隐伏正断层错动致地表破裂变形特征的研究

通过建立三维计算模型,对隐伏正断层在均匀错动、倾斜错动和翘倾错动方式下地表土体的应力路径、破裂和变形特征进行了研究。根据地表破裂临界值,分析了工程建设“避让带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征。根据行业规范,提出工程建设“关注带”的确定方法,分析了“关注带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征,得到以下主要结论:①在断层错动过程中,位于两侧的地表土体应力路径变化明显不同,下盘一侧和上盘一侧分别以三轴拉伸和三轴压缩为主;②地表强变形带与地表破裂带的分布并不一致,需要综合考虑等效塑性应变和总位移比2个指标来评价同震地表错动对建筑物的影响;③当隐伏断层错动的垂直位移达到3m时,工程建设“避让带”的宽度在10—90m范围内变化,受上覆土体厚度和断层倾角的影响最大,而工程建设“关注带”的宽度在150—400m范围内变化,受上覆土体的性质影响最大。     

地震断层错动时基岩上覆土层中软夹层的影响研究

地壳内断层的突然破裂错动产生的强烈地震引发基岩上部土层运动、开裂,地表变形与破裂.当地面破裂穿过建筑物地基、地面构筑物或地下管线时会直接造成严重破坏.研究发震断层上覆土层的地震反应能帮助我们了解实际工程场地的地震危险性以及建筑物、构筑物和其他工程地震失效的机理与原因,为进一步分析穿跨越断层工程结构在断层错动时的反应打下基础.另外,断层运动引起的土层反应与土体震陷产生的不均匀沉陷、大地构造性上升或下陷、土体的侧向扩散等有许多相似之处,这方面的研究可以为其他土体运动形式的研究提供参考.     

隐伏正断层错动引发上覆土体破裂过程的三维数值模拟

通过建立三维数值模型,对隐伏正断层在均匀错动和倾斜错动方式下土体的破裂过程进行研究。利用应力罗德参数和等效塑性应变分别对断层错动过程中上覆土体的应力状态和破坏形式进行分析,并提出土体破裂的判别方法。通过对数值模拟结果的分析得到以下结论:① 在断层错动过程中,下盘一侧受断层错动影响的上覆土体的应力状态经压剪→纯剪→拉剪逐渐变化,而上盘一侧上覆土体的应力状态变化较为复杂,经压剪→纯剪→拉剪→纯剪→压剪重复变化;② 在断层均匀错动过程中,断层下盘一侧土体的破裂率先出现在地表拉剪区内,随错动量的增大,破裂带向两侧、向深部扩展;同时,下盘一侧土体的底部产生破坏,并斜向上扩展,逐渐与顶部破裂相连;③ 在断层倾斜错动过程中,地表破裂出现的位置和上覆土体的厚度有关。对于厚度较大的土体,正断层倾斜错动能够在地表形成与断层走向有一定夹角、且与断层长度相比长度很短的地表破裂或地裂缝,而数值模拟可对正断层错动导致的地表破裂的模式加以补充,为研究地裂缝的形成机理和分布形式提供依据。      

常重力模型实验在模拟断层错动中的应用

断层错动是否会对工程造成影响是工程建设无法避开的问题,实验研究是解决这一问题的有效途径之一.常重力模型实验是指在自然环境1g条件下的模型实验,被普遍应用在模拟不同类型断层错动产生的地表变形破裂研究中,并获得了较为丰富的研究成果.文中系统地梳理了常重力模型实验在模拟断层上覆土体破裂研究方面的应用历史与现状,研究了不同因素...     

走滑断层地震地表破裂带分布影响因素数值模拟研究——以1973年炉霍MS7.6地震为例

地震后在断层两侧的强变形与破裂带是地震灾害最严重的区域.为系统、定量研究同震地表变形带特征及其影响因素,本研究建立了走滑断层的三维有限元模型,分别探讨了断层位错量、断层倾角、错动方式、上覆松散层厚度、沉积层土性等因素的影响规律.模拟结果显示：走滑断层同震地表变形表现为以断层为中心的近似对称单峰分布,强地表变形集中在断层两侧各50 m宽度范围,地表变形量峰值随位错量增加而增大,破裂带宽度也随位错量增加而增大,但增量逐渐减小,并趋于一个渐近值;断层倾角对地表变形与破裂带宽度影响表现为随倾角减小变形量峰值点向上盘小距离偏移;走滑兼正断位错引起的变形量峰值最大,但地表破裂带宽度最小,走滑兼逆断引起的变形量峰值最小,但地表破裂带宽度最大,直立纯走滑断层的两参量都居中;走滑断层地表变形量峰值随上覆松散层厚度增大而减小,但随厚度减小的速率逐渐变小,松散层厚度从5 m增加到20 m时,破裂带宽度随厚度增加而缓慢增加,但自厚度大于20 m时,破裂带宽度开始随厚度增加而逐渐下降;当不同土性覆盖层（粗砂、粉砂、黏土）厚度相同时,地震引起的地表变形量峰值自粗砂、粉砂、黏土逐次增大,当粗砂厚度为60 m以上时,3.6 m的同震水平位错已不能形成地表破裂,而粉砂的厚度为70 m以上,黏土的厚度则为75 m以上.     

1986年门源地震(MS 6.4)过程地形变演化特征及块体模型解析

分析了1986年门源6．4级地震震源周边地区不同尺度跨断层形变在地震过程中的演化特征,依据非连续变形数值分析方法(DDA)模拟了震源破裂过程引起的地表垂直位移速率变化．分析表明,地表跨越断层的剖面形变变化是垂直和水平栽荷共同作用的结果,而垂直力源的影响可能是引起本次地震形变变化的主要因素．这与地质构造分析和震源机制结果是吻合的．     

有软夹层的基岩上覆土层在断层错动时的破裂特征研究

采用平面应变有限元法，研究了地震断层错动时有软夹层的基岩上覆土层的破裂特征. 结果表明，软夹层使上覆土层破裂分为两个阶段. 软夹层埋置深浅的不同使上覆土层的破裂过程和破裂范围表现出一定的差异. 埋置较深的软夹层使地表产生较大的破坏. 软夹层的厚薄对上覆土层的破裂进程和破裂范围也有影响.      

隐伏逆断层破裂扩展特征的实验研究及其地震地质意义

通过模拟实验研究了逆断层活动过程中上覆沉积层的破裂扩展特征,采用投影条纹测试方法分析了沉积层表面离面(即垂直)位移场的演化过程。结果表明,在沉积层厚度和断层倾角一定的条件下,基岩中的逆断层逐渐向上扩展,并在沉积层表面围绕基岩断层上断点的投影线形成一个离面位移梯度带(即形变带),基岩断层的位移越大,沉积层中的形变带越宽、变形越强烈;但当断层扩展至沉积层表面后,形变带宽度将保持稳定,只是变形随断层位移增加而更集中。对于同样的基岩断层位移和断层倾角,沉积层厚度越大,受基岩断层控制的形变带越宽,即基岩断层的影响范围越大;当沉积层厚度超过某一临界值时,沉积层中会发育因隆起引起的表面拉张破裂。在沉积层厚度和基岩断层位移量一定的情况下,基岩断层倾角的增加将会使表面形变带的宽度减小,但会使变形破坏程度更强烈。实验结果意味着,临界断层位移、临界沉积层厚度以及断层倾角对于确定隐伏逆断层发震产生的地表变形和破坏特征具有重要意义。文中的研究结果有助于进一步认识汶川MS8.0地震的地表变形特征     

活动断层地震地表永久位移研究综述

活动断层地震地表永久位移的研究为地震灾害预防、工程结构抗震设计中地表永久位移的输入,对大型工程选址、避让距离的确定及抗错动措施的选取提供理论依据。因此,其对防震减灾具有十分重要的工程意义和理论价值。本文介绍了地震地表破裂的分类及研究内容,综述了国内外活动断层地震危险性分析和地表永久位移估计的研究现状、成果及主要观点,对其发展走向作了展望。     

覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应分析方法

基于有限元和拟静力的根本原理，提出了一种基于断层位错的覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应弹塑性有限元分析方法，计算中考虑了土层厚度、断层种类和倾角、软弱夹层以及土的非线性等因素，通过编制的程序计算了地表断裂位移，模拟了土层的破裂过程。     

Influence factors on the ground surface rupture zone induced by buried normal fault dislocation*

The seismic disaster presents a zonal distribution along the fault strike. In this paper, rupture zone of ground surface soil caused by the uniform dislocation, inclined dislocation and warped dislocation of buried normal fault are studied by constituting a three-dimensional finite element model in Automatic Dynamic Incremental Nonlinear Analysis (ADINA). According to the critical value of surface rupture, the variational features and influencing factors of width and starting position of the “avoiding zone” in engineering construction are analyzed by using 96 model calculations. The main results are as follows: (1) Since the rupture zone of the ground surface soil from the point of mechanics is different from the “avoidance zone” from the point of engineering safety, the equivalent plastic strain and the total displacement ratio should be considered to evaluate the effect of the seismic ground movement on buildings. (2) During fault dislocation, plastic failure firstly occurred on the ground surface soil of the footwall side, and then the larger deformation gradually moved to the side of the hanging wall of the fault with the increase of fault displacement. (3) When the vertical displacement of buried fault reaches 3 m, the width of “avoiding zone” in engineering construction varies within the range of 10–90 m, which is most affected by the thickness of overlying soil and the dip angle of the fault.     

Response analysis of buried pipelines crossing fault due to overlying soil rupture

A 3-D soil-pipe nonlinear finite element model with contact element is suggested and the influences of the rupture mode, thickness and rigidity of overlying soil on the response of buried pipeline are analyzed. The numerical results show that the soil rupture mode determines the location of the large deformation or failure of the pipeline, and the plastic deformation of the pipeline occurs at the zone where the plastic deformation or rupture of the overlying soil appears. When the fault dip angle on bedrock...     

Dynamic effects of surface fault rupture interaction with structures

Surface fault rupture has caused significant damage to structures in several earthquakes. The propagation of the bedrock fault rupture through the overlying soil deposit has been studied by several researchers; however, the effects of fault rupture dynamics, as opposed to pseudostatic fault movement, have not yet been evaluated. There is the potential for dynamic effects to influence significantly structural damage due to the rapid rate of deformation imposed by surface fault rupture. Numerical simulations are performed to analyze the effects of the rate of fault rupture on dip-slip surface fault rupture for free-field and soil-structure interaction conditions. The numerical results indicate that in some limited scenarios, fault rupture dynamics can influence the amount of structural damage expected for a structure located near a fault. However, in most scenarios, fault rupture dynamics is expected to play a secondary role compared to fault, soil, and structural characteristics in evaluating building performance.     

Centrifuge modeling of interaction between reverse faulting and tunnel

In this study, a series of centrifuge tests, modeling reverse fault rupture with 60° dip angle, were conducted in a dry sandy soil with a tunnel embedded in the soil layer. The test results showed that the tunnel and soil responses depended on the tunnel position, soil relative density and tunnel rigidity. Tunnels appeared be able to deviate the fault rupture path, while this deviation may be associated with significant rotation and displacement of the tunnel. However, a deeper tunnel was able to diffuse the shear deformation to a wider zone with an unsmooth surface displacement which may cause severe damage to the surface structures. Finally, the tunnel rotation, the location of the fault outcropping, the vertical displacement of the ground surface, the effect of tunnel rigidity on fault rupture path and surface displacement and the effect of soil relative density on fault–tunnel interaction were reported and discussed in this study.     

Simplified approach for design of raft foundations against fault rupture. Part Ⅰ: free-field

Over the past few decades, earthquake engineering research mainly focused on the effects of strong seismicshaking. After the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan, and thanks to numerous cases where fault rupture causedsubstantial damage to structures, the importance of faulting-induced deformation has re-emerged. This paper, along withits companion (Part Ⅱ), exploits parametric results of finite element analyses and centrifuge model testing in developing afour-step semi-analytical approach for analysis of dip-slip (normal and thrust) fault rupture propagation through sand, itsemergence on the ground surface, and its interaction with raft foundations. The present paper (Part Ⅰ) focuses on the effectsof faulting in the absence of a structure (i.e., in the free-field). The semi-analytical approach comprises two-steps: the firstdeals with the rupture path and the estimation of the location of fault outcropping, and the second with the tectonically-induced displacement profile at the ground surface. In both cases, simple mechanical analogues are used to derive simplifiedsemi-analytical expressions. Centrifuge model test data, in combination with parametric results from nonlinear finite elementanalyses, are utilized for model calibration. The derived semi-analytical expressions are shown to compare reasonably wellwith more rigorous experimental and theoretical data, thus providing a useful tool for a first estimation of near-fault seismichazard.     

Analysis of fault rupture propagation through uniform soil cover

This paper presents results from numerical simulations of the propagation of an active dip–slip fault rupture through a uniform soil layer covering the rigid bedrock. Following verification of the numerical methodology against field evidence, a parametric study is performed for loose and dense sand, for normally consolidated and overconsolidated clay, as well as for different fault dip angles (normal and reverse faults) and for different thicknesses of the soil cover. The soil is modeled as an elasto-plastic, strain-softening material that obeys the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. The study aims at establishing criteria for the approximate depiction of the location and the width of the zone with significant ground surface distortion, where the differential ground displacements induced by the fault rupture may threaten the integrity of man-mad structures.     

Direct estimation of rupture depths of earthquake faults from coseismic surface deformation

The rupture dimensions of earthquake faults are important parameters for characterizing earthquake ruptures and ground motions. Two key parameters to be determined are the rupture depth and dip angle of earthquake faults. Dislocation theory in an elastic half space indicates that if a seismic rupture directly runs up to the ground surface, there exist zero points of horizontal strain in the surface deformation, which correspond to the rupture depths, except for pure strike-slip faults. In this study, we use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of inferring rupture depths from zero-strain points for cases of buried faults and heterogeneous media. The results show that the correspondence of zero-strain points to the rupture depths can be influenced by the heterogeneity of the underground media and the stress field. For buried faults, the correspondence relationship is approximately valid when the fault depth is <1 km. In addition, the range of earthquake fault dip angles can be estimated by horizontal displacements on the ground. We also study how to determine the rupture depths of faults from InSAR data after large earthquakes, and successfully apply the method to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The method proposed here, which determines the parameters of fault geometry according to surface deformation, is simple and easy to perform. With independent of aftershocks, it can provide valuable constraints to kinematic inversions.