近60年全球大气环流经向模态的气候变化

本文根据1948～2004年NCEP/NCAR 1000 hPa、500 hPa、100 hPa高度场逐月再分析资料，分析了近60年全球大气环流经向模态的气候变化. 结果表明：近60年来第一模态从低层到高层都表现出高纬与低纬地区之间明显的反向变化关系，且随时间有明显的增强趋势. 第一模态位相发生了相反的改变，低纬地区由负距平演变为正距平，高纬地区由正距平演变为负距平. 1000 hPa和500 hPa高度场上的南半球比北半球变化激烈，而100 hPa高度场上的北半球比南半球变化激烈. 第二模态在1000 hPa高度场上，主要表现为南极涛动（AAO）和北极涛动(AO)，且两涛动在年际、年代际尺度上表现出明显的负相关关系；在100 hPa高度场上，主要表现为南北半球高纬度地区之间的反向变化；500 hPa高度场是1000 hPa和100 hPa的一个过渡层次，主要表现出明显的南极涛动(AAO). 第二模态可能是南北半球中高纬环流相互作用的桥梁.     

电离层春秋分不对称的地方时依赖

利用全球203个电离层测高仪台站的F_2层临界频率(f_oF_2)和E层临界频率(f_oE),以及美国喷气推进实验室(JPL)提供的电离层总电子含量(TEC)地图数据统计分析了电离层春秋分(March Equinox and September Equinox,ME and SE)不对称的特点.基于电离层参量随年积日(Day of Year,DoY)和太阳活动指数F_(10.7)变化的傅里叶级数模型,对f_oF_2、f_oE及TEC数据分别进行最小二乘法拟合,将电离层参量归算到低太阳活动(F_(10.7)=80)、中等太阳活动(F_(10.7)=150)和高太阳活动(F_(10.7)=200)水平.该方法定量分离了实际观测数据中包含的电离层参量随季节和太阳活动的变化,因而得到了更为定量、精确的电离层春秋分不对称性特征.分析了不同地方时(LT)的春秋分不对称性指数(Asymmetry Index,AI)和春秋分差值Δ(=ME-SE)的全球分布特征与太阳活动依赖性.结果表明,foE日出时全球主要表现为9月分点值高于3月分点值,午后春秋分不对称性几乎消失,而日落时则反转为3月分点值高于9月分点值;f_oF_2日出时除少数地区外也主要表现为9月分点值高于3月分点值,而其他时段则相反;TEC日出时低太阳活动时的全球及中高太阳活动时的低纬地区表现为9月分点值高于3月分点值,而其他时段则相反.fo_E春秋分不对称性受太阳活动影响较弱,而f_oF_2和TEC的春秋分不对称随太阳活动有明显的变化,其3月分点值相对于9月分点值增加.计算了F_2层峰高(h_mF_2)处对应的氧氮浓度比([O]/[N_2],由大气模型NRLMSISE-00计算得到)和h_mF_2的春秋分不对称性,提取了TEC年变化的幅度及相位信息.氧氮浓度比和h_mF_2的春秋分不对称性能够部分解释电离层的春秋分不对称性,而TEC春秋分不对称的全球分布特征可以用TEC年变化的相位的全球分布解释.     

An intense SFE and SSC event in geomagnetic H, Y and Z fields at the Indian chain of observatories

Changes in the three components of geomagnetic field are reported at the chain of ten geomagnetic observatories in India during an intense solar crochet that occurred at 1311 h 75° EMT on 15 June 1991 and the subsequent sudden commencement (SSC) of geomagnetic storm at 1518h on 17 June 1991. The solar flare effects (SFE) registered on the magnetograms appear to be an augmentation of the ionospheric current system existing at the start time of the flare. An equatorial enhancement in AH due to SFE is observed to be similar in nature to the latitudinal variation of SQ (H) at low latitude. AF registered the largest effect at 3.6° dip latitude at the fringe region of the electrojet. AZ had positive amplitudes at the equatorial stations and negative at stations north of Hyderabad. The SSC amplitude in the H component is fairly constant with latitude, whereas the Z component again showed larger positive excursions at stations within the electrojet belt. These results are discussed in terms of possible currents of internal and external origin. The changes in the Y field strongly support the idea that meridional current at an equatorial electrojet station flows in the ionospheric dynamo, E.Presently at: School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia     

Sediment quality of the lower St. Johns River, Florida: an integrative assessment of benthic fauna, sediment-associated stressors, and general habitat characteristics

Sediment quality of the lower St. Johns River (LSJR) estuary, Florida was evaluated using synoptic data on benthic community structure, levels of potential stressors (chemical contaminants, ammonia and sulfide), and other basic habitat characteristics (depth, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature) collected at seven stations, three times a year from July 2000-July 2002. Un-ionized ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected at toxic levels on at least one sampling occasion at four stations. Chemical contamination of sediment at probable bioeffect levels also was observed at four stations. Concentrations of pesticides or other chemical substances typically associated with human activities (e.g., PCBs) were detectable at all stations, though not always present at concentrations likely of causing significant bioeffects. A total of 251 taxa and 9783 individuals were identified and enumerated from the benthic infaunal samples. Polychaete worms and molluscs dominated the benthic fauna at all seven stations. The opportunistic and pollution-tolerant polychaete Streblospio benedicti was the most abundant species overall (from all samples combined), appearing as a dominant at five of the seven stations. Overall, the sites sampled as part of this study indicate a highly stressed benthos resulting from multiple anthropogenic impacts.     

用AE-D卫星近地点上观测的n(He)估算湍流层顶高度

文分析了AE D极轨卫星近地点的变化及其相应的大气膨胀和密度分布情况. 在高度相同情况下, 中低纬区热层底部的大气密度比高纬区大, 卫星受阻也就更大, 从而卫星近地点的高度在中低纬区比高纬区要低、白天比夜间低. 采用近地点上的n(He)观测资料, 根据大气数密度在低层内均匀混合和高层内扩散分离的不同垂直分布特征, 粗略地估算出湍流层顶的高度Zt及其变化. 高纬区内Zt高低与纬度几乎无关, 但对磁暴的响应十分明显. 中低纬区内, Zt随纬度减小而增大; 白天地区Zt大于夜间, 而与磁暴的关系不大.     

Simulation of energy and water balance in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer system in the mountain area of Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest China

Under the background of global water cycle, theregional water cycle systems of the arid inland regionsof northwest China are characterized by the fact thatthe area is composed of various relatively independentinland river basins, each of which is a system of inter-related climate, hydrology, water resources, ecologyand environment. An inland river basin consists of amountain area and the plain and basin area in front ofthe mountains. The vertical landscape zonality of aninland river basin can …     

Deterioration of eelgrass,Zostera marina L., meadows by water pollution in Seto Inland Sea,Japan

Survival of transplanted Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) and environmental conditions (water quality, bottom sediments, sedimentation on leaves and flow regime) were studied concurrently in the center, edge, and at the outside of a eelgrass meadow located in a eutrophic coastal zone in northern Hiroshima Bay, Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Eelgrass transplants at the outside of the meadow declined significantly, whereas those at the center were consistently well established. Silt content in the bottom sediments at the outside was higher than that at the center. The sediment was oxic from the surface to 2 cm deep at the center, whereas those at the edge and the outside were reductive almost from the surface. The sediment characteristics typical in eutrophic water seemed to be a factor responsible for the deterioration of eelgrass meadows. Although suspended solid concentrations in the water columns were almost the same, the amount of sediments deposited on leaves of eelgrass at the outside was higher than that at the center of the meadow. The amount of the deposition at the outside seems to be enough to inhibit photosynthesis; i.e. photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) available for eelgrass was only 36% of that without any deposition. The deposition in the center, however, was small enough to allow 84% of the original PPFD. Flow rates, determined at 30 cm above the bottom, a half height of average eelgrass, suggested that the rate at the outside was not enough to remove deposited sediments from the surface of eelgrass leaves. Thus, the large amount of sediment deposition caused by water pollution and/or eutrophication seemed to be another factor to inhibit the survival of eelgrass at the outside edge of the meadow.     

Accuracy‐constrained optimisation methods for staggered‐grid elastic wave modelling

The classical finite‐difference methods for seismic wave modelling are very accurate at low wavenumbers but suffer from inaccuracies at high wavenumbers, particularly at Nyquist wavenumber. In contrast, the optimisation finite‐difference methods reduce inaccuracies at high wavenumbers but suffer from inaccuracies at low wavenumbers, particularly at zero wavenumber when the operator length is not long and the whole range of wavenumbers is considered. Inaccuracy at zero wavenumber means that the optimisation methods only have a zeroth‐order accuracy of truncation and thus are not rigorously convergent. To guarantee the rigorous convergence of the optimisation methods, we have developed accuracy‐constrained optimisation methods. Different‐order accuracy‐constrained optimisation methods are presented. These methods not only guarantee the rigorous convergence but also reduce inaccuracies at low wavenumbers. Accuracy‐constrained optimisation methods are applied to staggered‐grid elastic wave modelling.     

Frontal upwelling in a rotating two-layer fluid

Abstract

This paper describes the source-sink driven flow in a two-layer fluid confined in a rotating annulus. Light fluid is injected at the inner wall, while denser fluid is withdrawn at the outer wall. The interface between the immiscible fluids intersects the bottom and thus produces a front. The net transport from the source to the sink is carried by Ekman layers at the bottom and at the interface, and by Stewartson layers at the side walls. A detached Stewartson layer arises at the front, leading to a pronounced upwelling circulation.     

Irregularity analysis of CO,NO2 and O3 concentrations at traffic,commercial and low activity sites in Delhi

The irregularity analysis of exceedance time series of gaseous pollutants CO, NO₂ and O₃ is carried out using Shannon entropy and Fisher information measure. The data observed during 2007–2010 at three sites with different land-use activities in Delhi are analyzed. CO and NO₂ showed irregular behavior at both, low anthropogenic activity and commercial activity sites, whereas at traffic site both the pollutant concentrations showed regular behavior. The irregularity is attributed to the multiplicity in emission sources at low activity and commercial site and regular behavior is observed due to the uniformity and well defined source characteristics at the traffic site. O₃ at three sites showed irregular behavior owing to its secondary nature. Fisher–Shannon information plane showed the grouping of three pollutants except CO and NO₂ at traffic and O₃ at low activity site suggesting the similar temporal characteristics of the pollutants even at the sites with different land-use activities.     

极区电离层F2层峰值电子浓度对太阳活动依赖性的共轭研究

本文利用南极中山站(ZHS),以及北极与其地理共轭的Tromso站(TRO)、地磁共轭的Longyearbyen站(LYB)各自约一个太阳活动周的观测数据,对比分析了极区电离层F₂层峰值电子浓度(N_mF₂)对太阳活动的依赖性.结果表明,三个台站N_mF₂月中值随修正太阳10.7 cm通量指数F_10.7P(简称P)增大在总体上呈线性增长,这说明在这三个台站,太阳辐射仍是其F₂层主要电离源.其中TRO站N_mF₂与P线性关系最好,ZHS站的次之,LYB站的最差.在日变化中,TRO站N_mF₂对太阳活动响应最为敏感的时刻出现在地方时中午附近,LYB站出现在磁中午,ZHS站则出现在地方时中午和磁地方时中午之间.这主要是由地理/地磁纬度差异引起的不同强度的光致电离与极区等离子体对流共同作用的结果.在年变化中,TRO站N_mF₂随太阳活动变化上升最快的季节出现在冬季,夏季上升最慢.在ZHS站与LYB站,N_mF₂对太阳活动变化的响应都在两分季最为敏感.这种季节上的差异则是由于三个台站光致电离与中性大气成分R[O/N₂]的不同所致.     

Preliminary models of upper mantle P and S wave velocity structure in the western South America region

Upper mantle P and S wave velocities in the western South America region are obtained at depths of foci from an analysis of travel time data of deep earthquakes. The inferred velocity models for the Chile–Peru–Ecuador region reveal an increase of P velocity from 8.04 km/s at 40 km to 8.28 km/s at 250 km depth, while the S velocity remains almost constant at 4.62 km/s from 40 to 210 km depth. A velocity discontinuity (probably corresponding to the L discontinuity in the continental upper mantle) at 220–250 km depth for P and 200–220 km depth for S waves, with a 3–4% velocity increase, is inferred from the velocity–depth data. Below this discontinuity, P velocity increases from 8.54 km/s at 250 km to 8.62 km/s at 320 km depth and S velocity increases from 4.81 km/s at 210 km to 4.99 km/s at 290 km depth. Travel time data from deep earthquakes at depths greater than 500 km in the Bolivia–Peru region, reveal P velocities of about 9.65 km/s from 500 to 570 km depth. P velocity–depth data further reveal a velocity discontinuity, either as a sharp boundary at 570 km depth with 8–10% velocity increase or as a broad transition zone with velocity rapidly increasing from 560 to 610 km depth. P velocity increases to 10.75 km/s at 650 km depth. A comparison with the latest global average depth estimates of the 660 km discontinuity reveals that this discontinuity is at a relatively shallow depth in the study region. Further, a velocity discontinuity at about 400 km depth with a 10% velocity increase seems to be consistent with travel time observations from deep earthquakes in this region.     

A precise monitoring of snow surface height in the region of Lambert Glacier basin-Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica

The net surface snow accumulation on the Antarctic ice sheet is determined by a combination of precipitation, sublimation and wind redistribution. We present a one-year record of hourly snow-height measurements at LGB69 (70°50'S, 77°04'E, 1850 m a.s.l.). east side of Lambert Glacier basin (LGB), and 4 year record at G3 (70°53'S, 69°52'E, 84 m a.s.l.), Amery Ice Shelf (AIS). The measurements were made with ultrasonic sensors mounted on automatic weather stations installed at two sites. The snow accumulation at LGB69 is approximately 70 cm. Throughout the winter, between April and September, there was little change in surface snow height (SSH) at the two sites. The negative SSH change is due to densification at LGB69, and is due to both ablation and densification at G3. The strongest accumulation at two sites occurred during the period between October and March (accounting for 101.6% at LGB69), with four episodic increasing events occurring during 2002 for LGB69, and eight events during 1999-2002 for G     

活动支座摩擦作用对连续梁桥固定支座剪力的影响

目前认为活动支座摩擦作用对连续梁固定支座剪力起有利的降低作用,抗震分析时一般忽略活动支座摩擦作用的影响。为了研究连续梁桥活动支座摩擦作用对固定支座剪力地震反应的影响,建立了考虑活动支座摩擦作用的连续梁桥抗震分析有限元模型,计算了各种情况下的固定支座剪力。研究发现,活动支座摩擦作用并不是在任何情况下都是有利的,根据分析结果给出了需要考虑活动支座摩擦力的情况,提出固定支座剪力简化计算公式需要综合考虑结构的自振特性及场地反应谱的影响。     

双洞八车道大断面隧道地震动力响应数值分析

为研究双洞八车道超大断面隧道在地震力作用下的动力响应特征,以平潭综合实验区牛寨山隧道为工程背景,建立双洞八车道隧道的三维有限元数值计算模型。采用时程分析方法,在模型底部输入水平向地震动荷载,计算隧道结构在地震动荷载作用下的响应,包括位移、加速度及应力的变化。结果表明:最大水平和竖向位移出现在拱顶处,南线浅埋隧道整体呈剪切响应;隧道最大水平加速度出现在南线隧道拱顶偏左处,最大垂直加速度出现在南线隧道拱顶偏右处,南线隧道洞口由于浅埋,关键部位响应差较北线要大;南线的右拱肩埋深最浅,该部位拉应力最大,而北线拱顶的拉应力区最大,拱脚也出现明显的拉或压应力。建议在隧道洞口段的拱顶、拱脚及埋深最浅的部位应加强抗震设防。     

The effect of ship scrapping industry and its associated wastes on the biomass production and biodiversity of biota in in situ condition at Alang

The main pollutants for the ship scrapping industry and its associated wastes at Alang are heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbon and bacterial contaminations. The concentration of iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel and mercury were 25 to 15,500% more at nearshore station of Alang as compared to control site at Piram. The concentration of heavy metals in the nearshore station of Alang was always higher than its concentration at 10 km away. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon was 16,973 and 53,900% more at the nearshore and 10 km away respectively at Alang as compared to controls. The concentration of chlorophyll-a and phaeophytin were in non-detectable range (< 0.2 and < 0.1 mg m3) or much lower concentration at both the stations of Alang as compared to controls. The total viable count, total coliform, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio, Streptococcus faecalis, Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, and Klebsiella were always higher (17%-605%) at the nearshore station of Alang as compared to control. Similar trend was observed at 10 km away from Alang. Bacteria in sediment also showed the same pattern of variation. Phytoplankton counts at the nearshore station and 10 km away from Alang were only slightly raised. In contrast to phytoplankton, the zooplankton showed considerable reduction of growth (-10 to -66%) at Alang.     

three-dimensional sensitivity coefficients of apparent resistivity and preliminary application

We calculate three-dimensional sensitivity coefficients distribution of apparent resistivity observation when Schlumberger array is used by using finite element method. Analysis results suggest that for the situation of one-dimensional positive or minus coefficient of surface medium, three-dimensional sensitivity coefficients distribution at surface shows similar patterns, and sensitivity coefficients distributions of different layered electric structures are also similar. There are two approximate ellipses at the two-dimensional surface plane between current electrodes and potential electrodes, where sensitivity coefficients are minus, and sensitivity coefficients at other areas are positive. Sensitivity coefficients at two approximate ellipses between current electrodes and potential electrodes are minus at the vertical section along monitoring line, while others are positive. From the three-dimensional view, minus sensitivity coefficients are at the two approximate half ellipsoids between current electrodes and potential electrodes when arrays are applied at surface. And coefficients near the electrodes are much greater than other areas. When resistivity of local areas at surface changes, we can qualitatively analyze the disturbing effects caused by the areas using three dimensional sensitivity coefficients distribution, and the analysis result can serve as reference for further experiment and numerical model quantitative analysis.     

灰色预测系统在唐山地震前兆数据处理中的应用

本文应用灰色预测系统GM(1,1)模型,对宝坻等四个台唐山地震前地电、水化、水位、形变等手段的月均值资料进行了处理。结果表明:宝坻地电、管庄水氡、宁河俵口水位及牛口峪定点水准都出现了不同程度的震前异常变化,从而证明了灰色预测系统在地震前兆数据的处理中有着一定的应用价值。     

南极中山站电离层F2层临界频率变化特征

对南极中山站数字式电离层测高仪1995～2002年观测数据的月中值进行了统计分析,揭示了中山站电离层F2层临界频率（foF2）的主要特征：foF2存在明显的日变化和年变化;日变化存在“磁中午异常”现象;年变化中中午foF2在太阳活动低年不出现“冬季异常”,在太阳活动高年出现“半年异常”,即两分点高于两至点.本文结合中山站所处的地理位置,考虑太阳辐射电离、磁层的驱动和中性大气成分变化等因素,分析了这些现象的产生机理.     

雷暴下地面自然尖端电晕放电离子时空演化的数值模拟

为了对雷暴云下近地面的电特性进行分析，本文建立了模拟自然尖端所产生的电晕离子演化的一维数值模式。以地面电场为基础，考虑到地面电晕离子的演化，成功地计算了从地面至８００ｍ的空中电场及电荷、电流的时空演变，发现地面电晕离子可解释除雷暴云电荷影响外的空中电场和地面电场的差异，空间电场比地面电场更能反应雷暴电荷所产生的电场。空间电荷层可延伸到８００ｍ的高度上，且电荷密度可高达０．２５ｎＣ／ｍ^３，６００ｍ高度上的传导电流密度可达０．１ｎＡ／ｍ^２。