塔里木盆地热液活动地质地球化学特征及其对储层影响

塔里木盆地二叠纪时发生了强烈的岩浆-火山作用,与之相关的热液流体沿着断裂、裂缝以及不整合面活动,并与所经碳酸盐岩围岩发生反应,使围岩发生不同程度的溶蚀改造,主要表现在:1热液溶蚀和热褪色现象显著;2沉淀生成多种热液矿物组合,如萤石-石英组合、闪锌矿-绿泥石-方解石组合,重晶石-石英-黄铁矿-菱铁矿组合等;3热液作用区域碳酸盐岩成分发生了明显的变化,主要表现为Fe、Mn、Si等元素含量的升高,比正常灰岩高出几倍至几十倍。上述特点与岩溶作用和成岩溶蚀作用特征明显不同。对典型钻孔碳酸盐岩储层研究表明,无论灰岩还是白云岩,在热液作用下都会产生大量的微小溶蚀孔洞,储层物性得到明显的改善,因此热液作用是影响储层物性不可忽视的重要因素。     

深层碳酸盐岩原位模拟实验及勘探启示——以川东北地区二叠系为例

关于川东北深层海相碳酸盐岩溶蚀型孔隙的成因,主要有两种观点:早期的大气淡水溶蚀和浅埋藏白云石化以及晚期的深埋藏流体溶蚀。以二叠系石灰岩和白云岩为例,通过原位模拟实验分析得知:随着埋深、温度的增加,方解石和白云石均趋向于胶结而不是溶蚀,其中方解石胶结程度更高。因此判定深部碳酸盐岩储层总体上发生溶蚀作用而形成孔隙的可能性较小,早期的成岩作用才是形成次生溶蚀的关键。     

塔中地区热化学硫酸盐还原作用对深埋白云岩储层的改造

塔里木盆地塔中地区深埋碳酸盐岩储层显示出极强的非均质性。如灰岩地层孔隙度极低,而含酸性气藏的白云岩储层最大孔隙度高达27%。然而,造成这些现象的原因仍然不清楚。通过岩芯、薄片、扫描电镜观察,结合流体包裹体均一温度、盐度分析,方解石、白云石的碳氧同位素测定,试图解决这一问题。前人研究认为,塔中地区碳酸盐岩优质储层分布主要受控于原始沉积条件（如高能的礁滩相）和表生溶蚀,热液活动和断裂活动也起到重要作用。然而,多期流体活动和成岩作用导致大量同生期和表生期形成的溶蚀孔洞被破坏。在某些井区（如ZG9井和TZ75井）,埋藏溶蚀作用可能对优质储层形成起到重要作用。在寒武系和奥陶系岩芯中发现了大量硬石膏、重晶石、黄铁矿、沥青、方解石等,方解石交代硫酸盐,方解石具有较高的均一温度及较低的碳同位素值说明其形成与热化学硫酸盐还原作用（TSR）有关。在发生TSR的白云岩井段,储层物性较好,说明TSR可能对深埋储层的改善具有促进作用。这些认识有助于指导深层寒武系碳酸盐岩储层的进一步勘探。     

塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩热液岩溶的特征及地质模型

随着塔中地区下古生界碳酸盐岩油气勘探地持续深入,分别在野外露头,塔中地区相关探井奥陶系储层中发现有萤石、闪锌矿、天青石、重晶石、硬石膏、焦沥青及热液石英等一系列热液矿物及其组合,越来越多的地质资料表明热液岩溶储层可能是塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩油气勘探中被忽视的一个重要储层类型。〖JP2〗通过总结近6年大量的针对野外露头热液岩溶现象地实地观察测量,以及通过对塔中82井区—24井区奥陶系储层发育段大量的岩石薄片观察、矿物能谱测定、地层水锶同位素测试,断裂性质的分析,深入研究热液溶蚀流体的活动特点以及对形成优质储层的控制作用,最终建立了热液岩溶储层的地质模型。研究表明,热液矿物主要沿断裂伴生的构造溶蚀缝和溶蚀孔洞发育,断裂是热液运移的主要通道,是形成优质储层的重要控制因素。塔中地区沿海西期走滑断裂附近的奥陶系灰岩将广泛发育热液溶蚀改造形成的储层,为塔中西部上奥陶统沿走滑断裂向内带拓展油气勘探打下了基础。     

塔里木盆地塔中45井油藏萤石化特征及其对储层的影响

塔中4 5井油藏是位于塔中地区中上奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层中的一个油藏,其储层中发现有大量的被原油充填的萤石脉。岩芯和镜下观察表明,萤石是通过交代方解石形成的,与萤石共生的有大量的热液矿物,如石英、黄铁矿、绿泥石等。萤石中的流体包裹体可分为两期:一期为原生包裹体,均一温度主要为2 6 0～310℃,最高达330℃,为萤石形成时的热液流体温度;另一期为次生包裹体,均一温度主要为10 0～130℃之间,含有大量有机包裹体,代表油气运移成藏的温度。矿物组合和原生包裹体均一温度特征表明萤石的形成与塔中地区热液活动有关。理论计算表明,萤石交代方解石后体积要减少33.5 % ,这将在很大程度上使储层的孔隙度增加。实际岩芯和镜下观察也发现,萤石中有大量的粒间孔隙,并被原油所充填。因此认为,塔中地区的热液活动以及萤石的沉淀在很大程度上改善了储层的储集性,使其更有利于油气的聚集。     

滇东北矿集区茂租铅锌矿床地球化学特征

茂租铅锌矿床位于扬子地台西南缘,是滇东北矿集区内的一个大型矿床,矿体主要呈似层状产于震旦系灯影组白云岩中;矿石矿物以闪锌矿为主,次为方铅矿;脉石矿物主要为白云石、方解石和萤石。本文对该矿床中与铅锌矿密切共生的团块状白云石、方解石和萤石以及围岩灯影组白云岩的REE地球化学特征和C、O、Sr同位素进行了对比研究。结果表明:团块状白云石和方解石的稀土配分模式、C同位素和Sr同位素比值与围岩灯影组白云岩比较接近,表明形成团块状白云石和方解石的成矿流体主要来源于围岩灯影组白云岩的溶解;但这两种矿物的稀土总量ΣREE高于灯影组白云岩,说明成矿流体除了主要由围岩提供REE外,还有部分其他富含REE流体的加入。萤石则具有LREE亏损和分配曲线相对平缓的稀土配分模式特征,表明萤石形成于成矿的晚阶段,有更多的外部流体的加入。团块状白云石、方解石和萤石表现出明显的Eu正异常,且团块状白云石和方解石的O同位素低于灯影组白云岩,反映了存在较高温度的流体活动,这3种脉石矿物是由高温热液流体形成的。灯影组白云岩和3种脉石矿物都具有明显的Ce负异常,说明成矿流体可能主要来源于地层循环水,继承了围岩的Ce负异常特征。方解石和萤石的Sr同位素比值高于围岩震旦系灯影组白云岩和峨眉山玄武岩,但小于基底岩石昆阳群和会理群,说明成矿流体主要由赋矿围岩等沉积地层中的循环流体与流经了基底岩石的深部流体混合形成。     

碳酸盐岩表生岩溶与埋藏溶蚀比较——以塔北和塔中地区为例

表生岩溶与埋藏溶蚀是碳酸盐岩储层发育的最重要成岩作用,两者受岩石等内在因素的影响基本相同,但所受的外部主控因素差异显著。表生岩溶受构造不整合面、古构造等影响较大;埋藏溶蚀主要受断裂与深部流体控制。表生岩溶主要表现为垂向分带性明显的复杂孔洞缝网络结构,而埋藏溶蚀主要呈受断裂—裂隙控制的“V”形洞穴样式或与断裂有关的阶梯状分布。表生岩溶发育一些标型特征,如钙质壳,古土壤,铝土矿,淡红色方解石晶体,溶蚀沟、坑、天坑,新月形状、悬垂和纤维状渗滤砂或胶结物,岩溶角砾及与地下暗河有关的机械流水沉积;埋藏溶蚀往往发育与中低温热液有关的异形铁白云石、萤石、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿等密西西比河谷型矿物以及塌陷构造、裂隙结构、不规则的角砾(化)岩体等。塔里木盆地塔北地区主要发育表生岩溶作用;塔中地区西北部不具备发育大规模表生岩溶的地质条件,以发育埋藏溶蚀作用为主。     

渝东南酉阳县洞岩铅锌矿床流体包裹体研究

洞岩铅锌矿为渝东南酉阳地区新发现的中型矿床,由产于奥陶系桐梓组、红花园组中的两个矿体(K1、K2)组成,受断裂控制明显.根据矿床地质、矿物组合及矿脉之间的穿切关系,将其铅锌成矿作用划分为三阶段:Ⅰ-方解石-石英-重晶石(黄铁矿)阶段;Ⅱ-方解石-石英-萤石-黄铁矿-闪锌矿-方铅矿阶段;Ⅲ-方解石-石英阶段.系统的流体包...     

热流体对深埋白云岩储集性影响及其油气勘探意义——塔里木盆地柯坪露头区研究

深埋条件下白云岩能否形成有效储层是塔里木盆地深层油气勘探面临的主要挑战之一,塔深1井大于8000m深度白云岩岩芯仍具有多孔洞带发育,并具有形成储层的孔渗性,揭示了深部白云岩有效储层的存在。研究证实,该类孔洞的形成与热流体活动相关,但其在地层中分布的特征和广泛性有待揭示。通过野外露头观察及室内测试分析,在柯坪地区经历过深埋条件的上震旦统-下奥陶统白云岩中发现了与塔深1井相似的溶蚀孔洞的普遍存在现象。孔洞内充填的石英、自形白云石以及方解石矿物原生盐水溶液包裹体均一温度依次可达到368℃、314℃和303℃,远高于相应地层最大埋深(约6000m)条件下推测的正常地层温度范围(120~240℃),盐度分布范围依次为3.39%~9.86% NaCleqv、1.05%~18.13% NaCleqv和4.34%~9.98% NaCleqv。同时,研究也发现了黄铁矿、萤石、重晶石、石英、菱铁矿、毒砂和鞍形白云石等热流体相关矿物组合,并在相应流体包裹体内发现了CO₂、H₂S和烃类气体等对白云岩具有溶蚀性的气体存在。综合以上测试成果,证实柯坪露头区白云岩地层内存在大规模的异常热流体活动,推断可能与盆地深部大规模岩浆热事件相关。研究揭示热流体活动产生了顺层溶蚀、冷缩裂缝、差异性溶蚀以及热流体再作用的大型溶塌等多种孔隙空间结构,孔隙类型主要为缝-洞复合型。揭示热流体溶蚀改造作用主要受构造裂缝和地层界面等因素控制,其对白云岩地层孔隙空间的改造主要表现为建设性与破坏性共存,研究区则以建设性为主。     

碳酸盐岩表牛岩溶与埋藏溶蚀比较——以塔北和塔中地区为例

表生岩溶与埋藏溶蚀是碳酸盐岩储层发育的最重要成岩作用，两者受岩石等内在因素的影响基本相同，但所受的外部主控因素差异显著。表生岩溶受构造不整合面、古构造等影响较大；埋藏溶蚀主要受断裂与深部流体控制。表生岩溶主要表现为垂向分带性明显的复杂孔洞缝网络结构，而埋藏溶蚀主要呈受断裂—裂隙控制的“V”形洞穴样式或与断裂有关的阶梯状分布。表生岩溶发育一些标型特征，如钙质壳，古土壤，铝土矿，淡红色方解石晶体，溶蚀沟、坑、天坑，新月形状、悬垂和纤维状渗滤砂或胶结物，岩溶角砾及与地下暗河有关的机械流水沉积；埋藏溶蚀往往发育与中低温热液有关的异形铁白云石、萤石、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿等密西西比河谷型矿物以及塌陷构造、裂隙结构、不规则的角砾（化）岩体等。塔里木盆地塔北地区主要发育表生岩溶作用；塔中地区西北部不具备发育大规模表生岩溶的地质条件，以发育埋藏溶蚀作用为主。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of