山地研究

山地地理P463.222005043148小五台山亚高山景观尺度水热条件与植被关系=Relation shipbetweenlight,temperature,soilwetnessandvegetationat landscapescaleinasubalpinebeltofMt.Xiaowutai/江源,黄晓霞…∥地理学报.—2005,60(4).—698～706以河北省小五台山为研究区,通过转化糖方法获取亚高山不同景观部位效应温度,结合DEM模型模拟研究区内太阳直接辐射以及土壤湿润度系数,进而构建生境干燥度指数.以此为基础,在景观尺度上定量分析研究区内亚高山带水热条件与森林和亚高山草甸植被分布格局的关系.图2表1参24(广兵)Be P931.5200504314…     

东北农牧交错区水分条件的空间[2]分异及其对土地利用的影响

大气降水、土壤水分和干燥度指数是在经度方向上控制区域景观格局的主要因素.本文运用最新的调查统计资料,对东北农牧交错区降水、土壤潜在蒸散量、干燥度指数及农作物生长期间土壤水分盈亏量的空间分布进行了分析;提出了研究区内作物生长季期间土壤潜在蒸散量的空间分布规律和干燥度指数的时空变化情形.结合水分条件的空间分布,提出了5种土地利用区域组合类型.     

东北农牧交错区水分条件的空间分异及其对土地利用的影响

大气降水、土壤水分和干燥度指数是在经度方向上控制区域景观格局的主要因素。本文运用最新的调查统计资料，对东北农牧交错区降水、土壤潜在蒸散量、干燥度指数及农作物生长期间土壤水分盈亏量的时间分布进行了分析；提出了研究区内作物生长季期间土壤潜在蒸散量的空间分布规律和干燥度指数的时空变化情形。结合水分条件的空间分布，提出了5种土地利用区域组合类型。     

三江并流区云南贡山片植被景观类型分布特征

以三江并流区云南贡山片为例,以Landsat ETM+影像为数据源,基于3S技术进行植被景观制图,分析景观类型的分布特征。结果表明:1.研究区是典型的高山峡谷地区,海拔3 000~4 000 m的区域占总面积近一半,坡度25°以上的山地面积占84.82%;景观类型分布受垂直空间分异主导;河流、河漫滩和湖泊等景观主要分布在平缓地段,自然植被景观多分布在25°~45°的陡坡上,人工植被景观分布的坡度范围相对较缓;自然植被景观在各坡向上的分布较为均匀;人工植被景观及积雪/冰川景观、岩石景观等分布则体现出一定的空间分异;2.山地森林植被构成研究区景观的基质类型;由于植被景观的垂直分异,构成基底的各类景观类型的优势度随海拔变化,河谷地段的中山湿性常绿阔叶林、中山-亚高山的铁杉-常绿阔叶混交林、亚高山-高山的云冷杉/落叶松林优势度较高,高山-亚高山以杜鹃灌丛为优势景观类型;3.从斑块粒度上看,小斑块数量最多,占总斑块数的80.87%,中斑块占11.36%,其余均在3%以下;优势自然景观类型具有较大的巨斑块数;巨斑块面积比例最大,达到68.99%,其余斑块大小等级的分布面积比例在3%~9%之间。     

河北白石山景区景观格局及生态修复

通过运用GPS(Magellan 315型)测得各景观类型斑块的基本信息,并利用景观格局指数对河北涞源白石山景区典型地区的景观格局多样性现状进行分析。所选取的景观格局指数包括:斑块密度指数、分离度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数和破碎度指数等。结果表明:景观格局的分布比较合理,但其生境已出现明显的破碎化现象,植被发生明显的退化;据此提出该地区生态系统的修复建议,以期为涞源白石山的生态修复乃至整个太行山区生态系统的保护和改善提供依据。     

辽宁太子河上游沿岸景观格局的幅度效应

河岸景观幅度效应是河流生态学研究的关键问题,是河岸管理的重要依据.基于2008年2.5m的SPOT5影像解译的景观类型图,应用缓冲带分析和景观格局指数分析,研究了辽宁太子河上游河流沿岸25 m、50 m、100m、200 m、500 m和1000m范围的景观幅度效应.结果表明:①河流两侧景观具有明显的幅度效应.距河道近的区域表现出具有多种景观要素的密集格局,斑块类型呈均衡化分布趋势,破碎化程度和丰富度较高;随距河道距离的增加,区域具有优势景观类型,景观中斑块形状变的规则,均匀度和丰富度降低.②景观类型分布具有区域性.草地和裸地主要分布在河道两侧50～100 m内,农田和居民地主要分布在河道两侧100～200 m内;离河道越远的区域受人类干扰越小,林灌植被保存好;研究区内河滩总面积较小,多分布在距河流25～50 m范围.③河流两侧景观在类型尺度和景观尺度上均具有明显的幅度效应,但由于景观自身发育和人类活动的异质性,幅度效应在不同类型间表现不同.     

太白山高山带环境特征

对比国内外关于高山带景观划分的多种观点，采用气候树线以上部分为高山带的划分方法，重点讨论太白山高山带自然环境，包括第四纪冰川遗迹和现代冰缘作用影响下的高山、亚高山地貌，研究区内主要气候要素的分布状、特别气温和降水的时空分配分布格局，土壤有机质的空间分异，以及在这种环境条件下高山带的植物区系和植被分布格局。太白山高山带的各种环境要素之间密切相关，是表现特殊的自然综合体。在全球气候变化背景下，其自然环境特点及变化值得密切关主。     

纵向岭谷区地表格局的生态效应及其区域分异

中国西南纵向高耸山岭与深切河谷并列排布的特殊地表格局对该区自然环境与生态地理区域分异的效应明显。利用纵向岭谷区1:5 万DEM数据、建站以来至2010 的气象观测数据、水文观测资料、MOD13 与MOD17 的NDVI与NPP产品以及1:100 万植被类型数据等,选取地表大气水汽含量、降水量、干湿指数、地表径流等水分指标,平均气温、年积温等温度指标以及太阳总辐射等热量指标,基于ANUSPLIN样条函数、GIS空间分析、小波分析、景观格局分析等方法,分析该区水热格局、生态系统结构与功能的地域分异特征及其主控因子,揭示地表格局对生态地理要素区域分异的效应。结果表明：受地表格局的影响,纵向岭谷区的水分、温度与热量都表现出明显的沿纬线方向间断式差异和经线方向连续式延伸的分布特征,纵向山系与河谷对地表主要自然物质和能量输送具有南北向通道作用和扩散效应以及东西向阻隔作用和屏障效应;特殊地表格局对植被景观多样性、生态系统结构与功能的空间格局产生重要影响,是植被景观多样性与生态系统空间分布的主要控制因子;小波方差分析反映了环境因子以及NDVI、NPP的空间各向异性,而小波一致性分析揭示了NDVI与NPP空间分布的控制因子,及其控制程度的定量关系。纵向岭谷特殊地表格局是该区生态地理区域分异的主要影响因素,在地带性规律与以“通道—阻隔”作用为主要特征的非地带性规律共同作用下,形成了纵向岭谷区生态地理区域系统的特殊空间特征。     

基于植被指数的太原市绿地景观格局及其热环境效应

以中国重要的能源工业城市太原市为研究区,借助RS、GIS等手段,以太原市1986年、1995年、2001年三个时相的TM/ETM数据为基础,应用景观生态学的理论和方法,选择归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表辐射温度分别作为城市绿地和热环境效应的反映指标,分析城市化过程中绿地景观格局及其与热环境的变化特征;探讨城市绿地景观格局的变化与城市热环境效应的相关关系;以寻求提高城市绿地生态效益的有效途径,为日后的城市园林绿地建设提供一些借鉴.研究表明:1986-2001年间,NDVI值较大的植被覆盖情况较好的绿地逐年减少,取代以NDVI值较小的植被覆盖差的硬质半硬质景观;景观水平上,绿地景观破碎化程度加剧,各景观要素混杂程度提高;景观的多样性增加,但这样的多样性是以大量的人工干扰为前提的;各景观类型的优势度降低,分布趋于均匀.反映城市绿地景观的NDVI与反映热效应的地表辐射温度LST两者之间存在较大的负相关关系,景观格局的热环境效应随着景观破碎化程度的加剧、景观优势度降低和多样性的增加而加强,城市绿地景观的空间分布格局对其热环境效应也有着重要的影响,其中混合格局的降温效果最为明显.     

佘山风景区景观空间格局分析及其规划初探

本文通过对景观多样性,优势度,均匀度,自然景观破碎度和分离度等景观生态学指标分析,对上海市佘山风景区的景观空间格局进行了评价,结果表明,目前风景区景观多样性较小,均匀度较低,森林植被为农田分割,分离度较大,农田组成比例超过森林植被,占优势地位,如能在现行控制区内沿道路和河渠设置片林,草地,调整农田结构,增加果园面积,则风景区面貌将大为改观,景观多样性上升,均匀度增加,破碎度减小,分离度下降,基本达     

Topography-Controlled Soil Water Content and the Coexistence of Forest and Steppe in Northern China

The semi-arid forest-steppe ecotone in China is characterized by a patchy pattern of forest and steppe, with forest patches restricted to shady slopes. To address the effect of topography on forest distribution through regulation of available water, we calculated evaporation as a function of slope aspect and inclination. Field vegetation records from randomly selected sites with minimum slope inclination were used to test the simulated forest distribution. Seasonal and diurnal changes of surface soil temperature and moisture of shady and sunny slopes were recorded. Soil water content was measured during two growing seasons on both sunny and shady slopes with the same forest type at three sites located along the mean annual precipitation (MAP) gradient. Evaporation decreases with slope inclination on shady slopes, but increases with inclination on sunny slopes. The shady slope received 35% of the annual direct solar radiation received by the sunny slope when the slope inclination was 25°, and the contrast in annual direct solar radiation between the shady and sunny slopes further widens as slope inclination increases. Steeper shady slopes can support forests in dryer climates, with log-linear regression revealing a minimum slope inclination for forest distribution along the MAP gradient. The simulated minimum slope inclination for forest growth was larger than the observed minimum inclination, and the difference was greater in wetter conditions. A larger forest area fraction was considered to lead to a reduction in soil temperature and evaporation, as verified by soil temperature and moisture records and soil water content measurements. The slope-specific forest distribution in the semi-arid region of China can be explained by a topography-controlled soil water supply. Lower evaporation, resulting from lower direct solar radiation on shady slopes, allows shady slopes to retain a water supply sufficient for sustaining forests, and the existence of forests on shady slopes further reduces evaporation. Different tree species coexist at the xeric timberline due to regulation by slope inclination and aspect.     

河北省气候干湿状况变化特征分析

以潜在蒸散量计算的气候干燥度指数表征河北省气候干湿状况,提出蒸发量修正系数,根据相关研究和研究区实际情况给出其量值,并对河北省气候干燥度进行分级。选取河北省内均匀分布的68个气象观测站1952年(或建站)至2000年的原始气象记录月报表和信息化资料,利用ArcGIS软件进行数字化、图形叠加和空间分析,讨论近50年河北省气候干湿状况的时空分布特征,认为气候干旱处于缓慢加重状态;全省的气候干湿状况分布具有明显的地域差异,1960s—1990s河北省中南部平原大部、张家口的桑洋盆地和承德部分山区干燥度均有不同程度的增加,而冀北高原、太行山山区及山前平原、燕山山区大部干燥度减小。     

散射辐射对西藏高原高寒草甸净生态系统CO2交换的影响

2003~2006年在当雄草原站用涡度相关法对西藏高原广泛分布的高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量和常规气象数据进行了连续观测。基于这些数据,根据净生态系统CO₂交换量(NEE)对晴朗指数(k)和土壤温度的响应特征,分析了净生态系统CO₂交换量与散射辐射之间的关系。依据地面接受的散射辐射量把天气划分为云隙天、晴天和多云天。结果表明,散射辐射不能提高西藏高原高寒草甸生态系统的碳吸收水平。该生态系统的碳收支过程主要受光合有效辐射控制,碳排放过程主要受土壤温度控制;且NEE随k的变化趋势受散射辐射的影响较小,生态系统碳收支更多地受太阳辐射对土壤强烈加温的影响。三种散射辐射天气条件下,NEE随k的变化趋势基本一致,先增加后减小;NEE达最大值时的土壤温度皆为15℃左右,k值皆为0.7~0.8。     

基于DEM的地形湿度指数及其应用研究进展

地形湿度指数以数字高程模型（DEM）为基础,综合考虑了地形和土壤特性对土壤水分分布的影响,在流域土壤水分空间分布的研究中具有重要的理论与应用价值。根据对汇流面积时空变化的分析,地形湿度指数可分为静态、半动态和动态地形湿度指数等类型。在利用该指数评价土壤水分空间分布状况时,需要考虑计算方法与DEM网格单元大小的影响及其普遍适应性等问题。同时,针对黄土高原干旱半干旱区实际的水分循环过程和产流机制与现有地形湿度指数假设条件的差异,提出了地形湿度指数在黄土高原地区的研究设想与应用途径,以期为该区的水土保持和植被恢复研究提供理论和实践支持。     

Spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants in relation to environmental gradient in the Honghe National Nature Reserve, Northeast China

Quantifying correlation between the spatial patterns of natural wetland plants and environmental gradient gives better understanding of wetland habitats, which is the fundamental for the strategy making on the protection and restoration of natural wetlands. In this study, the spatial patterns of wetland plants and the environmental gradient of wetland habitats were assessed in the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR) in Northeast China, a wetland of international importance on the Ramsar list. Biophysical parameters' values of wetland plants were obtained by field sampling methods, and wetland mapping at the community scale was completed using remote sensing techniques. Digital delineation of the surface water system, hydrological zoning and wetness index were produced by spatial analysis methods in Geographic Information System. An ecological ordination method and two clustering methods were used to quantify the relationship between the spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants and the corresponding environmental gradients. Such quantitative analyses also present the specific diversity of different types of wetland plants based on the environmental attributes of their habitats. With the support from modern geo-information techniques, the experimental results indicate how four ecotypes of wetland plants spatially transit from forest swamp, shrub wetland and meadow into marsh wetland with increasing wetness index and water table. And they also show how wetland spatial distribution patterns are controlled by an environmental gradient of wetness. Another key finding of this research work is that our results present the exact fundamental differences between marsh and non-marsh plants of 11 wetland plant communities within the core study area. Hence, this case study gives a good sample for better understanding of the complex correlation between the spatial patterns of wetland plants and their environmental attributes using advanced digital analysis methods. It is also useful to show how to integrate geoinformatic techniques with statistical analysis methods based on the field data base.     

中国东北红河国家级自然保护区湿地植被空间格局与环境梯度关系(英文)

Quantifying correlation between the spatial patterns of natural wetland plants and environmental gradient gives better understanding of wetland habitats, which is the fundamental for the strategy making on the protection and restoration of natural wetlands. In this study, the spatial patterns of wetland plants and the environmental gradient of wetland habitats were assessed in the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR) in Northeast China, a wetland of international importance on the Ramsar list. Biophysical parameters’ values of wetland plants were obtained by field sampling methods, and wetland mapping at the community scale was completed using remote sensing techniques. Digital delineation of the surface water system, hydrological zoning and wetness index were produced by spatial analysis methods in Geographic Information System. An ecological ordination method and two clustering methods were used to quantify the relationship between the spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants and the corresponding environmental gradients. Such quantitative analyses also present the specific diversity of different types of wetland plants based on the environmental attributes of their habitats. With the support from modern geo-information techniques, the experimental results indicate how four ecotypes of wetland plants spatially transit from forest swamp, shrub wetland and meadow into marsh wetland with increasing wetness index and water table. And they also show how wetland spatial distribution patterns are controlled by an environmental gradient of wetness. Another key finding of this research work is that our results present the exact fundamental differences between marsh and non-marsh plants of 11 wetland plant communities within the core study area. Hence, this case study gives a good sample for better understanding of the complex correlation between the spatial patterns of wetland plants and their environmental attributes using advanced digital analysis methods. It is also useful to show how to integrate geoinformatic techniques with statistical analysis methods based on the field data base.     

Detecting climate change effects on forest ecosystems in Southwestern Romania using Landsat TM NDVI data

Nowadays, Southwestern Romania faces a large-scale aridization of the climate, revealed by the rise of temperatures and the decline of the amount of precipitations, with negative effects visible, among others, in the desiccation of forest vegetation. The present study means to identify the changes that occurred, quality-wise, in the past two decades （1990-2011） in forest vegetation in Southwestern Romania, and to establish the link between those changes and extant thermal stress in the region, whose particular features are high average annual and seasonal temperatures. In order to capture the evolution in time of cli- mate aridization, a first step consisted in using climate data, the temperature and precipitation parameters from three weather stations; these parameters were analyzed both individually and as aridity indexes （De Martonne and UNEP）. In order to quantify the changes in forest vegetation, NDVI indexes were used and analyzed, starting off from Landsat satellite images, acquired at three distinct moments in time, 1990, 2000 and 2011. In order to identify the link between the changes of NDVI index values and regional thermal stress, a yardstick of climate changes, statistical correlations were established between the peak values of average annual temperatures, represented in space, and negative changes in the NDVI index, as revealed by the change-detection analysis. The results obtained indicated there is an obvious （statistically significant） connection between thermal stress and the desiccation （degradation） of forest species in the analyzed area, with false acacia （Robinia Pseudoacacia） the main species to be impacted.     

荒漠绿洲植被变化与景观格局耦合关系的研究--以新疆三工河流域为例

以三工河流域为例,讨论了荒漠绿洲植被变化与景观格局的耦合关系.结果表明:(1)荒漠绿洲景观格局最明显的特征是植被变化,其通过地貌、水资源利用、河流廊道或排碱渠等景观要素的变化对植被产生影响;随着景观格局的变化,流域内的植丛高度、盖度及生物量均表现出较大变异性.(2)以河流廊道为核心,通常荒漠绿洲景观格局呈带状分布且由内向外,随水热条件的改变,植被类型由乔灌木林依次向灌丛草甸、盐化草甸、荒漠化草甸和荒漠层次结构过渡.(3)人类活动影响强烈的景观要素,其缀块多样性、破碎度、分离度和缀块密度等指数的值较高,而人类活动影响较小的,其优势度和均匀度较高.(4)各景观要素的稳定性不同,通常自然缀块的稳定性高于人工缀块,其排序为:荒漠>砾石地、沙地>城镇工矿用地>水体>灌溉水田>牧草地>菜地>林地>农村居民点>盐碱地>荒草地>水浇地>果园.     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸群落生态分析

应用双向指示种分析法 (TWINSPAN )和除趋势对应分析 (DCA )等数量分析方法,对山西云顶山亚高山草甸生态关系进行了研究,将该草甸划分为5个群落类型,分别位于不同的海拔高度。分类结果很好地反映了植物群落类型及优势种的分布与环境因子之间的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到了较好的验证。DCA排序轴反映了海拔高度、放牧强度和群落土壤湿度的梯度变化,表明海拔高度和水热条件是影响植物群落变化的主要环境因子,物种多样性在群落类型分化中有重要作用,同时放牧对亚高山草甸演替过程的干扰明显。     

Pollen-based reconstructions of Holocene vegetation and climatic change of Tibetan Plateau

A synthesis of Holocene pollen records from the Tibetan Plateau shows the history of vegetation and climatic changes during the Holocene. Palynological evidences from 24 cores/sections have been compiled and show that the vegetation shifted from subalpine/alpine conifer forest to subalpine/alpine evergreen sclerophyllous forest in the southeastern part of the plateau; from alpine steppe to alpine desert in the central, western and northern part; and from alpine meadow to alpine steppe in the eastern and southern plateau regions during the Holocene. These records show that increases in precipitation began about 9 ka from the southeast, and a wide ranging level of increased humidity developed over the entire of the plateau around 8-7 ka, followed by aridity from 6 ka and a continuous drying over the plateau after 4-3 ka. The changes in Holocene climates of the plateau can be interpreted qualitatively as a response to orbital forcing and its secondary effects on the Indian Monsoon which expanded northwards