海洋环境中的金属赋存形态及生物可利用性研究现状

自20世纪70年代人们就认识到,环境中重金属的浓度常常不能反映其生物可利用性和毒性,这些性质不仅取决于它们在环境中的浓度,而且还与其形态有关[1].在海水的溶解态金属中,通常认为自由水合离子对浮游植物具有较高的生物可利用性和毒性,而无机络合物和有机络合物的生物可利用性很小[2～4].在沉积物中,普遍认为可交换态的重金属最易被生物所利用,毒性最强,铁锰氧化物态可在还原条件下释放,而残渣态的重金属与沉积物的结合最牢固,活性最小,因而毒性最小[5].同种金属的不同赋存形态有着不同的生物可利用性,也就是说金属总的含量中只有一部分是具有生物可利用性的.因此在评价海洋环境中重金属的污染情况和制定相关标准时,必须考虑到重金属的赋存形态对生物可利用性和毒性的影响,以便更好的保护和管理海洋环境.海洋中的有机物质是痕量金属的重要配位体,这些金属-有机配位体影响着大部分生物可利用金属的化学形态[6].因此,作者在综述了海洋环境中重金属的赋存形态及生物可利用性的基础上,还详细讨论了有机物对海洋环境中重金属的赋存形态及生物可利用性的影响.     

天然水环境中的溶解有机物及其光化学降解对重金属生物可利用性的影响

溶解有机物(DOM)在控制水生生态系统的化学、生物和物理特性中起着重要的作用.DOM不仅能够结合黏土颗粒,而且也能结合对环境和生物有重要影响的Hg,Cu,Pb,Cd,Ni等重金属和有机污染物,从而改变这些物质的迁移、生物可利用性和毒性.本文综述了天然水环境中DOM与重金属的相互作用和对其生物可利用性的影响,并对影响DOM光化学降解的因素及其对重金属生物可利用性的影响做了总结.已有的研究表明:DOM的结构、分子量、浓度、重金属种类、水环境条件等均会影响到DOM与重金属污染物的相互作用;光化学降解会显著改变DOM与重金属的相互作用,从而使其生物可利用性发生变化.     

珠江口沉积物有机质特征、来源及其对碳存储的意义

河口沉积物作为承接陆海过程的重要载体, 是有机质赋存的主要形式之一。本文研究了珠江口沉积物总有机碳、总氮含量和沉积物可溶性有机物三维荧光特征, 以及其在口内区、混合区和口外区空间差异和影响因素, 并结合碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C)估算了珠江口各区域沉积物中不同来源有机质的贡献。结果显示: (1)沉积物总有机碳和总氮含量空间变化相似, 口内区和混合区域沉积有机质含量显著高于口外区; 主成分分析发现, 口内区沉积有机质含量主要受径流输入的影响, 口外区主要受Fe³⁺的影响; (2)MixSIAR稳定同位素混合模型结果显示, 口内区和混合区沉积有机质以陆源为主, 口外区则以海源为主; (3)珠江口沉积物新生有机质较多, 可快速被利用, 总体上不利于有机碳存储; 而陆源输入导致口内区和混合区沉积有机质腐殖化程度较高, 有机碳可存储性相对较高, 口外受海源有机质和铁氧化物—有机质复合体的影响, 有机碳可存储性相对较低。本研究可为深入认知河口区沉积有机质的生物地球化学过程及有机碳存储提供参考。     

海洋沉积有机物质的降解及其模式

作为长期碳汇,海洋沉积物中埋藏的大量有机碳对全球碳循环和气候变化有重要影响。有机碳从海洋输出到沉积物中后,在沉积物中还要经历有氧降解和无氧降解。有机物降解是一个十分复杂的过程,影响这一过程的因素有很多,包括有机物本身的分子结构和组成种类;氧化还原状态;有机物所附着的基质;温度、压力、盐度等物理环境因素以及生物因素。研究沉积有机碳的含量及埋藏量变化首先需要校正降解对沉积有机碳含量的影响。降解模式是定量估算降解对沉积有机碳的影响的一个主要手段。在前人的研究基础上,讨论了影响沉积有机碳降解的因素,对降解模式的研究进展和应用进行了综述,提出了未来降解模式的发展中存在的问题。     

近20年台风事件对黄渤海颗粒有机碳季节性的影响

边缘海初级生产力普遍较高,有机碳在沉积物中的埋藏高达全球的80%。黄渤海是位于我国东部的一个半封闭的温带陆架边缘海,在近20年中,黄渤海经历的台风事件频率不断增大,对碳循环关键过程发生多重影响。文章利用多组卫星及再分析资料,围绕2003~2020年期间夏季台风过境对黄渤海关键环境变量的影响,分析生物和非生物过程对不同海域水体中颗粒有机碳的贡献。结果表明,夏季台风过境一次、两次对黄渤海叶绿素的影响没有明显差异,叶绿素浓度增加主要在渤海西南部和南黄海约50%的海域。总体上看,台风过境对渤海、北黄海大部分海域水体中颗粒有机碳影响不大,但两次台风过境引起了南黄海约80%的离岸海域颗粒有机碳浓度的显著增加。南黄海中部海域水体中颗粒有机碳与叶绿素的比值在台风过后明显降低,表明该海域颗粒有机碳浓度的提高主要是由生物固碳过程的增强引起。台风过境加剧了黄海与渤海、近岸与离岸的水流交换,此过程增强了高营养盐和有机物水向南黄海尤其是中部海域的输送,因而提高了南黄海大部分海域颗粒有机碳浓度。除了光合作用等生物过程及水流交换对颗粒有机碳有影响外,黄渤海水体中颗粒有机碳浓度还受到沉积物再悬浮、陆源有机碳输入等过程的影响。台风过境可以加剧沉积物再悬浮和陆源有机物的输入,进一步提高黄渤海近岸及离岸海域颗粒有机碳的浓度。     

海洋底栖动物的环境修复作用

底栖动物的生物沉降作用能够促进悬浮颗粒物的沉降过程以及海水-沉积物界面间的营养盐交换,因此可以净化水体中的悬浮物、溶解性有机碳和营养盐等;底栖动物的生物扰动作用可以改变沉积物的物理化学性质,影响水层-沉积层的物质交换和能量传递,因此通过影响沉积物的氧化还原条件、菌群结构以及污染物的降解特性来促进污染物的降解转化过程;同时,底栖动物的摄食及消化过程可以提高污染物的生物可利用性以及外源酶的生物转化,从而对海洋环境修复产生促进作用。     

中国近海表层沉积物中氨基酸组成特征及生物地球化学意义

氨基酸是大多数生物体有机氮和有机碳的主要组分,也是近代沿海海洋沉积物有机质的重要组成部分[1]。海洋中生物残骸蛋白质在细胞破裂后,由微生物分泌的胞外酶和生物细胞残留的蛋白酶能将蛋白质水解成氨基酸,部分氨基酸被微生物作为营养物质吸收利用[2],残余蛋白质和氨基酸经过沉降作用进入沉积物,经历生物作用及成岩改造过程,以蛋白质、肽和水解氨基酸等地质聚合物形式存在,大部分与海洋沉积物结合紧密,少数以游离态存在[3]。因此,相对于常量的碳、氮化合物来说氨基酸通常不稳定,是水体颗粒物和沉积物中有机碳、氮循环的主要物质,也是次级生产者的主要营养物质[1]。     

南沙珊瑚礁生态系的碳循环

99-4航次对南沙珊瑚礁区进行了考察，利用现场投放沉积物捕捉器采集沉降颗粒物样品，从生物与非生物体系两个侧面对南沙珊瑚礁生态系的碳循环作了深入的研究。结果表明，无机碳是珊瑚礁生态系中各种样品碳的主要存在形式，总碳的收支主要受到溶解平衡与钙化作用的控制。有机碳在珊瑚礁泻湖中具有很高的循环效率，泻湖中垂直转移的颗粒有机碳有93％以上在进入沉积物之前被释放，其中生物碎屑的颗粒有机碳释放率约为99％。珊瑚礁植物尤其是与珊瑚共生的虫黄藻等的光合作用以及珊瑚礁的拟流网模型、休渔模型分别代表了构成珊瑚礁有机碳循环的两个主要方面，即：高效循环和稳定补充。因而珊瑚礁保护应当重点保护珊瑚礁水环境和生物多样性资源。     

渤海颗粒有机碳与生物硅的分布及来源

海洋碳、硅循环及其相关联的生物地球化学过程是全球环境变化的热点问题,也是海洋科学关心的重要领域。利用2012年5月和11月份对渤海海域的调查结果,对该海域颗粒有机碳和生物硅的分布特征及来源进行了讨论。主要结论为:渤海有机碳以溶解有机碳为主,具有春季高和秋季低的特征;由陆地来源和海洋自生的有机碳组成,且以海洋来源的有机碳为主。渤海生物硅分布具有明显的梯度特征,河流输入同样对其含量的影响较为突出。渤海沉积物中生物硅含量较高,明显高于中国东部陆架海。渤海表层沉积物中生物硅主要是海源的,依次由浮游藻类、植硅体和海绵骨针所构成,其中浮游藻类占62.9%,陆源植硅体占31.1%。渤海沉积物发现了来自于草本植物的植硅体,这说明了陆地产生的植硅体对海洋生物硅的贡献。     

黄河下游-河口-邻近海域表层沉积物中木质素的特征及其示踪意义

河流输入的陆源有机碳在河口和陆架区的生物地球化学过程是全球碳循环的重要环节,对陆源有机质的输入量的估算是研究陆架区的生物地球化学过程的基础。黄河输沙量极大,为探究其携带的陆源有机质对陆架边缘海有机碳库的影响,以黄河河口及邻近渤海海域为研究对象,分析了表层沉积物中的木质素,结合总有机碳含量、总氮含量和有机碳稳定同位素评估了表层沉积物中有机碳的组成、来源和分布。8种木质素酚单体中,紫丁香基酚类(S)与香草基酚类(V)的含量比值S/V(0.63±0.31)和肉桂基酚类(C)与香草基酚类含量比值C/V(0.25±0.15),反映出研究区陆源有机碳主要来自草本被子植物。V系列中木质素酸(Ad)与木质素醛(Al)的比值(Ad/Al)V较高(0.53±0.14),表明陆源有机质的降解程度较高。利用稳定碳同位素比值δ13C和木质素含量Λ8相结合的土壤有机质-陆生维管植物-水生有机质三端元模型对陆源有机物的贡献的分析结果显示,土壤有机质、陆源维管植物和水生有机质的平均贡献分别为59.9%±15.0%、7.3%±7.0%、32.8%±11.8%。土壤在陆源有机质中的贡献占有绝对优势,可能与该区域沉积物的主要源区——黄土高原植被覆盖率低、土壤侵蚀严重有关。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.