不同性质岩块构成的样品破裂前的波速变化

用超声脉冲法研究了不同性质岩块构成的样品破裂前的波速变化。样品为长方形大理岩板,中心镶嵌大理岩、辉长岩、花岗岩,砂岩圆块。实验表明,样品破裂时裂纹穿过低强度镶嵌岩块而绕过高强度镶嵌岩块。在第一种场合样品破裂前,镶嵌岩块內波速变化显著,在第二种场合样品破裂前镶嵌岩块內波速变化不大。穿过两种岩石界面的波速测量表明,波速下降的起始点提前到样品破坏应力的60%左右。样品破裂前波速总的变化趋势是下降,但不是单调下降而呈现起伏。这说明介质不均匀性会对岩石破裂前的波速变化规律产生不可忽视的影响。      

岩石失稳破裂前激发极化效应的初步研究

本文介绍了在压应力作用下观测岩石失稳破裂前激发极化效应的实验方法和主要结果。重点研究了沉积砂岩、矿化灰岩和部分橄榄岩的激发极化特征及其变化规律,讨论了岩石的脆柔性质与破裂前兆的关系。实验结果表明:(1)在压应力作用下,岩石的激发极化效应十分明显,规律性强,变化幅度大;(2)随着压应力的增大,极化率出现以下降为主的有规律性的变化,其幅度可达百分之几到百分之几十;(3)普遍记录到了岩石失稳破裂前的极化率前兆特征——加速下降和急剧上升,其变化形态与岩石的脆柔性质有关。最后,本文对岩石激发极化压应力效应的机理及其在地震预报研究中的应用作了初步探讨。     

2014年10月云南景谷M_S6.6地震序列剪切波分裂参数变化研究

采用质点运动判别与偏振法相结合的方法,测定了2014年10月云南景谷M_S6.6地震余震序列剪切波分裂参数,得到了4个台站的剪切波分裂参数。快波偏振方向结果显示,这4个台站的快波偏振优势方向均为北北东向和北东向,与区域主压应力轴方向和地表破裂方向一致。4个台站的慢波延迟时间分布在2.24～7.37 ms/km,距离主震震中较近的L5307台站的慢波延迟时间相对较大,这与该台站位于震源区有关。L5309台站在M_S5.8强余震前观测到了地震前7天慢波延迟时间突然下降,M_S5.9地震前10小时,该台站也观测到慢波延迟时间的突然下降,直到地震发生。由此可见,M_S5.8和M_S5.9两次强余震发生之前慢波延迟时间都突然下降,表明较大地震发生之前地壳应力的突然增强。     

应力途径和破裂前兆

本文研究了在不同的应力途径下岩石破坏的条件和破裂的前兆.选定了三种应力途径进行研究:在一定应力状态下增加最大主应力σ₁, 保持σ₂, σ₃不变, 使岩石破坏（A 型）;减小最小主应力使岩石破坏（B 型）;增加最小主应力岩石不破坏（C 型）.通过实验得到了济南辉长岩和昌平花岗岩 A 型途径和 B 型途径破裂强度的比较.对三种途径岩石的体应变、声发射和波速V_p, 进行了对比研究.A 型途径的破裂前兆表现与许多作者的结果相符合.B 型途径岩石断裂前处于"过密"状态, 与此相联系的声发射增加和波速V_p下降出现得很晚.C 型途径岩石处于超膨胀状态, 出现了声发射增加和波速V_p下降而岩石并未破坏的现象.      

组合坚固体应变扰动及波速异常的破裂前兆特征研究

研究了高、低强度3段拼合岩石样品在单轴压缩和双轴单面直接剪切时的破裂特征及突发应变扰动与波速异常的破裂前兆。从分别置于高、低强度段上的应变变化看,在整个样品破裂前,低强度段(弱岩)先出现突发扰动,高强度段(强岩)后出现突发扰动。从分别穿过高、低强度段上的波速变化看,低强度段波速先出现下降,高强度段后出现下降。主破裂后明显的裂缝贯穿整个拼合岩样。进而讨论了坚固体孕震模式(主破裂前)的突发性应变前兆与波速异常的时空特征。     

单轴加载条件下瑞利波偏振和不同震相波速对应力敏感性的实验研究

岩石应力状态的改变会使接收到的波形发生变化,这是利用弹性波检测介质性质和应力变化的基础.研究对应力敏感的弹性波参数及其分析方法对于发展介质应力监测技术具有重要意义.本文在实验室内以长方体花岗岩为样本,在不同的单轴压力下重复激发超声波且用三分量的传感器接收,利用记录的全波形信息研究了不同震相的到时、Rayleigh波偏振与岩石应力状态变化的关系.结果表明:①不同震相的波速对应力变化的敏感性为10-8/Pa数量级,且敏感程度从大到小依次为:Rayleigh波＞S波＞P波.②随着应力的增大,Rayleigh波偏振变强,但其敏感性随应力增大而变小,这反映出了介质性质的非线性变化特性.③应力较小时,Rayleigh波偏振对应力的敏感性比波速大数倍.     

1973年马边地震前后波速比的空间分布和异常变化

在室内的岩石破裂实验中,曾多次观测到波速的各向异性。托切尔(D,Tocher)的结果表明,平行压力方向波速的增加比垂直压力方向快得多。在某些情形下,差别大约超过10%。1973年古普塔(I.N.Gupta)的实验认为P波速度下降的最大值发生在最小压力轴方向上。1971年努尔(A.Nur)从理论上探讨了含裂缝的岩石中速度的各向异性问     

利用超声尾波观测1.5 m长岩石断层黏滑实验的波速变化

在实验室内利用超声尾波观测大尺度(1.5 m)岩石断层的黏滑过程.利用基于尾波干涉的观测方法,我们获得了高达10~(-6)的相对波速变化的观测精度,这相当于~10 kPa的应力变化.利用高精度的测量,我们获取两种不同加载速率下(1μm·s~(-1),10μm·s~(-1))黏滑过程三个阶段(恢复、加载和滑动)基于波速变化的特征量.我们更进一步获取了断层失稳阶段波速变化的时空演化过程.最后讨论了该观测方法需要改进的地方.以上研究结果表明作为一种对现有实验观测手段的有益补充,利用超声尾波观测实验室大尺度岩石断层的动力学过程是可行的.     

2011年安庆4.8级地震序列S波分裂研究

采用互相关系数法, 计算了2011年安庆M_S4.8地震的余震S波分裂参数。 结果表明, 余震序列的S波分裂现象明显, 快S波平均偏振方向在近NNW向, 与区域最大水平主压应力方向基本一致。 通过分析延迟时间随时间的变化趋势, 可以看出M_S4.8地震后有明显的应力释放现象。 在几次较大余震前, 观测到延迟时间呈现增加的特征, 并且其中一次余震在发生之前的短时间内还出现延迟时间减小的现象, 这一现象符合震前应力长时间积累和短时间应力释放的结论, 时间延迟在强震前会出现下降具有重要的地震短临预测意义。 研究认为 S 波分裂参数可以反映区域应力场的动态变化信息, 可以为安徽南部地区应力场研究与地震预测提供有用的信息。     

“帕克菲尔德圣安德烈斯断层深部探测计划”——井下主动源监测中观测到的震前波速变化

测量活动地震断裂带内的应力变化是地震学的长期努力目标。途径之一是探测地震波速度的应力依赖性。在“圣安德烈斯断层深部探测计划”主动源钻井试验中,我们探测了波速随应力的变化。文中认为应用该技术的确可以测量应力变化。在两个多月的试验中,观测到剪切波沿固定路径上的传播时间（几个毫秒）与气压变化之间呈现出很好的负相关性。我们还观测到两处明显的走时偏离异常,与观测期间发生的两次地震事件密切相关,而这两次地震均在SAFOD产生了较大的同震应力变化。走时异常分别发生在两次地震事件的前10h和前2h,可能与早期实验室研究发现的破裂前应力导致的裂纹特性变化有关。     

The mechanism and dynamics of rock fracture upon mechanical impact and electric discharge

The mechanism and dynamics of the deformation and fracture of quartz, granite, and marble samples under the striker blow on their surface and electric discharge inside them are studied by the fractoluminescence (FL), electromagnetic (EME), and acoustic emission (AE) methods with 10-ns resolution. The impact excites a forced deformation wave with a velocity within 0.8 to 2 km/s depending on the mineral. The atomic bonds rupture and microcracks are formed at the nodes of the wave, which leads to the emergence of the FL flashes and disruption of the time dependences of EME. Based on the intensity of the flashes, the dimensions of microcracks are estimated to vary from 2 to 70 µm depending on the mineral. In turn, the emergence of microcracks initiates additional deformation waves.The discharge inside the studied samples excites a pressure shock wave which transforms into the tension wave after reflection from the surface. According to the analysis of FL spectra, this leads to the breakdown of the rocks into positively charged ions and electrons. The shock wave velocity in granites is measured at 4.8 km/s, which is close to the velocity of the longitudinal acoustic vibrations ~5 km/s. The microcracks in the rock have not enough time to form with this loading velocity. It is supposed that the shock wave stretches the deformed interatomic bonds at the dislocation nuclei in the crystal lattices of the minerals up to their breakdown into positively charged ions.     

岩石临破坏前波速奇异变化的再研究

从实验上确证：岩石在主破裂前一瞬间，纵波速度升高甚至超过原最大值的两倍以上，纵、横波速比Vp/Vs升高甚至达2.5～3.0，之所以造成这种现象：对前一个原因是主破裂前有些张裂缝闭合，另一个原因是主破裂前微破裂急剧增多，在某一时刻同时发生几个小破裂，各检波器所记讯息可能不是同一事件。对后，P、S波的走时在破裂孕育过程中的下降--回升（相对变化量）并不同步而是P波的变化先于或大于S波也是重要原因。     

Influence of crack distribution of rocks on P‐wave velocity anisotropy – a laboratory and field scale study‡

The purpose of this paper is the comparison of P‐wave velocity and velocity anisotropy, measured at different scales under laboratory and field conditions. A shallow seismic refraction survey with shot/receiver spacing of up to 10 m was carried out on a flat outcrop of lhertzolite in the southern part of the Balmuccia massif. Oriented rock samples were also obtained from the locality. The particular advantage of the laboratory method used is the possibility of measuring velocity in any direction under controlled conditions. Laboratory tests were made on spherical peridotite samples, 50 mm in diameter, by ultrasonic velocity measurements in 132 directions (meridian and parallel networks) under confining stress ranging from atmospheric to 400 MPa. The mean P‐wave velocity of the field and laboratory data differed by between 20–30%. In addition, P‐wave velocity anisotropy of 25% was detected in the field data. Whereas the anisotropy in the laboratory samples in the same orientation as the field surveys was less than 2%. This observed scaling factor is related to the different sampling sizes and the difference in frequencies of applied elastic waves. With an ultrasonic wavelength of 10 mm, laboratory samples represent a continuum. The field velocities and velocity anisotropy reflect the presence of cracks, which the laboratory rock samples do not contain. Three sub‐vertical fracture sets with differing strikes were observed in the field outcrop. Estimates of fracture stiffness from the velocity anisotropy data are consistent with other published values. These results highlight the difficulty of using laboratory velocity estimates to interpret field data.     

水库蓄放水对库底岩石介质弹性波速影响的数值模拟

为了解水库水体加、卸载及渗透过程中,库底岩石介质有效应力变化对弹性波速的影响,以及弹性波速变化与孔隙压力、有效应力变化之间的定量关系,以四川省紫坪铺水库为例,在前期已建立库区地质构造与水文地质结构模型,并推导出岩石介质变形与流体渗流耦合数学模型的基础上,进一步建立了有效应力对岩石弹性波速影响的数学模型,利用有限元方法定量计算了库底岩石介质的孔隙压力、附加有效应力和弹性波速的变化。结果表明:在水库水体加、卸载及渗透过程中,地下岩石介质弹性波速增量值的变化并不明显,最大变幅仅为±0.013km/s,变化范围主要集中在库底5km以上的局部区域;弹性波速增量值与附加有效应力变化同步,与水库水位变化形态相似;不同观测点弹性波速变化量的大小与埋藏位置、深度及附加有效应力的变化幅度有关,同一观测点,弹性纵波波速变化幅度大于弹性横波波速。文中数值模拟的结果与一些学者通过环境噪声方法获得的紫坪铺水库附近区域相对波速变化的反演结果在变化形态上大体一致,但变化幅度略有差异。     

利用含可控裂缝人工岩样研究裂缝密度对各向异性的影响

利用新方法制作出含可控裂缝的双孔隙人工砂岩物理模型,具有与天然岩石更为接近的矿物成分、孔隙结构和胶结方式,其中裂缝密度、裂缝尺寸和裂缝张开度等裂缝参数可以控制以得到实验所需要的裂缝参数,岩样具有真实的孔隙和裂缝空间并可以在不同饱和流体状态下研究流体性质对于裂缝介质性质的影响.本次实验制作出一组具有不同裂缝密度的含裂缝人工岩样,对岩样利用SEM扫描电镜分析可以看到真实的孔隙结构和符合我们要求的裂缝参数,岩样被加工成八面棱柱以测量不同方向上弹性波传播的速度,用0.5 MHz的换能器使用透射法测量在饱和空气和饱和水条件下各个样品不同方向上的纵横波速度,并得出纵横波速度、横波分裂系数和纵横波各向异性强度受裂缝密度和饱和流体的影响.研究发现流体对于纵波速度和纵波各向异性强度的影响较强,而横波速度、横波分裂系数和横波各向异性强度受饱和流体的影响不大,但是对裂缝密度的变化更敏感.     

Numerical study on the fracturing mechanism of shock wave interactions between two adjacent blast holes in deep rock blasting

With the application of electronic detonators, millisecond blasting is regarded as a significant promising approach to improve the rock fragmentation in deep rock blasting. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the fracturing mechanisms of short-delay blasting. In this work, a rectangle model with two circle boreholes is modeled as a particles assembly based on the discrete element method to simulate the shock wave interactions induced by millisecond blasting. The rectangle model has a size of 12 × 6 m (L × W) and two blast holes have the same diameter of 12 cm. The shock waves are simplified as time-varying forces applied at the particles of walls of the two boreholes. Among a series of numerical tests in this study, the spacing between two adjacent boreholes and delay time of millisecond blasting are considered as two primary variables, and the decoupling charge with a coefficient of 1.5 is taken into account in each case. The results show that stress superposition is not a key factor for improving rock fragmentation (tensile stress interactions rather than compressive stress superposition could affect the generation of cracks), whereas collision actions from isolated particles or particles with weakened constraints play a crucial role in creating the fracture network. The delay time has an influence on causing cracks in rock blasting, however, whether it works heavily depends on the distance between the two holes.

     

Seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in fractured rocks: The role played by fracture contact areas

The presence of fractures in fluid‐saturated porous rocks is usually associated with strong seismic P‐wave attenuation and velocity dispersion. This energy dissipation can be caused by oscillatory wave‐induced fluid pressure diffusion between the fractures and the host rock, an intrinsic attenuation mechanism generally referred to as wave‐induced fluid flow. Geological observations suggest that fracture surfaces are highly irregular at the millimetre and sub‐millimetre scale, which finds its expression in geometrical and mechanical complexities of the contact area between the fracture faces. It is well known that contact areas strongly affect the overall mechanical fracture properties. However, existing models for seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in fractured rocks neglect this complexity. In this work, we explore the effects of fracture contact areas on seismic P‐wave attenuation and velocity dispersion using oscillatory relaxation simulations based on quasi‐static poroelastic equations. We verify that the geometrical and mechanical details of fracture contact areas have a strong impact on seismic signatures. In addition, our numerical approach allows us to quantify the vertical solid displacement jump across fractures, the key quantity in the linear slip theory. We find that the displacement jump is strongly affected by the geometrical details of the fracture contact area and, due to the oscillatory fluid pressure diffusion process, is complex‐valued and frequency‐dependent. By using laboratory measurements of stress‐induced changes in the fracture contact area, we relate seismic attenuation and dispersion to the effective stress. The corresponding results do indeed indicate that seismic attenuation and phase velocity may constitute useful attributes to constrain the effective stress. Alternatively, knowledge of the effective stress may help to identify the regions in which wave induced fluid flow is expected to be the dominant attenuation mechanism.     

基于井下摆天然地震数据测量首都圈近地表波速结构

收集了首都圈数字化地震遥测台网58个井下摆2003-2008年记录的102次M≥3.0地震的数据.通过鉴别直达波及对应地表反射波的波形,发现两者到时差与震中矩和方位角无关.基于斯涅尔定律,分析获得了这些台站上方厚约300 m浅地表土层P波和S波平均速度结构以及波速比.结果表明,首都圈区域近地表P波和S波平均速度分别约为...     

The seismic velocity distribution in the vicinity of a mine tunnel at Thabazimbi, South Africa

Analysis of the refracted arrivals on a seismic reflection profile recorded along the wall of a tunnel at an iron mine near Thabazimbi, South Africa, shows variations in P-wave velocity in dolomite away from the de-stressed zone that vary between 4.4 and 7.2 km/s, though values greater than 5.8 km/s predominate along most of the profile. The seismic velocities at the tunnel wall, however, vary between 4.2 and 5.2 km/s. Time–depth terms are in the range from 0.1 to 0.9 ms, and yield thicknesses of the zone disturbed by the tunnel excavations of between 2 and 9 m. The very low seismic velocities away from the tunnel wall in two regions are associated with alcoves or ‘cubbies’ involving offsets in the wall of up to 10 m. The large variations in seismic velocity resolved over distances less than 15 m with signals of wavelength around 6–9 m are attributed to variations in the sizes and concentrations of fracture systems and cracks, and in the degree of groundwater saturation of the fracture systems. The results suggest that seismic velocity variations from reflection surveys may also assist modelling studies of the stress regime in deep mines, particularly if both P and S wave velocity variations can be determined. The seismic velocity variations inferred also show that application of refraction static corrections in the processing of ‘in-mine’ seismic reflection profiles is as important as in surface surveys, because of the higher frequencies of the seismic energy recorded in the deep mine environment.     

模拟引潮力作用下的岩石破裂特征──加卸载响应比理论的实验研究之一

根据加卸载响应比理论，选用纵波速度作为响应参数，在实验室内，在模拟构造应力和引潮力的共同作用下，使岩石失稳破裂．在整个过程中测量纵波在岩石中的走时或速度，发现加卸载响应比Ｙ的值，在系统稳定时近于１；而在失稳前，逐渐增加，最大可达到１０．实验结果和理论预测曲线非常相近．认为可用纵波速度的响应比来表示岩石系统的稳定程度．