聚类分析在534铀钼矿床研究中的应用

聚类分析是对不同地质体或地质现象的某些共同属性的相似程度进行分类的一种统计分析方法,分为Q和R两种.通过对534铀钼矿床聚类分析,将矿区样品分为3组,这3组样品具有十分不同的地球化学特征:东段深部的矿化蚀变具有矿根相特征,东段浅部具有矿身相特征,而西段深部具有矿顶相特征.可以进一步推断,西段深部具有较好的找矿前景.     

热磁技术及其在勘查地球化学中的应用前景

通过热磁技术特性分析,指出热磁组分并不完全等同于铁锰氧化物,同时从确定矿床有效指示元素组合、判断次生异常性质及在厚覆盖区寻找隐伏矿等几方面展望了热磁技术在勘查地球化学中的应用前景,介绍了热磁技术实验的初步成果。     

成矿区三维可视化与立体定量预测——以钦-杭成矿带庞西垌地区下园垌铅锌矿区为例

矿产资源是人类生存与社会进步的根本物质保障。近年来,随着地表矿、浅部矿产资源的日益枯竭,采用新技术、新方法的深部矿产资源预测成为地质勘查的主要研究方向。基于数字化、三维可视化及矿产定量预测为主的三维地质建模技术,为当前矿产资源远景预测与找矿工作提供了有力的工具。本文在现代成矿预测理论研究基础上,运用三维地质建模技术建立了钦杭成矿带下园垌矿区地质、地球物理、地球化学、钻孔等三维模型,揭示了区内构造地质特征、地球化学异常表征及地层岩体要素,据此探讨了矿床的成因及矿体分布特征。并在此基础上,采用证据权方法对研究区地质、地球物理、地球化学等多源信息进行融合,运用断裂缓冲区、地球化学异常、东岗岭组沉积岩地层等为证据因子来计算单位体积成矿后验概率,进行立体成矿预测,并圈定出铁锰矿、方铅闪锌矿、铅锌银综合矿等3处找矿有利靶区及估算出预测区内矿产资源储量总量为88710吨。研究结果表明:综合分析地质、地球物理、地球化学及钻孔数据进行矿区的三维地质空间定位、定量预测研究,可以有效的识别矿致异常信息,圈定找矿远景区,为成矿预测研究领域提供了新方向,可以将此方法应用至其他矿山。     

内蒙古阿拉善左旗查干德日斯铜(金)矿化地质特征及找矿前景

通过对查干德日斯铜(金)矿区地质地球化学勘查工作,区内发现铜矿体1条、铜(金)矿化体1条、铜矿化蚀变带8条。铜(金)矿化体均赋存于NEE向、NNW向断裂破碎带内,且以NEE向为主;矿化与褐铁矿化石英脉密切共生,伴随明显的硅化、钾化热液蚀变。认为矿区Cu-Au-Ag原生晕组合异常明显,与断裂构造套合良好;铜(金)矿化受构造控矿特征明显,热液充填-交代作用强烈,初判为热液充填交代型矿床。矿区深部矿成矿地质条件优越,找矿前景良好。     

赣南盘古山钨铋矿床发现扇状成矿现象

在扇状成矿规律指导下,资源几近枯竭的赣南盘古山钨矿床取得新的找矿成果。在矿区南部揭露了两组倾向北的钨矿化石英细脉,总脉数达102条,与矿区北部倾向南的已知矿脉相向倾斜,横剖面呈扇状。这一成果对广大钨矿找矿工作者具有重要的借鉴意义。     

基于极限学习机的遥感地球化学反演模型

地球化学勘查研究涉及大量采样工作,但在工作环境恶劣人们难以到达的地区,大范围、大比例尺的地球化学数据极难获取。本文基于极限学习机（ELM）构建遥感地球化学反演模型,弥补因为区域数据不足导致的找矿工作困难。依据偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）方法选取与地球化学数据相关性强的遥感影像成分,并根据极限学习机建立地球化学数据与遥感影像之间的非线性对应关系来获取未知地球化学异常,以此来指导找矿工作。实验中,选取研究区铜元素1：20万土壤地球化学数据与Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像进行反演分析。实验结果表明,基于ELM的遥感地球化学反演所取得的异常分布与已知矿点具有很好的对应度,验证了本文所提出模型的有效性。     

数学方法在矿产地质工作中的应用

随着数学地质的发展,数学方法和电子计算机在矿产地质工作中的应用日益广泛和深入,不断解决愈来愈多的矿产地质实践问题和理论问题。这种应用大体上可归纳为以下三个方面(1)数学方法和电子计算机应用于矿产地质工作的每一个阶段。由矿产的普查勘探、详查评价、储量计算直至矿产开发,每一个阶段的矿产地质问题都能用数学方法和电子计算机帮助解决,以提高每一个阶段中矿产地质工作的速度和质量。     

地球化学填图与地球化学勘查

在中国与西方国家，地球化学填图的目的与做法并不相同，西方的地球化学填图是由研究机构开展的，使用等离子焰光量计、X射线荧光光谱仪等大型仪器进行多元素分析，目的是取得多种元素在地球表层分布的基础性资料。地球化学勘查则由矿业公司主要分析少量成矿元素，目的是为了找矿。而中国的地球化学填图计划却做出了巨大努力，使地球化学填图取得的资料既有学术价值又对矿产勘查具有重大的实用意义。本文详细讨论了西方国家与中国地球化学填图与地球化学勘查的思路、方法与技术的演变，并瞻望了地球化学填图在21世纪的巨大发展前景。     

紫金山矿集区地质特征、矿床模型与勘查实践

紫金山矿集区位于福建省上杭县城北约15 km处,是一个典型的与陆相火山活动有关的斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜钼金矿床成矿系统,分布于长14 km、宽4km范围中,已探明高硫化浅成中低温热液型特大型金、铜矿床各1处,低硫化热液型大型银多金属矿床2处,斑岩型铜钼矿床1处,中小型铜、金矿床3处.文章结合近年来在该矿集区找矿取得的重大进展,介绍了创新性地质找矿的实践经验:一是开展三维地质建模;二是开展蚀变矿物短波红外光谱测试和解译,建立蚀变找矿模型;三是注重物化探资料的应用和二次开发,建立物化探找矿模型;四是以大量真实的生产技术经济指标为基础,以资源利用最大化为原则,开展矿床动态评价,指导成矿预测,提高找矿效率.     

From 2D to 3D: Prospectivity modelling in the Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand

A 2D prospectivity model of epithermal gold mineralisation has been completed over the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), using the weights of evidence modelling technique. This study was used to restrict a 3D geological interpretation and prospectivity model for the Ohakuri region. The TVZ is commonly thought of as a present-day analogue of the environment in which many epithermal ore deposits, such as in the Hauraki Goldfield, Coromandel Volcanic Zone, are formed. The models utilise compiled digital data including historical exploration data, geological data from the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. Quarter Million Mapping Programme, recent Glass Earth geophysics data and historic exploration geochemical data, including rock-chip and stream sediment information. Spatial correlations between known deposits and predictive maps are determined from the available data, which represent each component of the currently accepted mineral system model for epithermal gold. The 2D prospectivity model confirms that the TVZ has potential for gold mineralisation. However, one of the weaknesses of this weights of evidence model is that the studies are carried out in 2D, with an approximation of 3D provided by geophysical and drilling data projected to a 2D plane. Consequently, a 3D prospectivity model was completed over the Ohakuri area, constrained by the results of the 2D model and predictive maps. The 3D model improved the results allowing more effective exploration targeting. However, the study also highlighted the main issues that need to be resolved before 3D prospectivity modelling becomes standard practise in the mineral exploration industry. The study also helped develop a work flow that incorporates preliminary 2D spatial data analysis from the weights of evidence technique to more effectively restrict and develop 3D predictive map interpretation and development.     

地震频率谐振技术在内蒙古额尔古纳东珺银铅锌矿区勘查中的应用

内蒙古自治区额尔古纳市东珺银铅锌矿床属于浅成低温热液型矿床,浅部已控制的陡脉状与缓倾斜银、铅、锌矿体资源储量已达到大型规模。对浅部数据的处理解译并结合成矿地质条件分析认为,缓倾斜矿体赋存于一套波阻抗值相对较低的层间破碎带内,在其下部存在含矿构造带。为探获与成矿相关的热液上升通道,在矿区内应用地震频率谐振技术进行剖面性勘查工作,探测陡倾角断裂的结构和位置信息,以实现深部更大的资源量突破。通过地震频率谐振勘探所获得的波阻抗特征和已有钻孔及新钻孔等地质资料,证实了矿区深部的确存在与构造有关的厚大矿体的认识。地震频率谐振勘探的高精度视波阻抗勘查成果为本区深部探测提供了明确的目标和靶点。     

赣南盘古山钨铋矿床发现扇状成矿现象

在扇状成矿规律指导下,资源几近枯竭的赣南盘古山钨铋矿床取得新的找矿成果。在矿区南部揭露了两组倾向北的钨矿化石英细脉,总脉数达102条,与矿区北部倾向南的已知矿脉相向倾斜,横剖面呈扇状。这一成果对广大钨矿找矿工作者具有重要的借鉴意义。     

黑龙江多宝山成矿区找矿新进展及其地质意义

近年来,多宝山成矿区先后发现了小泥鳅河金矿、三道湾子金矿、争光金锌矿、铜山金矿、上马厂金矿、小新屯金矿点等一大批金银钼锑资源潜力很大的化探异常。依据这些新的矿产勘查和区域地质调查新成果,总结了多宝山成矿区近年来取得的新近展及其地质意义。目的是为多宝山地区的整装勘查与资源潜力预测提供参考依据。     

整装勘查信息系统应用

以服务整装勘查业务管理与研究、支撑整装勘查区进展与成果展示为目标,基于GIS开发了以地质、矿产地、工作程度、矿业权、物探、化探、遥感、潜力评价成果等空间数据为基础的整装勘查信息系统。以大湖塘钨(铜)多金属矿整装勘查区为例,对系统的功能进行了应用与验证。案例应用结果表明: 系统界面友好,功能齐全明了,易学习易操作,可将各类数据组合叠加浏览,提供"一张图"的数据空间展示,用户可通过在全国地图上直观地浏览各整装勘查区矿产勘查进展,建立矿产勘查进展空间分布格局,还可以借助系统完成统计分析、专题图件制作等,极大提高了整装勘查业务管理和研究的效率。     

Sulphide mineralisation in the Olary Block,South Australia

The South Australian portion of the Willyama Inliers hosts a diversity of small sulphide and uranium deposits and numerous outcropping gossans. This fact, together with geological similarities to the adjacent Broken Hill Block has led to extensive exploration. A broad classification distinguishes two main types of sulphide mineralisation: 1) stratiform iron sulphide-dominated (±Cu, Zn, Co) deposits which occur widespread within specific stratigraphic intervals, and stratabound occurrences of syn-depositional to diagenetic origin which show some structural control; 2) syn-tectonic to post-peak metamorphic replacement and vein-type deposits (Fe-Cu-Au and Cu-Zn-Pb), which are hosted by fractures and within faults and shear zones. These occurrences show no stratigraphic control and are not spatially related to type 1 mineralisation. Late-stage deposits also differ from stratiform/stratabound mineralisation in their texture, mineral assemblage and geochemical composition. Much of the sulphide mineralisation in the Olary Block has been interpreted as resulting from rift-associated syn- to diagenetic processes, such as hot spring exhalations and base metal precipitation along reduction-oxidation interfaces. Subsequent granitic intrusive, high grade metamorphic and multiphase deformation events would have induced remobilisation and redeposition of sulphides in a variety of epigenetic modes. However, a detailed petrographic and geochemical study of sulphide mineralisation in the Olary Block demonstrates that due to the lack of abundant pervasive fluids, translocation and modification of preexisting sulphides were restricted to less than a few centimetres. Instead, widespread syn-tectonic to epigenetic (i.e., post-peak metamorphic) mobilisation of ore constituents occurred to form retrograde sulphide mineralisation as well as multiple generations of late-stage vein deposits. These epigenetic deposits are genetically unrelated to synsedimentary and diagenetic occurrences, an aspect of significance for exploration in the Olary Block. Temporal separation of peak metamorphism in deeper crustal levels from its occurrence in shallow levels, periodic tectonic disturbances and repeated seismic pumping are processes believed to have resulted in intermittent mobilisation of ore constituents from a deep-seated metasedimentary reservoir.     

作为赋存于花岗岩中钨锡矿化勘探指南的流体包裹体异常——前景展望

Studies of the distribution and abundance of fluid inclusions in granitic quartz associated with granite-hosted Sn-W mineralization of the British Isles reveal local and regional scale anomalies.At a sampling interval of c.5～50m,inclusion abundances increase towards zones of vein and stockwork mineralization exemplified by case history examples from exploration prospects in the Mourne Mountains of Northern Ireland and the Carrock Fell mining district of northwestern England.These steam aureoles provide a greater exploration target than the zone of visible alteration and mineralization and the lithogeochemical halo.But it is important to link them to geochemical data on fluid inclusion compositions,such as the semi-quantitative data from decrepitation-linked,ICP-AES (D-ICP)analysis,to optimize their exploration potential.Regional scale fluid inclusion anomalies,based on sampling intervals of c. 2km from the Sn-W mineralized granites of southwest England also broadly correlate with zones of intense mineralization in some areas. Regional-scale D-ICP analyses of quartz from SW England granites did not provide any convincing regional scale anomalies linked to mineralization except for positive boron anomalies around the centrally-mineralized Birch Tor area of the Dartmoor granite.Follow-up D-ICP analysis of quartz from stream sediments from this area,however,could be used to discriminate between samples related to mineralization from those draining unmineralized areas,using multivariate statistical analysis.At the present stage of development, the main contribution of fluid inclusion studies to mineral exploration is mostly limited to the conceptual stage where they continue to contribute to ore genetic theory and models.Costs and lack of knowledge transfer between research scientists and mineral explorationists limit their direct use during regional and target selection stages of exploration.Analysis of steam sediment quartz,using the more sensitive ICP-MS technique as a variant of the D-ICP method,appears to offer the greatest potential for future development as an exploration tool.     

电吸附找矿方法

电吸附找矿方法是找隐伏矿的新方法。它是指通过物理化学手段来发现后生地球化学异常的找矿方法。它是建立在异常元素地球化学理论和野外地电提取法的理论基础之上。利用电吸附找矿方法在一些已知矿床进行找矿效果试验,获得了很好的效果,说明了该方法找矿的有效性。     

Geochemical exploration at yandera porphyry copper prospect, Papua New Guinea

A case history is presented describing geochemical exploration of the porphyry Cu-Mo system at Yandera in the Bismark Ranges of Papua New Guinea. Three phases of geochemistry are discussed: (1) stream sediment, (2) ridge and spur, and (3) detailed rock and soil from contour trails. Results of each phase are presented and their relationship to drill-indicated mineralisation discussed. The effectiveness of the three techniques and various elements as geochemical guides to primary mineralisation is compared.Copper in stream sediment samples at a density of one sample per 1–2 km² effectively delineated the porphyry Cu system. The extent of ridge and spur sampling was limited, therefore its effectiveness is uncertain. Detailed sampling along contour trails indicated that Au and Mo are the most effective geochemical tools. Copper geochemistry is of limited use as its distribution is largely a function of recent processes and dispersion from supergene mineralisation. No clear relationship exists between Ag geochemistry and mineralisation. Lead and Zn are distributed peripheral to the porphyry Cu system.The effectiveness of Au and, to a lesser extent, Mo as geochemical guides to ore in the steep mountainous terrain of the prospect area where high rainfall, deep weathering and rapid erosion prevail is due to the relatively high stability of these metals in the soils and the oxide zone.     

勘查地球化学工作的进展

地球化学勘查,主要是利用先进的微量元素测定技术,系统地研究各种天然物质(如岩石、疏松沉积物、水系沉积物、水、气体、生物等)中元素的分布和分配特征,从而获得找矿信息的一种找矿方法。在我国,从五十年代初期至今三十多年来,化探工作从无到有,化探队伍由小到大,建立了一支有一定基础的专业队伍,初步形成了我国自己的方法技术体系,获得了丰硕的地质—找矿成果。     

深度挖掘数据潜在价值提高找矿靶区定量优选精度

找矿效果取决于找矿靶区预测的准确程度,传统的“综合信息成矿预测”(定性研究)已无法深入挖掘现有地质信息的潜在价值。本文应用大数据思想、方法,对甘肃省祁连山—龙首山地区1∶20万区域化探数据做分幅平差,消除了原始数据的系统误差。应用回归分析建立信息修复模型,增强了化探信息与区域Cu矿的相关关系。通过判别分析算法,构建了区域“化探信息Cu找矿靶区定量优选系列模型”,对研究区Cu找矿靶区做出定量预测。经统计,一、二级预测靶区中包含已知铜矿的比率高于22.0%,其面积仅占总研究区的1.72%。大数据找矿靶区定量预测在大幅提高预测精度的同时,很大程度地缩小了预测找矿靶区的面积。在对系列模型预测效果做出定量评价的同时,通过所建系列模型组合元素的特征分析,该研究也为进一步研究区域矿床成因和控矿条件提供了定量依据。