Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Chemical evidence for the genesis of the ureilites, the achondrite Chassigny and the nakhlites

Major element and REE, Cr, Sc, V, Ni, Co, Ir, Au, Sr, Ba abundances were determined in three ureilites and the unique achondrite, Chassigny. Chondritic-normalized REE abundance patterns for the ureilites are v-shaped, similar to pallasites, indicating a possible deep-seated origin. The lithophile trace element abundances and v-shaped REE patterns of the ureilites are consistent with a two-stage formation process, the first of which is an extensive partial melting of chondrite-like matter to yield ureilite precursors in the residual solid, which is enriched in Lu relative to La. The second step consists of an admixture of small and variable amounts of material enriched in the light REE. Such contaminating material may be magmas derived from the first formed melt of partial melting of chondrite-like matter.

In contrast to the ureilites, Chassigny has a chondritic-normalized REE pattern which decreases smoothly from La(1.8 × ) to Lu(0.4 × ) and is parallel to and ˜0.25 × the REE pattern in the nakhlitic achondrites. The composition of the magma from which Chassigny crystallized was highly enriched in the light REE; e.g. chondritic normalized La/Lu ˜ 7. The similarity in the fractionated REE patterns (no Eu anomalies) for the olivine-pyroxene Chassigny and for the nakhlites suggests a genetic relationship.

Siderophile trace element relationships in ureilites can be interpreted by three components: (1) ultramafic silicates enriched in Co relative to Ni, (2) an indigenous metal phase remaining after the partial melting event, and (3) a component of the carbon-rich vein material added after the partial melting.     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the source of the iron in the Lahn ore deposits

A brief summary on the geology and the iron ore deposits of the Devonian Lahn Geosyncline (West Germany) is followed by the examination of the iron variation in the eruptive rocks in this area and in analogous magmatic associations elsewhere. A major strong point is the sporadic appearance of xenolithic inclusions of hematite in some keratophyres of the Lahn area. As a result, analytical, mineralogical and textural evidence is against dependence of the iron in the ore deposits on the contemporaneous femic rocks, whereas, in the keratophyre, another source of that iron is indicated. Thus two periods of magmatic events are derived. Special attention is called to the effects and conditions in the earlier period, and it may be suggested that three magmatic units corresponding to keratophyre, weilburgite and iron ore, owe their origin to the specific hydromagmatic conditions of a spilitic differentiation process in that early period.

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Zusammenfassung Im Anschluß an einen kurzen Überblick über die geologischen Verhältnisse und über die Eisenerzlagerstätten im Devon der Lahnmulde wird die Variation des Eisens in den Eruptivgesteinen an der Lahn und in anderen petrographisch vergleichbaren Gebieten untersucht. Besonders aufschlußreich ist in einer Anzahl der Lahn-Keratophyre das sporadische Auftreten xenolitischer Hämatit-Akkumulate. Chemische, mineralogische und strukturelle Merkmale sprechen gegen die Herleitung des Eisens in den Lagerkomplexen aus den gleichaltrigen femischen Eruptivgesteinen, wohingegen sich in den Fremdeinschlüssen von Hämatit im Keratophyr eine andere Quelle für dieses Eisen anzeigt. Im magmatischen Geschehen zeichnen sich zwei Perioden deutlich voneinander ab. Vornehmlich berücksichtigt sind die der Frühperiode zugehörigen Hinweise und Vorgänge, und vermutlich lassen sich Keratophyr, Weilburgit und Eisenerz als drei magmatische Einheiten auf die spezifischen hydromagmatischen Bedingungen spilitischer Differentiation zurückführen.

     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

桩前溶洞对抗滑桩嵌固端稳定性影响物理模型试验研究

随着抗滑桩在工程中的大量运用,岩溶区抗滑桩嵌固端稳定性问题日益突出。当抗滑桩桩前存在溶洞时,溶洞在水平荷载下可能会发生变形,导致抗滑桩嵌固端失去稳定性。本文基于相似模型理论,建立了抗滑桩嵌岩段桩前存在两种不同形状溶洞（长轴方向水平和长轴方向竖直）试验模型。利用水平加载试验,针对椭圆形桩前溶洞对抗滑桩嵌固端的稳定性影响进行了研究,获得以下相关结论:溶洞长轴方向为竖直的试验模型嵌岩体变形分为弹性变形、裂纹稳定扩展及加速扩展三个阶段,加载到破坏荷载时溶洞顶板产生隆起破坏,最终形成的顶板处破坏断面与水平方向成45°左右;桩前溶洞长轴方向为水平的试验模型在达到溶洞长轴方向为竖直的模型破坏荷载增大一级荷载时,嵌固端保持整体稳定;相比于横长轴溶洞,纵长轴溶洞的存在更显著的降低了抗滑桩嵌固端的承载力,且溶洞顶板厚度越小,对抗滑桩嵌固端承载力影响越大,破坏形式为溶洞顶板受压破坏;基于极限平衡法,提出了桩前存在溶洞时嵌固端承载力验算方法,并对验算方法进行了验证。      

淮北煤田南坪断层性质研究及意义

南坪断层位于淮北煤田东南部,以往均认为其为断距较大的正断层,通过分析最新资料,南坪断层应为逆断层;该发现对南坪断层西部区块找煤有较大指导意义。     

四川盆地奥陶系十字铺组与宝塔组接触关系新认识

内容提要：四川盆地奥陶系十字铺组和宝塔组自上世纪20年代命名以来,在地层学界一直被认为是连续沉积,整合接触。四川盆地东-南缘中-上奥陶统习水良村和武隆黄草两条剖面的牙形石生物地层与碳同位素地层学研究指示,十字铺组与宝塔组之间存在沉积间断,即二者并非整合接触关系。该不整合可与北美地区的M4/M5不整合面对比,二者可能是由桑比期早、晚期的海平面下降引发。与此时代相近的不整合在新疆巴楚地区、塔里木盆地亦有发现。由于十字铺组在四川盆地广泛分布于覆盖区,且岩性多以碳酸盐岩为主,因此不整合的发现将促使我们重新认识并评估该组的油气勘探潜力。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

Zircon geochronology of the Klyuchevskoi gabbro-ultramafic massif and the problem of the age of the Mohorovicic paleoboundary in the Central Urals

The Klyuveskoi gabbro-ultramafic massif is the most representative ophiolite complex on the eastern portion of the Uralian paleoisland arc part. The massif is composed of dunite-harzburgite (tectonized mantle peridotites) and dunite-wehrlite-clinopyroxenite-gabbro (layered part of the ophiolite section) rock associations. The U-Pb age was obtained for the accessory zircons from the latter association using a SHRIMP-II ion microprobe at the Center for Isotopic Research at the Karpinskii Russian Geological Research Institute. The euhedral zircon crystals with thin rhythmic zoning from dunites are 441.4 ± 5.0 Ma in age. Zircons from olivine clinopyroxenite show three age clusters with sharply prevalent grains 449.0 ± 6.8 Ma in age. Two points give 1.7 Ga, which is probably related to the age of the mantle generating the layered complex. One value corresponds to 280 Ma, which possibly reflects exhumation of ultramafic rocks in the upper crust during the collision of the Uralian foldbelt. Thus, dunites and olivine pyroxenites from the Klyuchevskoi massif are similar in age at 441–449 Ma. The bottom of the layered part of the ophiolite section corresponds to the M paleoboundary and, consequently, the age of the Mohorovicic discontinuity conforms with the Ordovician-Silurian boundary in this part of the Urals.     

东营凹陷南坡沙四上亚段滩坝储层碳酸盐胶结壳发育特征及控制因素

砂-泥岩界面是砂-泥岩互层储层水-岩相互作用的活跃地带。东营凹陷南坡沙四上亚段发育了广泛的滨浅湖滩坝沉积,储层碳酸盐胶结作用强烈,常在砂-泥岩界面富集形成致密胶结壳。综合利用钻井、物性及黏土矿物资料,结合铸体薄片观察,对储层碳酸盐胶结壳的发育规律及控制因素进行了系统的研究。碳酸盐具有多期胶结的特征,砂-泥岩接触界面处胶结物含量高,多为基底式胶结。向砂体内部胶结物含量逐渐减少,砂体中部胶结物含量少且相对稳定,以孔隙式胶结为主。半干旱碱性水体环境形成的滨浅湖泥岩中的高碳酸盐含量流体、泥岩黏土矿物转化和有机质演化析出有机-无机组分、碳酸盐胶结作用发生所需的可容空间、砂-泥岩之间的物质传递能力、砂体的厚度及岩相组合控制了储层胶结壳的发育程度。胶结壳对储层质量并非简单的"破坏性成岩作用",早期碳酸盐胶结对储层的抗压实效应以及致密层构成的异常压力系统对储层后期溶蚀孔隙的发育以及油气的充注和保存提供了有利的条件。     

Investigating the spatial pattern of the characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains in Nigeria

The characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains investigated in this study are early, normal and late onset and cessation. The spatial pattern of these parameters were investigating for Nigeria using rainfall and potential evapotranspiration data analyzed for the period between 1959– 1990. Furthermore, 4 major rainfall producing mechanisms that could be responsible for the observed pattern of these parameters in Nigeria were also investigated using the stepwise multiple regression analysis. It was found that Inter-Tropical Discontinuity appeared as the most significant rainfall producing factor for predicting the spatial variation in the characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains in Nigeria. This finding corroborates the zonal (north-south) pattern evident in the spatial distribution of the early, normal and late onset and cessation of the rains in the country. However, it was found that the combination of ITD and disturbance line together proved significant for explaining the spatial variation in the characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains in Nigeria. Consequently, a south-northeast trend in the spatial pattern of each of early, normal and late onset and cessation of the rains is evident for the country. The combination of the 3 factors-ITD, disturbance line and relief were found to be significant for predicting the late onset and early cessation of the rains. However, the contribution due to relief factor is extremely low. It is observed that the occurrence of onset and cessation of the rains in Nigeria is generally erratic. The study showed further that the probability of the deviation of onset and cessation of the rains from normal is higher in the north than the southern part of the country. The significance of the observations of the study to selection of crops for cultivation and schedule of planting dates have been noted.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

激发极化法在准噶尔盆地含水区测定中的应用

采用激发极化法对准噶尔盆地盆五井区进行了含水区定位研究,通过分析视电阻率单点曲线和视极化率单点曲线,对研究区范围内的地质及地层的含水情况进行初步判断,识别了含水层及水层的顶界埋深;在这一基础上用二维直流电法反演软件对视电阻率资料进行了二维反演,使之更接近地层真电阻率。视极化率剖面图的分析表明盆五井区存在一定的地下水资源,其中P200201、P200202、P200207线所经过的区域的含水性较好。第三系上新统上独山子组（N₂d₂）地层为强含水层,第三系上新统下独山子组（N₂d₁）为弱含水层。盆五井区含水层的特点是高阻含水、低阻不含水,这反映出该区的砂岩沉积较为疏松,地下水的矿化度偏低。推测该研究区地下水的水质较好。