正压模式中大地形作用下的低频波

利用包含大地形和常数纬向基本气流的正压模式方程组,研究了大地形对低频波激发的作用,结果表明：起作用的地形因子主要是地形的最大高度和地形坡度,地形最大高度的作用主要是使Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波趋向低频,而地形坡度的作用主要是对Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的稳定性决定作用。同时,适当地形坡度也可导致低频波的形成。     

青藏高原大地形作用下的Rossby波

在对青藏高原大地形的动力和热力作用物理分析的基础上,着重分析了青藏高原地形坡度和非绝热和非绝热加热对二维Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的影响。研究指出：高原地开坡度对Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的作用与Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ参数的作用相当,而且其相速度和群速度之间存在一个圆的关系：（ｃｇｘ－ｃｘ）＾２＋ｃｇｙ＾２＝Ｒ＾２;高原加热作用与水平辐合作用相当。地形坡度和非绝热加热都有使二维Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波向低频发展的的趋向。     

简单海气耦合的线性和非线性Rossby波

采用忽略Ｒｅｙｌｅｉｇｈ摩擦和Ｎｏｗｔｏｎ冷却的定常，线性大气模式和地转动量近似下的非线性海洋模式。这里包含了大气通过线性风应力影响海洋，海洋通过加热过程影响大气的物理机制。用相平面理论讨论了海气耦合作用对简单耦合线Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和非线性Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的影响。     

论陆架波系动力学及其在厄尔尼诺信号传播中的作用

文中讨论了陆架波系和赤道波系在动力学上的相似性，和赤道波系一样，陆架波系也由惯性重力波、Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波、Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ（长、短）波和有条件的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ－重力混合波组成。指出，当　海洋三边存在陆架而一边为赤道时（如北太平洋），则陆架波系和赤道波系中的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，　将以逆时针方向携带信号绕海盆一周，而两个波系中的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ长波，将以顺时针方向绕海盆一周，即通过陆架波和赤道波为海洋中某些信号的传播组织成一个绕海盆的环路。这种物理　过程可望用以解释发生在海洋中的某些长周期现象，如Ｅｌ　Ｎｉ　ｏ现象。文中进一步　讨论了陆架波的各种简化运动。     

相当正压Rossby波和斜压Rossby波相互转换的分析

利用由两层准地转模式简化的低谱模式，得知相当正压结构Ｒｒｏｓｓｂｙ波为平衡态，讨论了具有相当正压结构的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波存在所需条件；并以定常Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波（相当正压结构）为基态，导出反映高低层Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波位相变化的振荡方程，指出高低层位相差的变化与垂直切交流的扰动、平均层上流函数和热成风流函数波动部分振幅扰动（Ａ’和Ｂ’）的关系，说明相当正压结构和斜医结构的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波是相互转换的。     

中国西部积雪的2—3周振荡及其对大气环流异常的影响

本文能过对美国宇航局Ｎｉｍｂｕｓ－７卫星观测的１９７９－１９８６年中国西部积雪资料的分析发现，２－３周的低频振荡现象普遍存在并与大气环流异常密切相关；大气环流对半年积雪２－３周的低频振荡有着明显的线性响应；冬半年积雪的这种低频振荡能激发出北半球５００ｈＰａ高度场准定常Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波，并通过二维的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波能量频散而影响到北美。     

简单的热海气耦合波──Kelvin波和Rossby波的综合作用

在本文中，考虑到对于研究ＥＮＳＯ事件中的某些现象，人们更感兴趣的是大尺度低频运动的物理性质。为此，本文中引进长波低频近似，这时纬圈运动基本上满足地转平衡。分析表明，对赤道偶对称运动，当经圈结构函数（抛物线柱函数）取ｎ＝０，２时，海气耦合系统中的自由波分别为大气和海洋中的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波和Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波。它们经相互作用后，可以激发出不稳定的海气耦合波。根据海气相互作用强度（αγ）和ε（＝ｃｓ／ｃａ。ｃｓ，ｃａ分别为海洋和大气中的重力波波速）的大小，可以把不稳定区分成三个部分。在ε＜０．１６的强海气相互作用区，不稳定的耦合波，在短波波段是向东传播的，在长波波段则转为向西传播。在ε＞０．１６的弱海气相互作用区中，在长波波段的不稳定耦合波是向东传播的。另外，在ε＞０．１６的强相互作用区中，不稳定耦合波的物理性质较为特殊。在短波波段存在一支向东传播的不稳定波，但由于增长率太大，可以预测波将很快破碎而变成大尺度湍流运动。在长波波段虽然也存在一支频率很高的不稳定波，但其物理性质很难从自由模的比较中追踪出来。文中对由大气和海洋Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波经相互作用后的对赤道奇对称耦合波也作了讨论。     

切变基流中赤道Rossby包络孤立波(英文)

利用一个简单的赤道β平面浅水模式和多尺度摄动法，从描写赤道Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的正压大气位涡度方程中推导出在切变基本维向流中赤道Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包演变所满足的非线性Ｓｃｈｒｏｄｉｎｇｅｒ方程，并得到其单个包络孤立波子波解，并分析基本流切变对非线性赤道Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ孤立子的影响。     

热带大气的CISK-Rossby波和30-50天振荡

利用斜压准地转滤波方法，通过引入一个反映ＣＩＳＫ机制的无量纲凝结潜热参数η（Ｚ），建立了描述热带大气的ＣＩＳＫ－Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波模式，并求得了该模式的解析解。理论研究表明，考虑ＣＩＳＫ机制的ＣＩＳＫ－Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波与经典的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波有明显差别，它可较好地解释热带大气３０—５０ｄ振荡现象。     

地形对热带大气超长尺度Rossby波动的影响

应用赤道β平面近似，建立一个简单的正压大气半地转浅水线性模式，在连续方程中引入地形的作用，讨论地形对热带大气超长尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的影响。结果分析表明，起伏不平的于形动力抬升作用导致热带大气超长尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波动不稳定并且影响波动的特性。     

旋转正压大气中的Rossby波射线

本文将缓变介质中波动的传播理论应用于Rossby波。在基流和不同走向地形假设下，计算了Rossby波射线路径及沿射线波数的变化。结果表明大尺度地形对Rossby波射线有显著影响。     

Seasonal Variation of Stationary and Low-Frequency Rossby Wave Rays

The wave rays and their seasonal variation of stationary and low－frequency Rossby waves are studied by using the Runge-Kutta scheme. The results show that for stationary waves the rays can reach lower latitudes in winter, and are limited in higher latitudes in summer. The main differences between the stationary and low-frequency wave rays are that low-frequency waves can propagate across the equator and the easterlies will not be an obstacle on their propagation. It explained to some extent the interaction of disturbances between the Northern and Southern Hemi-spheres. The lower wave frequencies and the stronger easterly flow are, the more difficult low-frequency waves will be to propagate across the equator. The waves with 20-day period are easier to propagate across the equator than that with 50-day period. The winter is the most favorable season for low-frequency waves to propagate into another hem-isphere.     

THE EFFECTS OF THE PLATEAU'S TOPOGRAPHIC GRADIENT ON ROSSBY WAVES AND ITS NUMERICAL SIMULATION

By using barotropic model equations, this article analyzed the characteristics of Rossby waves, the propagation features of wave energy and the influence of dynamic and thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau on Rossby waves, and the focus is on discussing the plateau's topographic gradient effects on atmospheric Rossby waves. Then based on the WRF3.2 and the NCEP/NCAR FNL reanalysis data, we devised comparative tests of changing the plateau's topographic gradient and simulated a process of persistent heavy rain that happened in May 2010 in South China. The results are shown as follows. The Tibetan Plateau’s topography is conducive to the formation of atmospheric Rossby waves. while the plateau's terrain, its friction and heating effects can all make the atmospheric Rossby waves develop into the planetary waves; The effects of plateau's north and south slopes on the Rossby wave’ phase velocity is opposite, and when the slope reached a certain value can the quasi-steady normal fluctuations be generated; Simultaneously, due to the plateau's topographic gradient, descending motion appears at the west side of the plateau while ascending motion appears at the east side, and the vertical movement increased with the amplification of topographic gradients. The plateau's topographic gradient also obviously amplified the precipitation in South China, and the rainfall area increased with the amplification of topographic gradients and gradually moved from south to north and from west to east, which is conducive to the occurrence and development of convective activities in the downstream areas of the Tibetan Plateau; Moreover, for the plateau’s dynamic and thermal effects, the Rossby wave’ propagation shows upstream effects of energy dispersion, so the plateau can then affect the weather in downstream areas. Moreover, the wave group velocity increased with the degree of topographic slope.     

INSTABILITY OF THE OCEANIC WAVES IN THE TROPICAL REGION

In this paper,the effects of the large-scale mean sea temperature fields of the tropical ocean and the zonal current field (southern equatorial current) have been comprehensively entered in consideration on the basis of Chao and Ji (1985),and Ji and Chao (1986),the equatorial oceanic waves of the tropical ocean have been discussed by use of linearized primitive equations,then,the significant influence of the climatic background fields of the tropical ocean upon the oceanic waves of this region has been further testified.When very cold water appears in the tropical region,and the southern equatorial current is also relatively strong,the effect of the Rossby wave weakens,as a consequence,there are substitutive slow waves (i.e.thermal waves) which travel in opposite direction (eastward) to the Rossby wave.The characteristics of the slow wave are similar to those of Rossby waves,only the travelling direction is opposite.Under a certain environmental background field,the slow wave and the modified Rossby wave may be instable.With this conclusion,the mechanism of the occurrence,development and propagation of El Nino events has been studied.It is pointed out that the opposite travelling direction of the thermal wave and Rossby wave will bring repectively into action under different marine environmental background fields.The physical causes for that the abnormal warm water inclines to occur along the South American coast have also been explored in this paper.     

THE LARGE-SCALE TOPOGRAPHY AND THE STABILITY OF ROSSBY WAVE IN THE BAROTROPIC ATMOSPHERE

The effects of the large-scale topography on the stability of Rossby wave are discussed by usingthe method of the multiple scale analysis. The results show that the influences of the topographywith north-south or west-east slopes on Rossby wave and energy propagation are different.     

大气动力学中三种Rossby波作用通量的特征差异和适用性比较

大气动力学诊断Rossby波的传播时,通常用波作用通量来表示。常用的三种波作用通量分别为Plumb波作用通量,T-N波作用通量和局地E-P通量。本文详细讨论了这三种方法的特征差异,并结合2016年1月的一次寒潮事件,比较了三种方法在该事件中的适用性。结果表明:1)Plumb波作用通量的纬向分量较大而经向分量较小,适用于振幅较小的纬向均匀的西风带Rossby长波的诊断。2)T-N波作用通量是对Plumb波作用通量的改进,经向分量得以增强,能更好地描述纬向非均匀气流中的较大振幅的西风带Rossby长波扰动。T-N波作用通量计算时,背景场取多年平均的当月气候场较合适,能更好地反映当前季节内的Rossby波传播异常。3)局地E-P通量可以诊断一段时间内天气尺度瞬变波对背景场(定常波)总的调控作用,但无法直接反映Rossby长波的逐时演变(T-N波或Plumb波作用通量则可以)。     

Rossby wave propagation in a barotropic atmosphere

The ideas of ray tracing from geometrical optics and wave propagation in a slowly varying medium are applied to Rossby waves propagating in a barotropic atmosphere.The propagation of low-frequency Rossby waves in a zonally symmetric basic state is compared with that for stationary waves presented by Hoskins and Karoly (1981). These ideas are then used to study the propagation of Rossby waves in a basic state with zonally varying middle latitude or low latitude jets. Conditions which allow cross-equatorial wave propagation are presented. For a zonally varying middle latitude jet, there is weak wave convergence in regions of decreasing jet speed, However, this is not sufficient to explain the enhanced wave amplitude found in numerical-model experiments using a zonally varying basic state.     

正压准地转模式中大地形作用下的低频波

利用包含大地形和常速纬向基本气流的正压准地转位涡度方程,研究了大地形对低频波激发的作用,结果表明,起作用的地形因子主要是地形的最大高度和地形坡度。地形最大高度的作用主要是使Rossby波趋向低频,而地形坡度的作用主要是对Rossby波的稳定性起决定作用,同时适当的地形坡度也可导致低频波的形成。而常速纬向基流在总体上的作用是使波动变得趋向低频,且西风基流更有利于低频（30～60天）波的形成。从纬向波数上看,纬向3波以上的波动更容易出现低频（30～60天）。     

Vortex Rossby Waves in Asymmetric Basic Flow of Typhoons

Wave ray theory is employed to study features of propagation pathways(rays) of vortex Rossby waves in typhoons with asymmetric basic flow, where the tangential asymmetric basic flow is constructed by superimposing the wavenumber-1 perturbation flow on the symmetric basic flow, and the radial basic flow is derived from the non-divergence equation. Results show that, in a certain distance, the influences of the asymmetry in the basic flow on group velocities and slopes of rays of vortex Rossby waves are mainly concentrated near the radius of maximum wind(RMW), whereas it decreases outside the RMW. The distributions of radial and tangential group velocities of the vortex Rossby waves in the asymmetric basic flow are closely related to the azimuth location of the maximum speed of the asymmetric basic flow, and the importance of radial and tangential basic flow on the group velocities would change with radius. In addition, the stronger asymmetry in the basic flow always corresponds to faster outward energy propagation of vortex Rossby waves. In short, the group velocities, and thereby the wave energy propagation and vortex Rossby wave ray slope in typhoons, would be changed by the asymmetry of the basic flow.