大连周边海域航空重力调查方法及重要成果

为加强海洋地质调查工作,中国地质调查局组织实施了海洋航空地球物理探测及应用项目,在大连海域及其周边,应用GT-1A航空重力测量系统,开展了1∶20万航空重力调查工作,获取了高质量的航空重力数据9.4万测线km,原始测量总精度达到1.27×10^-5 m/s²; 形成了一套覆盖渤海东部、北黄海、辽东半岛和山东半岛的航空重力系列图件,填补了研究区内航空重力资料的空白。通过综合解释与研究,在基底构造形态分析、主要构造单元边界厘定、断裂构造分布特征研究以及局部构造异常圈定等方面取得了重要成果,为研究区海洋区域地质调查、渤海和北黄海的油气资源调查、海陆过渡区关键地质问题的解决提供了重要依据。     

现代卫星测高重力异常分辨能力分析 及在海洋资源调查中应用

通过卫星测高重力数据与船载重力测量结果进行空间分辨率对比、海陆重力异常接图, 以及我国南黄海海域卫星测高重力对沉积盆地与隐伏构造解释的应用试验, 对现代国内外卫星测高重力数据获取与重力异常分辨能力进行了分析, 指出了现代卫星测高重力异常的精度达到4×10^-5m/s²左右, 可以满足1∶100万比例尺的海洋重力调查与辅助前期资源勘查的需要, 并对卫星测高重力技术的应用提出了建议。     

海上地震资料处理中的潮汐静校正处理研究及应用

海水因为受月亮引力的作用会产生潮汐现象,在海上地震资料中表现为假断层现象,这种现象会影响地震资料的成像质量,导致错误层位解释及储层预测,因此在地震资料处理中,需要进行潮汐静校正处理。这里讨论了如何应用海上采集的高程值计算出地震波来回通过基准海平面与放炮时海平面之间的薄层水体所经历的时间,再将全部地震数据都校置在同一观察平面,从而实现潮汐静校正处理的方法,并应用于海上某工区中,得到较为理想的效果。     

关于重力勘查的高度改正应采用何种高程系统的讨论

重力勘查的观测值必须进行正常场与高度改正,为此要测量重力测点的平面位置与高程,尤其对高程测量精度要求甚严。以前测地工作使用经纬仪、水准仪和测距仪等,高程系统按“规范”(1)采用大地水准面的“正高系统”.近来全球卫星定位系统(GPS)开始应用于重力勘查中,GPS测量的高程为WGS-84的“大地高系统”,这样需要把“大地高”换算到“正高”.这样做即要花费许多工作量,又会增加换算中产生的误差。本文通过对地球正常重力场理论公式的分析,认为可以采用GPS测量的大地高进行重力高度改正。     

区域重力调查的进展

地质大调查以来区域重力调查取得了重要进展,1:100万区域重力调查基本实现了全国陆域的全覆盖,1:20万区域重力调查稳步推进,取得一批地质成果.区域重力调查技术进步突出:普遍使用各类高精度重力仪和GPS定位系统;区域重力数据库信息系统和几种二三维正反演软件得到推广;制订了新区域重力调查规范.为适应新形势的需要,区域重力调查要加快1:20万区域重力调查的工作进度,并合理部署调查和综合研究工作;每个图幅的具体调查任务和设计要有针对性;要改进地改和GPS高程改正方法,提高地改精度;要提高区域重力调查成果的解释水平,改进报告编写.     

A structural interpretation of magnetometer and seismic profiler records in the Bismarck Sea,Melanesian Archipelago

During a marine geophysical survey of the Bismarck Sea by the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources in 1970, magnetic, gravity, and seismic reflection recordings were made along north‐south traverses with a spacing of 30 to 40 km. The magnetic data have been interpreted, first by visual inspection of magnetic and topographic trends and then by two‐dimensional computer modelling along typical profiles. The interpretation indicates that the Bismarck Sea is divided into two main tectonic provinces separated by a boundary which roughly coincides with a line joining Manus Island and the Willaumez Peninsula of New Britain. An area of apparently nonmagnetic basement about 10 km wide coincides with a well defined band of shallow earthquakes which runs east‐west across the centre of the Sea. A major boundary is present at the eastern end of the Sea along the west coast of the Gazelle Peninsula of New Britain; it continues along an offset in the band of earthquakes to New Hanover.     

天津周边海-陆过渡地区航空重力调查及主要成果

随着人类对海洋矿产资源需求的日益增加,海洋基础地质调查对海洋矿产资源勘探具有重要意义。我国海洋地质地球物理调查起步较晚,整体工作程度较低,而航空重力测量作为一种快速高效的地球物理测量方法,对加强海洋基础地质调查研究具有重要作用。2006年我国引进了国际先进的GT-1A航空重力测量系统,并于2011年首次在天津周边海-陆过渡地区开展了1:20万比例尺航空重力测量工作,完成了高质量的航空重力测量数据3万测线公里,在海-陆过渡地区实现了海-陆连续测量,填补了研究区内高精度航空重力测量的空白。阐述了本次航空重力调查工作取得的主要成果,并从航空重力的角度对研究区内石臼坨凸起进行了研究,认为石臼坨凸起基底具有分段性,并圈定出新的基岩凸起构造,为石臼坨凸起油气资源的进一步勘探提供方向; 同时对渤中凹陷正高磁异常体可能的地质成因进行了探讨。对海-陆过渡地区主要构造单元的重力场特征进行研究,在基底和断裂研究方面取得的新认识对海-陆过渡地区基础地质和环境研究具有重要意义。     

GPS在1:20万区域重力测量中的应用

介绍了利用GPS开展1：20万石棉幅区域重力测量的情况，对正确掌握GPS的工作方法作了研究，并总结了应用该项技术的成功经验和遗留问题。     

基于航空重、磁数据的南黄海海相地层分布特征识别

基于南黄海海域实测高精度航空重、磁数据,结合航空重、磁场及物性特征,通过平均对数功率谱分析匹配滤波方法技术,对南黄海海相地层界面起伏引起的重、磁异常特征进行分离、提取,采用切线法和外奎尔法计算海相地层界面的深度,经地质和地球物理综合解释,编制了南黄海海相地层底界面、顶界面深度图及海相地层厚度图。在此基础上,初步划分了南黄海海相地层构造单元,探讨了南黄海海相地层的分布特征。苏北—南黄海坳陷区的中部坳陷和南部坳陷均发育在强磁性基底之上,构造变形较弱,海相地层保存完整,埋藏浅,厚度为4~8 km,是南黄海地区具有较大资源潜力的油气勘探区。     

Characteristics of marine strata distribution in South Yellow Sea based on airborne gravity and magnetic data

Based on the high accuracy airborne gravity and magnetic data of South Yellow Sea, combined with the characteristics of gravitational and magnetic field and geophysical properties, the authors analyzed the matched filtering through radially averaged logarithmic power spectrum to separate and extract the gravity and magnetic anomaly caused by the interfacial fluctuation of marine strata. And the depth of the marine strata interface of South Yellow Sea was interpreted by the tangent and Vaquier methods. The authors also compiled the depth of the bottom and top interface of the marine strata after geological and geophysical interpretations. In addition, a preliminary division of South Yellow Sea marine strata tectonic units was carried out and the strata distribution was also discussed. The central depression and southern depression of Subei- South Yellow Sea depression area were developed on the strongly magnetic basement, with weak tectonic deformation. The marine strata remain intact with a shallow depth of 4 km to 8 km. South Yellow Sea is the oil and gas exploration area with great resource potential.     

The role of satellite altimetry in gravity field modelling in coastal areas

During recent years altimetry from the two geodetic missions of GEOSAT and ERS-1 has enabled the derivation of high resolution near global gravity field from altimetry [Andersen and Knudsen, 1995, 1996; Sandwell and Smith, 1997].Altimetric gravity fields are unique in the sense that they provide global uniform gravity information with very high resolution, and these global marine gravity fields are registered on a two by two minute grid corresponding to 4 by 4 kilometres at the equator.In this presentation several coastal complications in deriving the marine gravity field from satellite altimetry will be investigated using the KMS98 gravity field. Comparison with other sources of gravity field information like airborne and marine gravity observations will be carried out and two fundamentally different test areas (Azores and Skagerak) will be studied to investigated the different role of these different sources of gravity information.     

应用GPS数据与重力数据确定大地水准面

作为GPS/重力边值问题理论及方法的应用,在对GPS/重力方法确定(似)大地水准面的原理进行简要介绍与分析的基础上,利用收集到的N区的600个GPS/重力数据和48个高精度GPS水准数据,计算出该区域的(似)大地水准面。通过拟合法和系统差直接改正法进行的精度分析表明,应用GPS/重力数据结合水准方法确定的该地区(似)大地水准面的精度达到厘米级精度。     

Structural interpretation of the Marmara region, NW Turkey, from aeromagnetic, seismic and gravity data

The seismically active Marmara region, located in NW Turkey, lies on the westward end of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). The NAF is well defined on land. Previous investigations of its extension in the Marmara Sea include marine bathymetry, seismological activity and seismic profiles. In this study, faults and their configurations identified inland are extended into the Marmara Sea by means of aeromagnetic anomalies, as well as seismic and gravity profiles. The deep structure was resolved by constructing a map of the Tertiary bottom. Shallow Curie isotherm was determined by spectral analysis, indicating a thinner crust in the northern Marmara depression area with respect to the continental crust. A combination of the geophysical data allows us to propose the existence of subsidence and isostatic equilibrium in the northern Marmara Sea. A less-active zone identified in the central high zone dividing the Marmara Sea into two parts may also be deduced from the seismic data. This structural arrangement may play a key role in earthquakes that will affect the surrounding regions.     

南黄海北部航空重力场特征及主要地质认识

南黄海北部重力场信息丰富、梯级带发育、异常特征明显,充分反映了该区隆坳构造格局、断裂展布等地质特征。综合研究认为: NE向断裂构成了南黄海北部主体构造格架,嘉山-响水断裂、南黄海北缘断裂共同构成了苏鲁造山带南部边界; 依据航空重磁资料新发现的NW向宫家岛深大断裂对南黄海北部基底构成、岩浆岩分布具有重要的控制作用; 通过重磁联合反演,发现在南黄海北部坳陷的东北凹陷存在着前寒武系稳定的结晶基底; 航空重力资料表明,胶莱盆地向东延伸进入南黄海,在海域内其最大沉积厚度可达3 km。上述地质认识和发现为南黄海北部海洋区域地质调查、油气资源调查及重大基础地质问题的解决提供了借鉴。     

GPS在浅海地区高精度重力测量中的应用

根据浅海地区大比例尺高精度重力测量的需要,本文首先提出重力测量对平面位置和导航精度的要求。在对比了几种中、近程无线电定位系统后,论述了应用GPS技术的可行性和经济效益。文章接着介绍了我们选用的GPS接收机主要技术指标与检测结果,并以工区的部分实测结果进一步说明了应用GPS的优越性。为了提高定位精度,扩大应用范围,文章最后还提出了改进措施。     

Expansion of the South China Sea basin: Constraints from magnetic anomaly stripes,sea floor topography,satellite gravity and submarine geothermics

The widely distributed E–W-trending magnetic anomaly stripes in the central basin and the N–E-trending magnetic anomaly stripes in the southwest sub-basin provide the most important evidence for Neogene expansion of the South China Sea. The expansion mechanism remains, however, controversial because of the lack of direct drilling data, non-systematic marine magnetic survey data, and irregular magnetic anomaly stripes with two obvious directions. For example, researchers have inferred different ages and episodes of expansion for the central basin and southwest sub-basin. Major controversy centers on the order of basinal expansion and the mechanism of expansion for the entire South China Sea basin. This study attempts to constrain these problems from a comprehensive analysis of the seafloor topography, magnetic anomaly stripes, regional aeromagnetic data, satellite gravity, and submarine geothermics. The mapped seafloor terrain shows that the central basin is a north-south rectangle that is relatively shallow with many seamounts, whereas the southwest sub-basin is wide in northeast, gradually narrows to the southwest, and is relatively deeper with fewer seamounts. Many magnetic anomaly stripes are present in the central basin with variable dimensions and directions that are dominantly EW-trending, followed by the NE-, NW- and NS-trending. Conversely such stripes are few in the southwest sub-basin and mainly NE-trending. Regional magnetic data suggest that the NW-trending Ailaoshan-Red River fault extends into the South China Sea, links with the central fault zone in the South China Sea, which extends further southward to Reed Tablemount. Satellite gravity data show that both the central basin and southwest sub-basin are composed of oceanic crust. The Changlong seamount is particularly visible in the southwest sub-basin and extends eastward to the Zhenbei seamount. Also a low gravity anomaly zone coincides with the central fault zone in the sub-basin. The submarine geothermic distribution demonstrates that the southwest sub-basin has a higher geothermal value than the central basin, and that the central fault zone is defined by a low thermal anomaly. This study suggests that NW–SE expansion of the southwest subbasin is later than the N–S expansion of the central basin with the sub-basin extending into the central basin and with both expansions ending at the same time. The expansion of southwestern sub-basin, similar to the Japanese Sea, is likely caused by left-lateral strike slip on the central fault zone in the South China Sea, which may have significance for finding oil and gas in this region.     

CQG2000似大地水准面模型 在青藏高原地区区域重力调查中的应用

区域重力调查中,GPS高程测量的精度直接影响重力测量成果的精度.用国内最新研制的测绘科技成果--CQG2000似大地水准面模型,对GPS测得的大地高程进行改算,可得到较高精度的正常高成果.方法应用于青海三江流域1:20万区域重力调查工作中,取得了较好的效果.     

EGY-HGM2016: an improved hybrid local geoid model for Egypt based on the combination of GOCE-based geopotential model with gravimetric and GNSS/levelling measurements

An improved hybrid gravimetric geoid model for Egypt, EGY-HGM2016, has been recently computed implementing the least-squares collocation (LSC) method through the remove-compute-restore (RCR) procedure. The computation of EGY-HGM2016 involves different datasets in terms of gravity anomalies determined from the GOCE (gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer)-based global geopotential model (SPW-R4) up to d/o 200 and EGM2008 from d/o 201 to 720 combined with terrestrial gravity datasets in terms of 2140 gravity field anomalies and about 121,480 marine surface gravity anomalies. In addition, orthometric heights from 17 GPS/levelling measurements have been considered during the modelling process to improve the determination of the hybrid gravimetric geoid over the Egyptian region. The EGY-HGM2016 model estimated over Egypt provides geoid heights that are ranging from 7.677 to 21.095 m with a standard deviation (st. dev.) of about 2.534 m in the northwest of the country excluding the involvement of the orthometric heights from GPS/levelling measurements. When the later dataset is considered during the implementation of LSC process, hybrid residual height anomalies ranging from ?1.5 to +0.9 m, with a mean of 0.22 m and a st. dev. of 0.17 m, are obtained. Comparison of the predicted hybrid gravimetric geoid with the corresponding ones obtained from EGM2008, GOCE-based SPW R4 model, and GPS/levelling reveals considerable improvements of our EGY-HGM2016 model over Egypt.     

地面重力数据结合GPS/水准数据精化兴城物探实验区大地水准面

区域大地水准面的确定是GPS测量常需解决的问题。目前确定大地水准面的方法主要包括重力法、GPS水准几何法及组合法,其中组合法因其精度和可靠性都较高,常用于计算高精度区域大地水准面。高精度的大地水准面模型是组合法确定区域大地水准面的关键。在我国,EGM2008全球重力场模型精度和分辨率均高于此前的所有模型,研究基于该模型的组合法大地水准面精化具有重要的实践意义。笔者以吉林大学兴城教学实习基地物探实验区为例,基于实测重力数据、EGM2008重力场模型和GPS水准数据,采用组合法精化了区域大地水准面,比较了组合法大地水准面模型和无重力实测数据的几何法大地水准面模型的精度差异,分析了该方法在物探测量中的适用性。结果表明,实验区组合法大地水准面模型精度最高达到1.2 cm,并且误差分布区间较小,总体上精度和可靠性高于对比的几何方法,并且组合法和几何法获取的两种大地水准面模型均能满足大比例尺物探测量要求。EGM2008模型精度较高,故平坦地区使用组合法时,高密度的实测重力数据可能带来高频扰动,有可能降低EGM2008重力场模型本身的精度,所以重力数据采集过程中要顾及重力点的密度和空间分布。本文方法更适用于地形复杂的地区。     

Onshore–offshore structure and hydrocarbon potential of the South Yellow Sea

Recent high-resolution airborne gravity data taken over the South Yellow Sea and its western onshore–offshore transition zone, combined with ground gravity data taken over the onshore area (Subei Basin), China, show that the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea and the Subei Basin correspond to the same gravity low anomaly. Magnetic data also support our interpretations. Both areas have similar strata, structures and hydrocarbon potential, and form a large Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin controlled by the Tanlu Fault. Cenozoic terrestrial strata are well developed in the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea, and thick Meso–Paleozoic marine strata are preserved in the Central uplift area. Future hydrocarbon exploration in the South Yellow Sea should focus on the Cenozoic continental sequence, especially the Paleogene in the South Basin, as well as the Meso–Paleozoic marine rocks in the Central uplift area. The western part of the middle depression and middle and western parts of the north depression in the South Basin of the South Yellow Sea have the greatest potential for hydrocarbon accumulation.