高空西风急流和低空南风急流中的冷锋环流

文中利用原始方程模式研究了不同背景风场中的冷锋环流，计算结果显示，对越锋非地转环流和锋区垂直运动起主要作用的是垂直于锋面的背景风场，沿锋的背景风场也有影响，但比前者小得多，后者产生的越锋非地转环流和上升速度也比前者弱得多；具有强垂直切变的西风急流更有利于在锋区产生强的越锋环流和大的上升速度；此外，越锋非地转环流还与Richardson数的小值区相联系。     

高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究

9711号台风Winnie是一个在中国大陆长久维持(2—3 d)并产生强降水的热带气旋(TC),在其深入内陆过程中变性加强为一个温带气旋。用MM5V3对不同强度高空槽影响下Winnie的变性加强过程进行了数值研究。结果表明:(1)Winnie变性加强过程表现为强锋面侵入台风内部、冷空气包裹台风中心、一个温带气旋在近地层锋面上强烈发展的过程;(2)Winnie在陆上的变性加强与西风带高空槽的强度密切相关。TC与不同强度高空槽相互作用过程中,较深槽携带较强冷平流、正涡度平流以及较强的槽前高空辐散,从而有利于TC的维持和变性发展。数值试验中,高空槽越强,Winnie变性加强越明显,温带气旋的发展越快;(3)模拟结果的位涡分析表明,Winnie的温带变性发展与对流层高层正位涡下传、低层锋区和TC低压环流三者之间的相互作用有关。     

南海夏季风爆发早晚的经向环流异常的机理研究

南海夏季风爆发与东亚地区的局地经向环流密切相关.本文利用线性局地经向环流诊断模式,定量诊断分析了1979~2003年5月1~15日的局地经向环流及其在夏季风爆发早晚年的差异,分析找出了在该关键时段对经向环流异常有正贡献的主要因子,从而确立影响季风爆发的相应天气过程及贡献机制.结果表明,在季风爆发早年期间,局地经向环流异常呈现为"Hadley环流"形态:上升运动(下沉运动)影响南海中北部(江淮地区),低空非地转南风(北风)影响南海中南部(华南和江南地区).季风爆发晚年的情况则与季风爆发早年相反.对造成经向环流异常的各个因子进行定量分析发现,经向分布不均匀的潜热加热的贡献作用最大,其次是温度平流和西风动量输送过程,与越赤道气流有关的边界效应则对南海中南部的低空南风有一定贡献.相应的天气学分析表明,季风爆发偏早年的副热带高空急流强度偏强且位置偏南,其动量输送过程导致对流层上层出现非地转南风、急流轴南侧(北侧)的华南(华北)地区出现高空辐散(辐合)和低层辐合上升(辐散下沉).与此同时,中纬度西风带扰动的南下和副热带高压脊从南海地区的撤出,中低层温度平流导致华中地区冷却和南海中北部增暖,进一步加强低纬地区上升、中纬地区下沉的经向环流异常.华南地区异常的非地转北风与南海中南部异常的非地转南风,显著加强了南海中北部的低空水汽辐合和对流潜热释放,从而激发出强烈上升运动.由此可见,中低纬天气系统配置能有效调节中国东部及南海地区的潜热加热和冷暖平流的南北分布,从而引起与季风爆发对应的局地经向环流的显著变化.     

高低空急流与水汽凝结过程对暖锋环流演变的影响

利用包括水汽凝结过程的原始方程模式模拟了高空西风急流和低空南风急流中暖锋环流的演变以及凝结的发生。计算结果显示,水汽凝结过程对暖锋环流有非常重大的作用,是暖锋锋区产生强中尺度深对流的重要机制。与干模式大气中高空西风急流对暖锋环流的影响远大于低空南风急流的结论相反,在含有水汽凝结过程的湿大气中,低空南风急流的作用远大于高空西风急流,它是暖锋锋区中产生强中尺度降水的更重要因子;高低空急流的共同作用,对湿暖锋锋区中多重中尺度雨带的形成具有重要作用。     

高低空急流和水汽凝结过程对锢囚锋环流演变的影响

文中利用包括湍流摩擦耗散的原始方程模式研究了高空西风急流、低空南风急流和水汽凝结过程对锢囚锋环流时间演变和降水强度变化的影响 ,计算结果表明 ,水汽凝结过程与高空西风急流或低空南风急流的共同作用对锢囚锋环流的演变起非常重要的作用 ,能在锢囚锋区形成强中尺度深对流系统 ,与干大气中高空西风急流对锢囚锋环流的作用远大于低空南风急流的情况相反 ,在存在水汽凝结过程的湿大气中 ,低空南风急流对锢囚锋的影响远大于高空西风急流 ,它产生的降水过程时间更长 ,降水强度更大 ,降水范围更广 ,是锢囚锋区产生强中尺度降水的重要因子。     

Favorable versus unfavorable synoptic backgrounds for indirect precipitation events ahead of tropical cyclones approaching the Korean Peninsula: A comparison of two cases

This study identifies favorable synoptic backgrounds for indirect precipitation events over the Korean Peninsula that occur well in advance of tropical cyclone (TC) landfall. Two TCs, i.e., Rammasun (2002) and Maemi (2003) that made landfall and produced heavy rainfall over the Peninsula are compared. Although both had a remarkably similar accumulated rainfall pattern over the peninsula, the temporal evolutions of hourly rainfall were different. Only Maemi had an indirect precipitation event in conjunction with a midlatitude trough to its north. The confluent flows at middle-to-upper levels were strengthened due to the increased pressure gradient between the midlatitude trough and the subtropical high, and the warm advection by the confluent flows also became stronger near the confluent zone. By contrast, Rammasun encountered the subtropical ridge while moving northward, which results in slow recurvature and reduction of the thermal gradient over the peninsula. The highly baroclinic synoptic backgrounds in the Maemi case lead to the midlevel frontogenesis. Budget analyses using the three-dimensional frontogenesis equation revealed that the horizontal deformation forcing had a primary role in generating the front. The front was associated with a thermally direct circulation that contributed to strong ascent and indirect precipitation over the peninsula well in advance of the landfall of Maemi. Moreover, the indirect precipitation could intensify due to the abundant low-level moisture supply to the frontal zone by the southerly wind on the east side of the TC.     

一次热带气旋过程对出梅影响的数值模拟研究

采用中尺度数值模式WRF对2001年江淮梅雨期热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)进行数值模拟,研究TC"飞燕"对梅雨结束过程的影响。结果表明,模式能够较好地模拟出"飞燕"的路径与强度演变,并能够较为精确地再现梅雨后期的降水强度和落区。对比分析消除"飞燕"影响的敏感性数值试验结果发现,"飞燕"影响梅雨的机制在于:随着其向东北向移动,西太平洋副热带高压北抬,东亚高、低空急流强度均有所减弱,低空切变辐合变弱,梅雨锋强度减弱,使得来自西南方向的水汽输送减少,造成假相当位温梯度和湿位涡倾斜项减小,垂直上升运动明显削弱,降水中断,导致梅雨结束。而消除"飞燕"影响后,梅雨后期降水仍然较多,梅雨期将有所延长。     

热带气旋“Malakas”与中纬度系统的相互作用及其结构变化

本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF和LAGRANTO轨迹模式对2010年变性台风"Malakas"进行数值模拟和轨迹分析,分析了Malakas在变性过程中与中纬度系统的相互作用,以及在相互作用过程中Malakas的结构变化特征。结果表明:Malakas变性过程经历了三个阶段:(1)高层扰动加强期,高层的正位涡产生的气旋性环流使低层Malakas中心北部的斜压带西侧产生负的温度平流,表现为冷空气的入侵;(2)Malakas和中纬度系统相互作用时期,台风北上导致斜压带出现,深对流的爆发使低层暖湿气流沿着斜压带上升,快速上升气流中的潜热释放导致低PV空气向对流层上部净输送,在其北部高层重新构建出一个脊;(3)Malakas变性成温带气旋,残存的台风内核与斜压带逐渐合并,负的位涡平流带着非绝热外出流驱动了下游最初脊的构建,加速并且固定了中纬度急流,并整体放大了上层Rossby波模式。     

Impact of spectral nudging on the downscaling of tropical cyclones in regional climate simulations

This study investigated the simulations of three months of seasonal tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific using the Advanced Research WRF Model. In the control experiment (CTL), the TC frequency was considerably overestimated. Additionally, the tracks of some TCs tended to have larger radii of curvature and were shifted eastward. The large-scale environments of westerly monsoon flows and subtropical Pacific highs were unreasonably simulated. The overestimated frequency of TC formation was attributed to a strengthened westerly wind field in the southern quadrants of the TC center. In comparison with the experiment with the spectral nudging method, the strengthened wind speed was mainly modulated by large-scale flow that was greater than approximately 1000 km in the model domain. The spurious formation and undesirable tracks of TCs in the CTL were considerably improved by reproducing realistic large-scale atmospheric monsoon circulation with substantial adjustment between large-scale flow in the model domain and large-scale boundary forcing modified by the spectral nudging method. The realistic monsoon circulation took a vital role in simulating realistic TCs. It revealed that, in the downscaling from large-scale fields for regional climate simulations, scale interaction between model-generated regional features and forced large-scale fields should be considered, and spectral nudging is a desirable method in the downscaling method.     

西风带高空槽对登陆我国变性热带气旋的影响及其机理研究

应用日本气象厅1979~2008年的热带气旋资料以及日本25年 (JRA-25) 再分析资料, 本文首先对登陆我国变性加强和变性减弱的两类热带气旋进行了合成对比分析, 发现热带气旋变性后的强度变化与相应的西风带高空槽的强弱有很好的对应关系。然后, 我们选取了2004年登陆我国的热带气旋Haima为研究对象, 通过中尺度模式模拟再现了其登陆后变性演变过程, 采用片段位涡反演方法改变了模式初始高空槽的强度, 研究了高空槽强度的变化对Haima变性过程的影响。研究表明: (1) 高空槽加强 (减弱) 后, Haima移速明显加快 (减慢), 此外深 (浅) 槽对应的Haima变性加强过程中心气压降幅较大 (小); (2) 不同强度的高空槽与Haima相互作用的过程中, 深槽对应的高空急流范围较大, 强度更强, 相应的高空强辐散有利于Haima明显的再发展; (3) 另外深槽对应着较强的高层正位涡带, 正位涡向下伸展诱发低层Haima正位涡明显增长, 从而导致低层锋区的强烈发展和低层气旋的明显加强。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON RE-INTENSIFICATION OF TROPICAL REMNANT RE-ENTERING THE SEA: A CASE STUDY

When Typhoon Toraji(2001)reached the Bohai Gulf during 1-2 August 2001,a heavy rainfall event occurred over Shandong province in China along the gulf.The Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast(WRF-ARW)model was used to explore possible effects of environmental factors,including effects of moisture transportation,upper-level trough interaction with potential vorticity anomalies,tropical cyclone(TC)remnant circulation,and TC boundary-layer process on the re-intensification of Typhoon Toraji,which re-entered the Bohai Gulf after having made a landfall.The National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)global final(FNL)analysis provided both the initial and lateral boundary conditions for the WRF-ARW model.The model was initialized at 1200 UTC on 31 July and integrated until 1200 UTC on 3 August 2001,during which Toraji remnant experienced the extratropical transition and re-intensification.Five numerical experiments were performed in this study,including one control and four sensitivity experiments.In the control experiment,the simulated typhoon had a track and intensity change similar to those observed.The results from three sensitivity experiments showed that the moisture transfer by a southwesterly lower-level jet,a low vortex to the northeast of China,and the presence of Typhoon Toraji all played important roles in simulated heavy rainfall over Shandong and remnant re-intensification over the sea,which are consistent with the observation.One of the tests illustrated that the local boundary layer forcing played a secondary role in the TC intensity change over the sea.     

热带气旋“苏迪罗”（2015）海上活动时段降水物理过程模拟诊断研究——海表温度敏感性试验

利用WRF模式,在前期工作（王晓慧等,2018）模拟试验基础上,设计敏感性试验,借助三维降水诊断方程,分析揭示了海表温度（SST）变化对热带气旋（TC）“苏迪罗”（2015）海上活动时段降水物理过程的可能影响。对照试验（CTL试验:SST随时间变化）和敏感性试验（SNC试验:SST固定为初始值）的SST存在明显差异（CTL试验平均SST低于SNC试验）。对比分析表明:两试验模拟的海上时段TC路径差异不大,但SNC试验模拟的TC强度较CTL试验偏强;TC环流区域内,两试验垂直速度差值在对流层基本为正（SNC试验上升运动更强）,随着SST差值不断增大,垂直运动差值也不断加大;SNC试验的降水强度（P_S）大于CTL试验,但P_S差值随SST差值增大并非线性变化,体现了P_S变化的复杂性;SNC试验的Q_WVA（垂直积分的三维水汽通量辐合/辐散率）均基本大于CTL试验（后期差别更大）,SST的不同可通过影响垂直运动,造成Q_WVA的差异,进而影响P_S;分析时段内,两试验TC环流区域大气均持续变干（正值Q_WVL）,且存在较明显海面蒸发（正值Q_WVE）,其中,两试验之间的Q_WVL差异不明显,但SNC试验的Q_WVE总体上强于CTL试验（尤其是分析时段中后期）;两试验间云相关过程变率差异的时间变化复杂,最大差异量级与Q_WVE相当;SST对水凝物发展和深对流活动有一定影响,伴随SST差异的逐渐增大,水凝物含量差异也逐渐增大,液相水凝物中,雨滴差异较大,而与液相水凝物相比,冰相水凝物差异更为突出,尤其是较大的冰相粒子（雪和霰）;SNC试验中,零度层下更多的霰粒子和雨滴,在更强上升运动配合下,有助于云滴和雨滴碰并（P_racw）及霰粒子融化（P_gmlt）微物理过程的加强,进而造成更强降水。TC环流区域时间和空间平均的物理量对比分析揭示,两试验降水物理过程定性上基本相似,但定量上存在明显不同,SNC试验的P_S与CTL试验相比,增幅达8.8%,这种差异主要源于降水宏、微观物理过程的差异,其中,不同SST环境下Q_WVE的差异最为显著。     

一次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程的斜压边界层特征的观测分析

对STORM-FESTIOP17一次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程的斜压边界层结构演变及特征进行了分析。发现：暖湿空气沿锋面抬升凝结成云，产生降水过程中释放的大量潜热显著增加锋两侧的水平温度差异，产生锋生。与锋生相伴，在锋前产生低空急流和高空急流。当锋生至最强时，锋两侧温差可达20K，锋前低空急流开始减弱，锋后低空急流增强，锋后冷平流开始主导锋两侧的环流系统。该冷平流削弱锋两侧的温度水平梯度，产生锋消作用。对这次锋面斜压对流边界层的湍流特征分析表明：在边界层之上切应力wv明显增大；湍能收支分析表明在边界层之上的风切变产生项很强，即大尺度天气系统有利于斜压对流边界层的发展，边界层内各量充分混合。这次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程，冷锋前的低空南风急流从墨西哥湾携带来的充足水汽及锋区边界层大气的强斜压性是其产生的关键因子：冷锋过后，大尺度高空急流的作用更有利于对流边界层的充分发展。     

高空槽脊对台风“天兔”（0705）变性过程中非对称降水的影响

本文基于NCEP再分析资料、TRMM卫星降水资料和RSMC最佳路径集（Best-track Dataset）资料,分析了热带气旋（TC）“天兔”变性过程中降水分布和大尺度环流的演变,并结合片段位涡反演进行修改槽脊的数值试验,研究了环流调整对TC变性过程中非对称降水的影响。结果表明:（1）“天兔”变性前降水集中在路径左侧,伴随着纬向型向经向型调整的背景环流,副热带高压南退的同时减弱西进;（2）TC降水的非对称分布与冷暖锋的相对强弱、水汽输送情况以及高空冷空气下传的落区有直接关系;（3）加强环流调整后,系统斜压性加强,与LOT（降水集中于TC路径左侧）型降水相关的环流指数增大过程随之加强,有利于LOT型降水分布进一步加强。     

Antecedent mid-tropospheric frontogenesis caused by the interaction between a tropical cyclone and midlatitude trough: a case study of Typhoon Rusa (2002)

This study examines antecedent mid-tropospheric frontogenesis (AMF) resulting from the interaction between Typhoon Rusa (2002) and a midlatitude trough over the Korean Peninsula. In this event, the AMF contributed to the first peak in the time series of rainfall in Gangneung (37.75°N, 128.90°E), occurring about 12 h before the time of the extratropical transition (ET) process of the tropical cyclone (TC). Using observations and high-resolution model outputs, we showed that the AMF contributed to the antecedent rainfall in Gangneung during the first rainfall period when Gangneung was located outside of Rusa's sphere of direct influence. A Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model experiment was conducted to diagnose the frontogenetical features and associated precipitation processes in detail. The experiment revealed that the AMF was mainly forced by the horizontal deformation forcing (HDF). The direction of the HDF was oriented from southwest to northeast in the middle part of the peninsula. The HDF increased positively due to the confluence of the southeasterlies from the TC and the northwesterlies emanating from the midlatitude trough. The experiment also suggested that the mid-tropospheric moisture originated from the subtropical ocean and deposited into the frontal region by the southerlies on the eastern periphery of the TC, which enhanced the convergence of moisture flux in the frontal region during the first rainfall period. The thermally direct circulation associated with the AMF lead to the mid-tropospheric saturation, which enhanced the precipitation of the first rainfall event together with the orographically forced convection at the low level above Gangneung.     

Numerical analysis of the influence of jets,fronts, and mountains on alpine lee cyclogenesis: More cases from the ALPEX SOP

Summary In a recently published work it was shown that Alpine cyclone development depends on a short wave trough upstream of the Alps, the presence of an upper-level jet streak in this trough, and a low-level front interacting with the mountain barrier. Specifically, by modifying the strength of the upper baroclinic zone (potential vorticity) or by decreasing the strength of the low-level baroclinic zone impinging on the Alps in an initial field, the intensity of the resulting numerically predicted cyclogenesis could be modulated. The major finding of the work was that the ALPEX cyclones reacted differently to upper-level and lower-level modification, providing a basis for broadly classifying storms: that is, dependence on upper-level processes and on low-level processes.The present work extends this study by considering additional cyclones that occurred during the ALPEX Special Observing Period (SOP), and describes the influence of upper-level and lower-level processes on each. An index (I) discussed in the previous paper is examined in terms of its relative value from case to case, and in terms of its value in a time-dependent sense during the lifetime of the storm. The results show that the most powerful lee cyclones depended more on the strength of the upper-level jet or potential vorticity than on the strength of the low-level front of baroclinic zone. In most cases the time evolution ofI showed the influence of the upper-level jet to be important during the early phase of development. The front is increasingly important in midlife as intensification takes place, and the jet is increasingly important during late life. These conclusions were reached during the earlier study but are supported by the additional SOP cyclone cases.Cyclone steering flow and the impinging of the storm on the Alps had a great impact on defining its character: storms with NW-N trajectories were heavily dependent on low level frontal strength and WSW-WNW trajectories were dominated by effects of the upper level jet.With 16 Figures     

Downstream development of baroclinic waves in the midlatitude jet induced by extratropical transition: A case study

This study uses eddy kinetic energy analysis and a targeting method to investigate how an extratropical transition(ET)event induced downstream development(the modification of the midlatitude flow downstream of the ET system) in the midlatitude jet environment. The downstream development showed distinct characteristics of "coupling development" and being "boundary-trapped". Eddies(potential disturbances) first developed at the upper levels, and these triggered lower-level eddy development, with all eddies decaying away from the tropopause and the surface. Thereafter, a lower-level eddy caught up with the upper-level eddy ahead of it, and they coupled to form a cyclone extending through the whole troposphere. Vertical ageostrophic geopotential flux may be a crucial dynamic factor throughout the eddy's lower-level growth, boundary-trapping,and coupling development.Together with barotropic conversion, the ageostrophic geopotential fluxes that were transported from Hurricane Fabian(2003) to the midlatitudes by the outflow led to downstream ridge development in the upper-level jet. The strong downstream advection of eddy kinetic energy in the exit region of the jet streak triggered downstream trough development. The well-known ridge–trough couplet thus formed. The vertical ageostrophic fluxes that were transported downward from the developed upper-level systems converged near the surface and resulted in lower-level eddy growth. Baroclinic conversion was negligible near the boundaries, while it was the main source of eddy kinetic energy at mid-levels. In the upper-level jet, potential energy was converted to the mean kinetic energy of the jet, which in turn was converted to eddy kinetic energy through barotropic conversion.     

Effects of surface drag on upper-level frontogenesis within a developing baroclinic wave

This paper investigates the effects of surface drag on upper-level front with a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic mesoscale numerical model (MM5). To this end, a new and simple potential vorticity intrusion (PVI) index is proposed to quantitatively describe the extent and path that surface drag affects upper-level front. From a PV perspective, the formation of the upper-level front is illustrated as the tropopause folding happens from the stratosphere. The PVI index shows a good correlation with the minimum surface pressure, and tends to increase with the deepening of the surface cyclone and upper-level front. The surface drag acts to damp and delay the development of upper-level front, which could reduce the growth rate of the PVI index. However, the damping presents different effects in different development stages. It is the most significant during the rapid development stage of the surface cyclone. Compared with no surface drag cases, the tropopause is less inclined to intrude into the troposphere due to the surface drag. Positive feedback between the surface cyclone and upper-level front could accelerate the development of the frontal system.     

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF TC EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OVER LAND AND OCEAN

The extratropical transitions(ETs)of tropical cyclones(TCs)over China and the ocean east to 150°E are investigated by the use of best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis spanning 1979-2008.The ET events occurring north of 25°N and in the warm season(from May to October)are extracted from the reanalysis to emphasize the interaction between TC and midlatitude circulation.Statistical analysis shows that 18.5%of the warm-season TCs go through land ETs north of 25°N in the western North Pacific.And 20.5%of the ET events occur over the ocean east of 150°E.Most(62.2%)ET TCs over China gradually die out after ET,but more(70.7%)ocean ET cases have post-ET reintensification.The evolutions in cyclone phase space and the composite fields for land and ocean ETs,as well as the ET cases with and without post-ET reintensification,are further analyzed.It is found that most TCs with ET over China and those without post-ET reintensification evolve along the typical ET phase path as follows:emergence of thermal asymmetry→losing upper-level warm core→losing lower-level cold core→evolving as extratropical cyclone.The TCs undergoing ETs over ocean and those with post-ET reintensification form a high-level cold core before the ET onset.The TCs with land ET have long distance between the landing TC and a high-level trough.That makes the TC maintain more tropical features and isolates the TC flow from the upstream and downstream jets of the midlatitude trough.The structure of circulation leads to weak development of baroclinicity in land ET.On the contrary,shorter distance between ocean TC and high-level trough makes the high-level trough absorb the TC absolutely.Under that baroclinicity-favorable environment,strong cold advection makes the TC lose its high-level warm core before ET onset.The composite fields confirm that the TC with ocean ET has stronger baroclinic features.Generally,the TC at land ET onset is located to the south of the ridge of the subtropical high,which tends to prevent the TCs from interacting with midlatitude circulation.But for the ocean ET,the situation is just the opposite.Similar analyses are also carried out for the TCs with and without post-ET reintensification over both land and ocean east of 150°E.The results further prove that the TC with stronger baroclinic characteristics,especially in the circumstance favorable to its interaction with high-level midlatitude systems,has more opportunity to reintensify as an extratropical cyclone after ET.     

Mechanism Study of Tropical Cyclone Impact on East Asian Subtropical Upper-Level Jet: a Numerical Case Investigation

In the case study of this paper, sensitivity experiments are carried out using the mesoscale non-hydrostatic Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to investigate the impact of tropical cyclone (TC) Soudelor (2003) on the East Asian subtropical upper-level jet (EASJ) before TC Soudelor transformed into an extratropical cyclone. The physical mechanism for changes in the EASJ intensity and position caused by TC Soudelor is explored. Results indicate that TC Soudelor would warm the air in the middle and upper troposphere over the Japan Sea and the adjacent areas through stimulating northward propagating teleconnection pattern as well as releasing large amounts of latent heat, which led to increase (decrease) the meridional air temperature gradient to the south (north) below the EASJ axis. As a result, the geopotential height abnormally increased in the upper troposphere, resulting in an anomalous anticyclonic circulation belt along the EASJ axis. Correspondingly, the westerly winds to the north (south) of the EASJ axis intensified (weakened) and the EASJ axis shifted northward by one degree. The case study also suggests that before the extratropical cyclone transition of TC Soudelor, the TC activities had exerted significant impacts on the EASJ through thermodynamic processes.