三角洲前缘河口沙坝不发育,且在该地区前浅水三角洲地带发育出露湖面的浅滩。     

塔贝尔凹陷大磨拐河组沉积相平面展布特征

以岩心、测井、地震、岩石薄片、分析化验等资料为基础,通过对研究区内的岩性特征、测井曲线形态及沉积微相特征分析,对塔贝尔凹陷的沉积相进行了研究.塔贝尔凹陷大磨拐河组主要发育扇三角洲、三角洲、湖底扇和湖泊沉积体系,其中三角洲-湖泊沉积体系是研究区内最为发育的沉积体系类型.综合利用地震属性分析、砂岩百分含量、重矿物等资料,对...     

塔贝尔凹陷南屯组二段沉积体系平面展布特征

利用岩心、测井、地震、岩石薄片、分析化验等资料,对塔贝尔凹陷南屯组二段沉积微相进行了研究.研究结果表明,塔贝尔凹陷主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇、湖底扇和湖泊沉积体系,其中扇三角洲沉积体系和湖泊沉积体系是研究区内最为发育的沉积体系类型.综合利用各种地震相分析、地震属性分析、砂岩百分含量、地层倾角测井、重矿物等资料...     

全新世长江三角洲地区砂体的特征和分布

砂体是三角洲的重要沉积单元,它构成三角洲的骨架,决定三角洲的形态,反映三角洲的演变过程,是认识三角洲的关键.砂体的矿物组分能为推断三角洲的物质来源提供重要线索,而其内部特征则是判断沉积环境最灵敏、最可靠的因素.三角洲砂体的上覆和下伏层及其与砂体的接触关系,有助于辩认海进海退和沉积盆地发育历史.此外,三角洲砂体紧靠富含有机质的泥质沉积,是石油和天然气储集的良好场所,是勘探的主要目标.因此,研究三角洲砂体不仅具有理论意义,而且能为沉积矿产资源的勘探提供有价值的资料.     

全新世中国大河三角洲沉积演化模式转化及其对人类活动的响应

中国三大河口三角洲包括黄河三角洲、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲,在国民经济发展和全球海陆相互作用研究中均扮演着非常重要的角色。因此,全面揭示河口三角洲演化进程,总结河口三角洲演化模式,对指导河口三角洲可持续开发利用具有重要意义。本文结合前人研究进展及近年来海洋区域地质调查资料,系统总结了全新世以来我国三大河口三角洲"三个阶段,三个尺度,各具特色"的演化模式,揭示了全新世初期、两千年前和工业革命后三个阶段千年-百年-年代际时间尺度下河口三角洲演变模式转化的主控因素,认为河口三角洲的演化模式正在由自然演变向人为控制转型,人类活动正剧烈地影响着河口三角洲的自然演化进程。三大河口三角洲沉积演化模式各具特色,黄河三角洲具有超级叶瓣与叶瓣发育演替特色,长江三角洲具有北岸沙岛并岸、南岸不断推展特色,珠江三角洲则表现为河网发育充填、逐级分汊延伸特色。随着河口三角洲演化受人类活动影响的加剧,正确认识河口三角洲演化规律及其主控因素,不仅有助于提升三角洲地区陆海相互作用研究水平,而且将为三角洲可持续开发利用提供科学依据。     

对珠江三角洲沉积特征和沉积模式的一些认识

三角洲沉积特征及形成模式的研究,在国内外沉积岩石学研究领域中,占有相当重要的地位.它不仅具有重大的理论意义,而且深入研究三角洲沉积,又可为油气勘探、环境工程地质调查、区域稳定性评价调查等,提供十分丰富而重要的资料和类比信息.我国近年来,对若干三角洲进行了不少有价值的专题研究或综合调查,初步查明了某些大河三角洲的沉积特征及其演化模式.对珠江三角洲也发表了不少专著,但从现代沉积研究入手,通过地质、物探、钻探、测试分析等多种手段,对三角洲的水上、水下两部分,进行综合性、类比性、多学科的系统研究则显得不够.从1982年起地质矿产部第二海洋地质调查大队与海洋地质研究所合作,开展了《珠江三角洲沉积模式》的研究,就是这方面研究的一种尝试.     

基于卫星高度计的北极海冰厚度变化研究

A modified algorithm taking into account the first year(FY) and multiyear(MY) ice densities is used to derive a sea ice thickness from freeboard measurements acquired by satellite altimetry ICESat(2003–2008). Estimates agree with various independent in situ measurements within 0.21 m. Both the fall and winter campaigns see a dramatic extent retreat of thicker MY ice that survives at least one summer melting season. There were strong seasonal and interannual variabilities with regard to the mean thickness. Seasonal increases of 0.53 m for FY the ice and 0.29 m for the MY ice between the autumn and the winter ICESat campaigns, roughly 4–5 month separation, were found. Interannually, the significant MY ice thickness declines over the consecutive four ICESat winter campaigns(2005–2008) leads to a pronounced thickness drop of 0.8 m in MY sea ice zones. No clear trend was identified from the averaged thickness of thinner, FY ice that emerges in autumn and winter and melts in summer. Uncertainty estimates for our calculated thickness, caused by the standard deviations of multiple input parameters including freeboard, ice density, snow density, snow depth, show large errors more than 0.5 m in thicker MY ice zones and relatively small standard deviations under 0.5 m elsewhere. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is implemented to determine the separate impact on the thickness estimate in the dependence of an individual input variable as mentioned above. The results show systematic bias of the estimated ice thickness appears to be mainly caused by the variations of freeboard as well as the ice density whereas the snow density and depth brings about relatively insignificant errors.     

黄土高原河谷阶地黄土地层结构模式

流经黄土高原的黄河及其支流因受地壳不断间歇性隆升的影响而形成了5—6级阶地,这些阶地多系黄土覆盖阶地。以六盘山为界,河谷阶地黄土地层结构可分为东、西阶地地层区。六盘山以西河流阶地一般为6级。第6级阶地(T6)冲积黄土状土之上全系无层理黄土,厚310~505 m,含21—23层古土壤,是迄今世界上最厚的黄土剖面,黄土开始堆积的时间不早于1.43 MaBP。T5上的黄土厚200~400 m,含14—16层古土壤,黄土最早是在1.23 MaBP开始堆积的。T4上的黄土厚100~200 m,含5—6层古土壤,开始沉积时间为0.62 MaBP。T3上的黄土包括L1和S1,厚40~65 m,形成于0.12 MaBP。T2冲积黄土状土之上的风积黄土厚20~35 m,形成时间约为0.03 MaBP。T1冲积黄土状土之上为S0、L0及MS,厚1.5~2.5 m,形成时间不早于0.01 MaBP。六盘山以东的河谷阶地一般为5级。T5风积黄土厚70~90 m,含11—16层古土壤,黄土开始堆积时间不早于1.23 MaBP。T4黄土厚40~70 m,含8—9层古土壤,形成时间不晚于0.80 MaBP。T3的黄土包括L1—S6之间的土层,厚25~45 m,形成于0.62 MaBP。T2的黄土由L1和S1构成,厚10~17 m,形成于0.12 MaBP。T1冲积黄土状土之上为S0、L0及MS,厚1.5~2.5 m,形成时间不早于0.01 MaBP。     

Mobile sand deposits and shoreface sediment dynamics in the inner German Bight (North Sea)

This paper presents a conceptual model for the net bedload transport regime on the shoreface of the German Bight. The model is based on the spatial distribution of the surficial sediment cover (North Sea sands) which is identical to the uppermost layer in the seismic recordings. Sediment thickness was measured using very high resolution seismic profiling (chirp sonar) and vibrocoring. The three-dimensional sediment distribution was estimated using geostatistical methods (cokriging). The results demonstrate a longshore sand distribution with three distinct zones. In Zone 1 (0–10 m water depth) the sediments attain their maximum thickness of 10±2.5 m. Between 10 and 15 m water depth a relatively thin sand layer of 0.4–1.5 m is observed within Zone 2. The seaward adjacent Zone 3 (15–20 m water depth) is characterized by an averaged sand thickness of 2–3 m with local maxima of 5–6 m. Further offshore, the sand layer decreases to about 1–2 m thickness. The net bedload transport directions inferred from this sediment zonation comprise a longshore sediment bypassing in Zone 1 which results in a substantial sediment supply to the innermost part of the German Bight due to bedload convergence. Shore-normal bedload transport shifts sand to and fro across the coastal profile although the net directional transport is seawards. This results in sediment depletion between the 10 and 15 m-isobaths (Zone 2) and an adjacent sediment accumulation in deeper waters (Zone 3).     

大小凌河扇形地第四纪地层与沉积物特征的初步研究

本文根据岩性特征、沉积旋回、接触关系、孢粉和微体古生物等资料,对大小凌河地区的第四纪地层进行初步研究,在此基础上探讨第四纪以来的沉积物及其特征,并分析晚第四纪以来的海相地层与海侵特征。     

利用探地雷达(GPR)观测加拿大北极群岛和陆架区海冰厚度空间分布特征

Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) measurements of sea ice thickness including undeformed ice and ridged ice were carried out in the central north Canadian Archipelago in spring 2010. Results have shown a significant spatial heterogeneity of sea ice thickness across the shelf. The undeformed multi-year fast ice of(2.05±0.09) m thick was investigated southern inshore zone of Borden island located at middle of the observational section,which was the observed maximum thickness in the field work. The less thick sea ice was sampled across a flaw lead with the thicknesses of(1.05±0.11) m for the pack ice and(1.24±0.13) m for the fast ice. At the northernmost spot of the section, the undeformed multi-year pack ice was(1.54±0.22) m thick with a ridged ice of 2.5 to 3 m,comparing to the multi-year fast ice with the thickness of(1.67±0.16) m at the southernmost station in the Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea.     

北极地区不同冰龄的海冰厚度变化研究

In this study, changes in Arctic sea ice thickness for each ice age category were examined based on satellite observations and modelled results. Interannual changes obtained from Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite(ICESat)-based results show a thickness reduction over perennial sea ice(ice that survives at least one melt season with an age of no less than 2 year) up to approximately 0.5–1.0 m and 0.6–0.8 m(depending on ice age) during the investigated winter and autumn ICESat periods, respectively. Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System(PIOMAS)-based results provide a view of a continued thickness reduction over the past four decades. Compared to 1980 s, there is a clear thickness drop of roughly 0.50 m in 2010 s for perennial ice. This overall decrease in sea ice thickness can be in part attributed to the amplified warming climate in north latitudes. Besides, we figure out that strongly anomalous southerly summer surface winds may play an important role in prompting the thickness decline in perennial ice zone through transporting heat deposited in open water(primarily via albedo feedback) in Eurasian sector deep into a broader sea ice regime in central Arctic Ocean. This heat source is responsible for enhanced ice bottom melting, leading to further reduction in ice thickness.     

南海北部大陆边缘天然气水合物稳定带厚度的地热学研究

The exploration of unconventional and/or new energy resources has become the focus of energy research worldwide,given the shortage of fossil fuels.As a potential energy resource,gas hydrate exists only in the environment of high pressure and low temperature,mainly distributing in the sediments of the seafloor in the continental margins and the permafrost zones in land.The accurate determination of the thickness of gas hydrate stability zone is essential yet challenging in the assessment of the exploitation potential.The majority of previous studies obtain this thickness by detecting the bottom simulating reflectors(BSRs) layer on the seismic profiles.The phase equilibrium between gas hydrate stable state with its temperature and pressure provides an opportunity to derive the thickness with the geothermal method.Based on the latest geothermal dataset,we calculated the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ) in the north continental margin of the South China Sea.Our results indicate that the thicknesses of gas hydrate stability zone vary greatly in different areas of the northern margin of the South China Sea.The thickness mainly concentrates on 200–300 m and distributes in the southwestern and eastern areas with belt-like shape.We further confirmed a certain relationship between the GHSZ thickness and factors such as heat flow and water depth.The thickness of gas hydrate stability zone is found to be large where the heat flow is relatively low.The GHSZ thickness increases with the increase of the water depth,but it tends to stay steady when the water depth deeper than 3 000 m.The findings would improve the assessment of gas hydrate resource potential in the South China Sea.     

琼东南盆地华光凹陷天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响因素

为了探讨琼东南盆地华光凹陷海底天然气水合物稳定带的分布规律，定量研究了静水压力、底水温度、地温梯度和气源组分对水合物稳定带的影响程度。在此基础上，分析了华光凹陷现今甲烷水合物稳定带的厚度分布。最后，综合各因素的历史演化过程，初步探讨了华光凹陷1.05 Ma BP以来天然气水合物稳定带的演化。结果表明:(1)气源组分和海底温度的变化对研究区内水合物稳定带的影响较大；水合物稳定带厚度与海底温度呈良好的线性负相关性。(2)水深超过600 m的海域具备形成天然气水合物的温压条件；超过600 m水深的海域水合物稳定带厚度大部分超过 100 m，其中西北部稳定带的最大厚度超过300 m，是有利的水合物勘探区。(3)华光凹陷1.05 Ma BP以来天然气水合物稳定带厚度经历了快速增厚–窄幅变化–快速减薄和恢复的过程。麻坑群与水合物稳定变化敏感区在空间上具有较好的叠合关系。结合前人的研究成果，推测其形成与天然气水合物的分解释放有关。     

Sub aerial random wave pressure and layer thickness on impermeable sea walls

Investigations on sub aerial wave pressures and layer thickness on plane impermeable and non-overtopping seawallns were carried out by using physical model studies. Seawalls with slopes of 1:3, 1:4 and 1:6 were used. JONSWAP spectrum with significant wave height, H_s from 0.08 to 0.2 m and peak periods, T_p from 1.5 to 6.0 s and a constant water depth of 0.7 m is used. Based on extensive measurements, empirical formulas for practical applications are proposed to predict the maximum, significant and mean sub aerial random wave pressure and layer thickness (thickness of water layer perpendicular to the still water level on the run-up zone) by using the surf similarity parameter, significant wave height and elevation on the sub aerial region as inputs. It is found that the maximum layer thickness is 1.11 times the significant layer thickness and maximum sub Arial wave pressure is 1.06 times the significant wave pressures. The predictive equations based on extensive measurements can be used for the design of non-overtopping seawalls.     

闽江口外海域全新统地震地层学特征和沉积作用

本文采用高分辨率单道浅地震剖面资料研究闽江口外海域的全新统沉积作用。研究区的全新统底面为MIS 2期侵蚀面，局部为古河道，深度一般在现海面下约30～60 m，最深约65 m；近岸浅，外海深，局部受古河道的下切影响呈条带状负地形。全新统由早全新世晚期以来的海相沉积层(U1)和早全新世河流湖沼相沉积层(U2)组成，前者包括滨浅海平行地震相和河口滨岸前积地震相，根据其反射波向陆上超和向海下超底界面，结合沉积物厚度分布特征，可以判断主要的沉积物来源和运移趋势。全新统沉积层厚度一般为10～20 m，最厚约38 m，位于古河道区，但是在马祖列岛和白犬列岛之间海区缺失。海相全新统沉积层的厚度为数米至20 m，最厚约25 m，位于研究区东南部(海坛岛东侧)。自全新世海侵以来，沉积物主要来源于3部分:台湾海峡来沙为研究区南部海区提供了沉积物；闽江悬沙扩散沉积物覆盖研究区北部海区，主要沿NE方向至外海，在河口向南呈舌状，现代沉积中心位于河口北部，厚度大于15 m；浙闽沿岸流来沙对研究区东北部海区的沉积物有影响。沉积环境划分为台湾海峡源沉积区、闽江源沉积区、东北部混合沉积区和马祖?白犬沉积缺失区，平均沉积速率分别约为0.8 mm/a、1.0 mm/a、1.1 mm/a和0 mm/a。马祖?白犬沉积缺失区主要因为沉积物受沿岛环流的控制。