四川瀑布沟水库区域地震活动性跟踪研究

以水库诱发地震危险性指标体系为基础,构建瀑布沟水库诱发地震危险性评价表;对库区地震活动性跟踪,发现库区地震活动强度和频度没有因水库蓄、放水而出现明显的变化,综合判定瀑布沟水库发生较大诱发地震的危险性不高。     

丹江口库区本底地震与水库地震趋势分析

从丹江口库区地震地质构造着手,总结公元前143年至公元2008年本底地震活动情况,分析在初期蓄水阶段水库诱发地震活动情况、强度及成因。讨论丹江口水库增容后,新增库水对库区的应力状态影响,探讨库区及周缘地区可能诱发水库地震的区域及强度。结果发现,丹江口库区中的汉库诱发地震可能性不大。而丹库可能诱发地震,其强度应在M≤5.0。主要诱发地震危险区仍在丹库宋湾—关防滩峡谷地形库段和林茂山—凉水河地区。     

应用灰色聚类法预测小浪底水库诱发地震最大震级

根据野外考察并结合前人研究成果,对黄河小浪底水库及其邻区地震地质背景进行了分析,对其区域应力状态、断层活动性、地层岩性和地震活动背景等水库诱发地震因素进行了研究。简要地介绍了灰色聚类法,并应用该方法对小浪底水库发生水库诱发地震的可能性及诱发地震震级进行了预测。结果表明,该水库存在水库诱发地震的可能性,其最可能诱发地震的地段及库区中段,水库诱发地震最大震级预测为５级。     

大桥水库诱发4.4级水库地震前的地震学异常

2002年3月3日大桥水库诱发了ML4．4水库地震，根据大桥台网7年多库区地震观测事件记录，用基于GIS的地震分析预报系统进行分析，在4．4级水库诱发地震前，库区内有分布密集、频次超高、震级偏低的近地表地震活动，以致库区内地震存在b值与η值等地震学异常。     

龙滩库区蓄水后地震性质分析

龙滩水库2006年10月蓄水以来,库区地震活动频繁,这可能是原有构造地震的进一步活动,也可能是水库诱发地震。因此,有必要对龙滩水库蓄水后发生的地震性质进行判断。本文根据国内外已发生水库诱发地震震例资料和以往经验,结合龙滩库区具体情况,利用定性判断法和概率统计法对龙滩库区地震性质进行验证和判断,结果认为:龙滩库区蓄水后发生的地震属诱发地震。     

江垭水电站水库诱发地震研究与震级预测

江垭水库是湖南省较大的一个水库。本文阐述了江垭水库的基本情况 ,通过对库区及周围的地质构造特点、地震活动以及水库诱发地震可能性的讨论 ,预测了江垭水库诱发地震的最大强度为MS=3 5± 1 0。     

福建水口库区地震性质讨论

水口水库建成蓄水后,库区出现了频繁的地震活动,这可能是原有构造地震的进一步活动,也可能是水库诱发的。因此,有必要对水口水库蓄水后发生的地震性质进行判断。本文根据国内外已发生水库诱发地震震例资料和以往经验,结合水口库区具体情况,用定性判断法、概率法、扩散系数判别法等,对水口库区地震性质进行验证和判断,结果认为：水口库区蓄水后发生的地震属诱发地震。     

清江隔河岩水库区地壳形变与诱发地震的可能性

隔河岩水库蓄水前即开始对穿越库区的主要断裂进行监测，并设立了地震观测台网，蓄水后库尾区诱发了一系列微震，形成几次水库诱发地震高潮期。本文通过库区近4年的形变观测资料的初步分析，论述了蓄水后库区地壳的稳定性及诱发地震与断层活动的关系，探讨了今后诱发较大地震的可能性。     

湖南省黄石水库诱发地震的形成条件及成因探讨

在湖南桃源县黄石水库库区，由于张扭性活断层和深部岩溶的存在，水库蓄水后产生的附加应力场及水库区增强的岩石孔隙流体压力诱发了断层的断滑，使得库区应力集中区和岩溶发育区合二为一的地带发生构造型地震，从而在震活动的时间序列、空间规律，地震与库水位关系，震源深度、震情等方面表现出构造水库诱发地震的特点。     

清江隔河岩水库区地壳表变与诱发地震的可能性

隔河岩水库蓄水前即开始地穿越库区的主要断裂进行监测，并设立了地震观测台网，蓄水后库尾区诱发一系列微震，形成几次水库诱发地震高潮期，本文通过库区近４年的形变观测资料的初步分析，论述了蓄水后库区地壳的稳定性及诱发地震与断层活动的关系，探讨了今后诱发较大地震的可能性。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.