山东邹城雨山村西南滑坡灾害特征与防治方案

山东邹城雨山村西南滑坡在20世纪50年代发生过滑动,导致部分农田被毁。该滑坡为浅层土质滑坡,滑体成分主要为含碎石粉质粘土,滑带位于含碎石粉质粘土层与基岩接触带,由于人工切坡,滑带在滑坡前缘局部已揭露,滑床为下伏强风化闪长岩。近年来,频繁的人类工程活动导致该滑坡存在重新滑动的可能,为消除该地质灾害隐患,采取了悬臂式挡墙支挡和截排水结合的防治方案,达到了治理效果。     

重庆市开县龙王坪滑坡地质特征及勘察治理

重庆市开县龙王坪滑坡由崩坡积的粉质粘土组成,滑带由可塑-软塑状含碎石粉质粘土组成,滑床则由强-中等风化的泥岩、局部为可塑状含块石粉质粘土组成.利用钻探、井探和测试等技术手段获取了该滑坡有关地质及岩土物理性质资料,客观地对滑坡的变形方式及其稳定状态进行了理论计算及判断,取得滑坡在不同工况条件下可能出现的稳定状态的计算数据.①上滑体在天然状态下基本稳定,暴雨状态下欠稳定;②下滑体在上述两种状态下均处于稳定状态;③Ⅰ号强变形区在天然状态下基本稳定,在暴雨状态下欠稳定-基本稳定;④Ⅱ号变形区在天然状态下基本稳定,在暴雨状态下欠稳定.针对滑坡及强变形区具有不同的稳定系数及安全系数,制定出相应的治理方案,使得该滑坡的治理更具客观性与科学性.     

公路横穿诱发古滑坡局部复活的变形特征及治理

公路建设横穿古滑坡时，多注重古滑面处的滑移防治。然而，坡体浅表覆盖层在一定组合下，受开挖扰动易诱发局部复活，造成较大危害。以四川红层区某高速公路横穿诱发古滑坡局部复活的工程案例为依托，总结其复活特征及成因；利用传递系数法计算局部复活区滑坡推力后，提出治理方案，并对复活区进行长期监测。结果表明，加固空白区的开挖及降雨是古滑坡局部复活的诱因；浅表覆盖层中含碎石粉质粘土与含砾粉质粘土的透水性差异是滑面形成的地质条件；长期监测表明“清方+钢管桩+截排水”能够对局部复活区进行有效治理。     

重庆市鸡冠石污水处理厂滑坡成因分析及治理对策

基于鸡冠石污水厂的地理位置及地质环境条件,从由地形条件、现场钻探、探槽和现场位移确定的观测滑坡边界、滑体物质结构特征中的粉质粘土和碎石土、滑坡特征、滑坡变形破坏迹象、由工程地条件、受有效应力原理决定的水的活动及人类工程活动等方面,深入分析了该滑坡的形成条件、主控因素及原抗滑桩失效原因等,分析结果表明,大量的松散堆积物和岩层的顺向坡、不当的人工开挖卸载、地下水及降水渗入和生活废水无序排放是诱发滑坡的控制因素。提出治理措施应因地制宜,对已有的抗滑桩地段,宜采用桩板体系进行支挡,并控制好爆破程度及施工进度,做好截水沟等排水措施和加强滑坡变形观测。     

粉质粘土图像纹理参数的多元线性回归分析及其工程应用

由二维小波技术分析粉质粘土图像的纹理特征,获得小波能量参数与粉质粘土工程性质指标的多元线性回归方程。在考虑拍摄条件下(光照、拍摄距离等),现场勘查并拍摄粉质粘土照片。将这些彩色照片转化为灰度图,在二尺度小波分解水平下得到反映粉质粘土图像纹理特征的9个能量参数,并将这些参数与对应土样的11个工程性质指标进行多元线性回归。在此基础上对2个土样的工程性质指标进行了预测。结果表明,本文提出的粉质粘土的小波能量参数与传统工程性质指标具有较好的对应关系,可以为现场快速确定粉质粘土的工程性质指标提供一个新的途径。     

潮白河受水区再生水入渗盐污染模拟柱试验

根据工程地质勘察及采样测试分析,选取北京市顺义潮白河再生水受水区3种典型代表性土壤介质(砾石含砂、细砂、粉质粘土)装柱,并采用受水区再生水进行淋溶模拟土柱试验。测试结果分析表明,在3种典型土壤介质中,阳离子交换吸附作用主要体现为K+与Ca²⁺之间的交换,且粉质粘土柱中阳离子的离子交换作用较砾石含砂柱和细砂柱更为显著。另外,试验结果还表明,随着土壤介质中粘粒含量、总有机碳含量、阳离子交换容量和粘土矿物总量的增加,典型介质淋溶模拟土柱试验中阳离子交换作用达到平衡时所需要的时间也就越长,分别为砾石含砂72 d、细砂80 d和粉质粘土86 d。定量结果计算也证明：粉质粘土介质的各阴、阳离子本底含量最高,单位质量粉质粘土介质硬度及溶解性总固体(TDS)的贡献量最大,分别为5 767 mg/g和6 952 mg/g。     

柳江流域冲积型粉质粘土的物理特征

通过收集数年工程地质勘察土工试验资料、获得了柳江流域ⅡⅢ级阶地的粉质粘土的大量实验数据。运用数理统计的方法、分析归纳出这一地带粉质粘土的基本物理特征。     

上海重塑粘性土的直剪特性研究

上海地区浅层广泛分布的淤泥质粉质粘土、淤泥质粘土和粘土具孔隙比大、含水量高、压缩性大、强度低等特点,容易对工程造成严重不良影响。对这三种土重塑样的直剪特性进行了系统研究,试验方法包括固结快剪和固结慢剪,剪切过程中量测剪切位移和竖向压缩量,剪切结束后量测了破坏面上的土样含水率。结果显示,固结慢剪试验中土样均硬化,剪切位移达6mm时仍未破坏;而固结快剪试验中,除粉质粘土外另两类土在0.2mm的位移下就达到剪切强度。通过试验得到了剪切应力与剪切位移关系、剪缩变形量和抗剪强度参数等。结合试验结果,对粉质粘土与粘土的不同结构导致直剪特性的差异进行了分析讨论。可为上海重塑土的结构及力学特性研究提供依据和借鉴。     

云南腾冲地区粘土质硅藻土公路滑坡形成机理 与防治优化设计

腾冲地区分布的粘土质硅藻土是一种特殊性的岩土体,具有孔隙大、密度低、含水量高,富含膨胀性粘土矿物、结构性强等特点。近年来已发生一系列与粘土质硅藻土相关的滑坡等地质灾害,造成了较大损失。在粘土质硅藻土工程地质特性测试分析的基础上,对腾冲地区粘土质硅藻土滑坡的分布特征和形成机理进行了研究,认为粘土质硅藻土滑坡以中小型滑坡为主,受公路切坡、采矿、降雨等因素影响较大;公路边坡滑坡多发生在坡体的中部和后部,在牵引作用下部分滑坡可发生大范围滑动。粘土质硅藻土具有膨胀性和极强的结构性,其边坡稳定性较差。以新修建腾泸公路边坡滑坡为例,对S238省道冯家大山滑坡的形成机理进行了探讨,认为受粘土质硅藻土膨胀性、结构性等的影响,人类工程扰动、降雨等引起边坡表部土体出现强度分层、膨胀性增强和力学强度降低,从而导致原支护结构破坏;在此基础上,对冯家大山边坡进行了优化设计和数值模拟分析,提出了综合防治建议。     

云南祥临公路滑坡滑带土抗剪强度指标的统计分析

云南祥临公路边坡地质条件复杂,岩土性能差,易滑地层分布广,中大型滑坡滑带土大多为含碎石粉质黏土。采用随机统计法和随机-模糊法对此类滑带土的试验数据进行统计分析,得到祥临公路沿线该类滑带土的抗剪强度指标的概率密度函数,给出其置信区间,并对某处典型滑坡采用4种不同统计方法进行具体分析,并将分析结果加以对比,从而对类似地质条件的滑坡治理起到借鉴作用。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.