文安地震前华北区域长波辐射场的异常特征分析

利用NOAA/IR极轨卫星所获取并发布的热红外长波辐射(OLR)月平均网格数据信息(空间分辨率为2.5°×2.5°),采用涡度处理方法,在对华北地区OLR多年背景场分布特征分析的基础上,详细研究了2006年7月4日河北文安5.1级地震前华北地区OLR的短期异常演化特征。结果显示,华北地区OLR正常背景场变化较为平稳,但在文安地震之前这种平稳均一的分布格局发生了变化,主要表现为在地震发生之前2个月,在震中附近出现了OLR的显著增强异常现象。结合以往开展的大量的震例分析结果,显示出这种震前的异常演化特征具有广泛的普适性。这一认识的取得对于开展华北地区地震短临预报应用研究具有一定的现实意义。     

汶川8.0级大地震的长波辐射征象

文中分析了汶川8.0级地震发生前, 卫星遥感射出长波辐射(OLR)信息场的中期(年)、 短期(月)和临震(日)时空分布及变化特征。 通过计算发现该地震震中区附近的OLR信息有异常增强的现象, 这种现象可作为诊断强震蕴育地区的一种指征。     

地震序列的空间随机分析

利用空间随机点过程的统计分析方法对大华北地区地震的空间分布特点作了统计分析.着重对地震的完全随机性、不同震级间地震的相互独立性以及随机标值等作了检验分析.分析表明,大华北地区地震的空间分布表现出成丛性,各不同震级段间为正相关,同时它们的空间分布可用一二维空间随机过程模拟.所得结果可为合理建立地震的空间分布模型提供依据,对合理估计地震危险性具有一定的意义.      

大华北地区十次中强地震前后区域地震时间分布结构信息维D1特征

本文用分形理论的信息维方法研究了大华北地区1976年以来十次中强地震区域地震时间分布信息维在主震前后随时间的变化。结果表明信息维的变化反映了地震时间分布结构自组织特征,在震前一、二年内无标度区及其上、下限值出现明显的下降异常变化,无标度区跨度由1个数量级变宽为3个数量级,震后恢复到一个数量级。震前无标度区跨度越宽,表明地震时间分布自相似结构自组织程度越高,大华北地区十次中强震无论其所在地区、震源深度、地震序列类型、发震构造不同、震前信息维都显示了明显的下降过程,并且临震前降到最低值,震后回升。信息维下降异常时间与主震震级无关,但信息维下降的最低值与主震震级有关。     

基于小波包分析的OLR地震异常信息提取初探

长波辐射OLR具有可覆盖范围大的特点。 本文提取其与地震相关的异常信息,并尝试将所得结果应用于地震预测中,这对于弥补我国部分处于前兆台网监测范围之外地区具有重要意义。 文中首先对小波包方法及其原理进行了简要介绍,在此基础上,尝试采用该方法对长波辐射值OLR时间序列进行分解重构,提取异常信息。 通过对15个不同震例的研究表明,地震前的10个月内,重构信号均出现能量严重衰减的现象,且其持续时间长短与发震震级之间存在一定相关性。     

川滇地区长波辐射场变化与地震活动关系研究

2007年6月3日宁洱6.3级地震发生之前, 在川滇地区(20°～35°N, 95°～110°E)出现了一次显著的OLR短期和临震的异常增强现象。 对该区多年来OLR场的连续变化分析表明, 这种增强现象在强震多发年与平静年有明显的差异, 其中在地震多发年OLR数值场不仅为正距平, 而且震前短期大多增强幅度大; 而在地震平静年OLR数值场变化则多为负距平且波动小。 上述结果对今后应用卫星遥感长波辐射信息跟踪监视和预测强震有启示性意义。     

莫力达瓦、嫩江交界5.0级地震长波辐射异常研究

通过涡度、时频分析等方法,研究了莫力达瓦、嫩江交界5.0级地震前,震中区域(124.50°E~126.50°E,47.50°N~52.50°N)红外遥感OLR时空分布特征,结果显示:莫力达瓦、嫩江交界5.0级地震前震中区域OLR涡度场存在显著增强的异常现象;震中区格点(125.50°E,49.50°N)OLR涡度值时序曲线在震前存在显著异常变化,其时频结果也显示在地震前存在能量密度增强现象,异常期间谱结构不断变化。     

华北地区地震活动度的研究

本文在广泛收集、整理华北地区地震目录资料的基础上,应用地震活动度S定量地描述地震活动性的方法,通过S值时空扫描,给出了华北地区地震活动性的时空分布图像及其特征。还重点分析了唐山地震前后S值的时空分布现象。我们认为,用地震活动度定量地描述某时空域上的地震活动性的方法是可行的。同时还应在实践中逐步完善。     

临震天体引潮力和地面长波辐射OLR异常

利用天体引潮力周期变化模型和地面长波辐射(OLR)数据资料,分析2010~2011年云南、西藏地区的4次M5.0以上地震震前OLR异常,探讨了诱发地震的外部因素,即天体引潮力周期与红外异常发展的关联特征。结果显示:以临近发震时刻所在周期引潮力值最低点日期为OLR参照背景,获取的地震前后NOAA长波辐射OLR日增量分布图像显示:震中附近热异常明显,异常受构造控制,且其分布与断裂关系密切;异常演化经历起始-加强-高峰-衰减-再增强-发震-平静的过程,符合岩石因应力增加而破裂的规律。一方面表明地应力的临界状态演化过程可通过OLR辐射变化来反映。另一方面表明引潮力可以改变构造内部地应力的状态。     

内蒙古自治区东部两次Ms5．9地震前后长波辐射时序特征分析

以卫星对地遥测长波辐射(OLR)信息为基础,分析了2003年8月16日巴林左旗MS5.9地震和2004年3月24日东乌珠穆沁MS5.9地震前后震中附近的45°N,120°E点位长波辐射的时序特征。结果表明,在这两次MS5.9地震前后,位于45°N,120°E点位上长波辐射(OLR)月平均值、月距平值异常特征比较明显,这种基于不同点位上的时序特征分析对地震监视和预报具体孕震区具有一定的实际意义。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.