高温熔融研制安山岩玻璃标准物质初探

地质标准玻璃物质在激光剥蚀等离子体质谱技术应用中发挥着重要的作用,目前国内对于地质标准玻璃物质合成方法研究还较少,一定程度上限制了该技术的高精度应用。本文对国家一级安山岩粉末标准物质(GSR-2)采用高温熔融法合成安山岩玻璃标准物质(GSR-2G),探讨了熔融温度、时间、淬火方式对安山岩玻璃均一性的影响。实验确定了在熔融温度1300℃、熔融时间4 h的最佳条件下,采用液氮淬火合成的安山岩玻璃标准物质GSR-2G均一性较好,可作为微区分析的内部标准物质。利用193 nm ArF准分子激光剥蚀-四极杆等离子体质谱(LA-Q-ICPMS)分析合成的GSR-2G中35个微量元素和10个主量元素,精密度(RSD)均优于10%。GSR-2G的7Li～238U共35个微量元素,化学法分析测定值与LA-Q-ICPMS测定值的相对偏差优于10%;23Na～56Fe共10个主量元素,电子探针分析测定值与LA-Q-ICPMS测定值一致。利用LA-Q-ICPMS法分析GSR-2G中40个元素,获得的平均测定值可作为初步参考值。     

ODP 1144站钻孔沉积物中微玻璃陨石的元素地球化学特征

利用电子探针和激光探针等离子体质谱方法分析了取自南海北部的ODP1144钻孔沉积物中的微玻璃陨石和取自邻近的广东省湛江和吴川玻璃陨石的主元素和微量元素组成。结果显示，这些微玻璃陨石属于亚洲-澳大利亚散落区的普通微玻璃陨石。从成分上看，这些微玻璃陨石存在两种不同的类型，其中的绝大部分Al2O3含量在19.0%以上，属于高Al类型，相应的难熔微量元素含量也比较高；个别微玻璃陨石Al2O3含量（13.0%)和难熔微量元素含量较低，微量元素含量和特征比值都与邻近的广东省湛江和吴川的玻璃陨石相近。元素地球化学特征意味着，这些微玻璃陨石来源于同一靶源区，但靶区的物质组成并不均一。     

高温熔融研制钾长石玻璃标准物质初探

激光剥蚀多接收等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)是进行原位微区分析微量元素和同位素的重要技术之一,标准样品与样品之间的基体匹配是解决影响该技术准确分析的基体效应和分馏效应的首选方案。长石(特别是长石微区)的Pb同位素组成是示踪岩石形成和演化历史的重要途径,而LA-MC-ICPMS技术则是进行长石Pb同位素原位微区分析的关键技术,然而目前国内外尚没有合适的长石Pb同位素分析标准。文章研究探讨了利用高温炉进行原位微区分析钾长石中Pb同位素组成所用外部标准物质合成条件,结果表明,常规的74μm(200目)碎样无法得到均一的钾长石玻璃,需要将初始钾长石粉末研磨至1300目以下;高温炉合成温度为1680℃;熔融时间为2 h;采用液氮方式淬火。制成的钾长石玻璃除表面具有轻微的不均一性外,内部的Pb同位素比值为1.90779±0.00009(208Pb/206Pb,2s),0.75899±0.00004(207Pb/206Pb,2s),20.909±0.002(206Pb/204Pb,2s),15.871±0.002(207 Pb/204 Pb,2s)和39.888±0.005(208 Pb/204 Pb,2s),相应的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.007%、0.008%、0.016%、0.016%和0.021%。表明利用本研究方法合成的钾长石玻璃可作为潜在的钾长石中Pb同位素组成原位微区分析外部校准物质。     

LA-ICP-MS微区原位准确分析含水硅酸盐矿物主量和微量元素

通过描述一种利用LA-ICP-MS准确测定含水硅酸盐矿物主量元素和微量元素含量的多外标、无内标分析方法.总结出该方法基于矿物化学计量式计算含水硅酸盐矿物中挥发分的相对含量,再将全部分析元素归一化到总金属氧化物含量(100%减含水量)的原理,利用多种天然成分的岩石标准玻璃(如MPI-DING玻璃和USGS玻璃)作为外标进行校正计算.利用该方法对角闪石、绿帘石、电气石和透闪石等含水硅酸盐矿物进行了分析,并与利用电子探针和微钻(直径300 μm)取样溶液-ICP-MS分析的结果进行了对比研究.研究结果表明:对于组成均一的主量元素的分析结果与电子探针分析数据一致,相对偏差集中在5%以内.除了那些分布异常不均一的元素(在300 μm尺度上),对微量元素的分析结果与溶液-ICP-MS分析结果具有很好的一致性,二者之间的相对偏差大部分集中在10%以内.研究结论为采用归一化校正策略,选择MPI-DING和USGS玻璃作为外标,利用LA-ICP-MS微区分析方法可以准确测定含水硅酸盐矿物中的主、微量元素含量.      

X射线荧光光谱法测定高锶高钡的硅酸盐样品中主量元素

用百分总和检查硅酸盐岩石全分析数据的质量是分析工作者的传统做法,但对于微量元素含量较高的样品,采用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)进行测定,如果不考虑微量元素的含量及其对主量元素基体效应的影响,往往会使主量元素含量更加偏离真实值。本文针对Sr、Ba含量较高的硅酸盐样品,通过人工配制标准样品,扩大了Sr、Ba校准曲线的定量范围,主量元素校准中加入Sr、Ba的基体校正系数,达到了主量元素定量更加准确可靠的实际效果。采用此方法分析国家标准物质,各主量元素的精密度(RSD)均小于2%;分析不参加回归的标准物质和人工配制的标准样品,主量元素的测量值与标准值(或参考值)基本一致。该方法可以满足硅酸盐的测定要求,主量元素各项结果的加和能够达到《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》的一级标准(99.3%～100.7%)。     

锍镍试金技术制备含铂族元素硫化物微区分析标准样品的可行性

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)适合于直接分析硫化物矿物中痕量元素的含量及空间分布,但硫化物矿物的激光剥蚀特性与硅酸盐及氧化物不同,受到的干扰也更严重,且由于硫化物标准物质(尤其是含铂族元素、Au、Ag等贵金属元素标准物质)极度缺乏,限制了LA-ICP-MS技术在硫化物微区分析中的广泛应用。本文以贵金属标准样品GPT-9和矿石标准物质为原料合成锍镍试金扣,并封入真空管中重熔,利用背散射电子图像和LA-ICP-MS分析元素分布的均匀性,探讨真空重熔锍镍试金扣制备硫化物原位微区分析标准样品的可行性。背散射电子图像(BSE)显示真空重熔后锍镍试金扣由单相S、Ni化合物组成。LA-ICP-MS线扫描和点扫描分析表明,锍镍试金扣中S、Ni、Cr、Co、Cu、Pb、Sb、Cd、Bi等主量及微量元素分析精密度(RSD)均小于10%,均匀分布;在镍扣制备过程中Zn相对于Cu、Pb、Sb更难进入硫化物相;贵金属元素Au、Ag、Pt均一性较好,其余贵金属元素由于含量低、仪器波动及质谱干扰等影响因素造成分析数据的RSD相对较大,但可通过提高原料中贵金属元素含量、降低熔融样品淬火温度等方法进一步提高其均匀性。锍镍试金扣的组成元素对铂族元素分析的质谱干扰研究表明,重铂族元素(Os、Ir、Pt)和Au受到的干扰可忽略不计;轻铂族元素(Ru、Rh、Pd)受金属氩化物干扰较为严重,需进行干扰校正。研究认为,真空重熔技术可有效提高锍镍试金扣中各元素(包括贵金属)的均一性,达到硫化物原位微区分析标准样品的要求,利用真空重熔锍镍试金扣制备LA-ICP-MS原位微区痕量及贵金属硫化物分析标准样品具可行性。     

等离子体质谱法测定玄武岩中微量元素三种样品预处理方法的比较

在测定玄武岩的微量元素时,为了保证得到的微量元素结果反映源区特征,需经预处理去除玄武岩的孔洞中充填的碳酸盐等物质。选取雷州半岛新生代玄武岩三个样品,每一个样品用三种预处理方法进行预处理,等离子体质谱法测定其中的微量元素。分析结果表明,用稀硝酸浸泡样品,会导致玄武岩中大多数微量元素严重丢失,得到的数据失真;而用稀盐酸浸泡去除碳酸盐的方法基本不改变玄武岩中微量元素的含量。     

非破坏性开放式激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法原位测定大尺寸陶瓷样品主微量元素组成

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS)通常采用体积固定的封闭剥蚀池,大尺寸样品要经过切割或破碎,能够放入剥蚀池后才可以再进行LA-ICP-MS分析,因此,这种常规密闭式LA-ICP-MS难以应用于无法破碎的珍稀大尺寸样品分析.为实现大尺寸样品的非破坏性微区原位主微量元素分析,本文基于自行设计的开放式样品采...     

橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜方辉石锂、氧同位素原位微区分析标准物质及其微量元素特征

随着分析技术的发展,锂、氧同位素原位微区分析已成为地球科学研究的重要发展方向。本文介绍了可同时作为锂、氧同位素原位微区分析标准物质的橄榄石(Mg~#=896～942)、单斜辉石(Mg~#=90～919)和斜方辉石(Mg~#=901～921)的化学组成并对其微量元素进行了报道。三种标准物质的主量成分均一,在其Mg#值范围内,SIMS氧同位素分析基体效应均不显著,而橄榄石的Mg#值对SIMS锂同位素分析基体效应为1‰。橄榄石标准物质Ni、Co和Zn含量较高,约为原始地幔值的1～15倍;大离子亲石元素和稀土元素含量较低。单斜辉石微量元素中除个别元素外,SN-ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS的分析结果误差范围内一致,具有成为原位微区分析标准物质的潜力;在原始地幔标准化配分曲线中,V、Sc、Cr和Ga相对其他过渡族元素显著富集;大离子亲石元素Rb和Ba相对Th和U显著亏损,轻稀土相对重稀土元素略富集。斜方辉石过渡族元素Cr、V和Sc接近原始地幔值,大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素含量较低,在不同仪器分析中误差较大。     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱测定岩石样品中稀土元素

以NIST612玻璃标准为外标校正物质, 采用42Ca为内标校正灵敏度漂移、基体效应、剥蚀效率及进样量的变化.将LSX-2 0 0激光剥蚀进样系统与POEMSIII电感耦合等离子体质谱仪联用, 对国际标准物质BCR-2 (玄武岩) 及国内标准物质GSR-11 (花岗岩) 玻璃熔饼进行了稀土元素的测定, 建立了LA -ICP -MS整体分析岩石样品中稀土元素的方法.结果表明, 绝大多数稀土元素准确度优于15 %, 测定精度(RSD) 小于10 %.稀土元素的检出限(LOD) 在21.4×10-9~23 1.6×10-9之间, 样品分析速度为2 0样品/h.在Excel软件下用VBA语言编制宏, 实现了脱机数据处理的自动化, 极大提高了工作效率.      

Preparation of a Synthetic Titanite Glass Calibration Material for In Situ Microanalysis by Direct Fusion in Graphite Electrodes: A Preliminary Characterisation by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS

This paper describes a technique for the preparation of a titanite (CaTiSiO₅) glass calibration material for use in in situ microanalysis of major, minor, and trace elements in geological materials. The starting composition was a titanite matrix doped with minor and trace elements at ∼ 200 μg g^-1. The elements Sc, Y, REEs, Th and U were added in the form of nitrates in solution, and the elements V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zr, Nb, Hf and W were added as solid oxides. The synthetic titanite glass was produced by direct fusion by resistance heating in graphite electrodes at 1600-1700 °C, and quenched in air. Backscattered electron images indicate good homogeneity, with no signs of separate phases or vesicles, and analysis of the major elements Ca, Ti and Si by electron microprobe showed relative standard deviations between 0.5 and 0.7%, based on six independent measurements. Deviations from nominal concentrations for Ca, Si and Ti were measured to -1.2, -3.3 and -0.8%, respectively. The homogeneity of the trace elements in the glass was assessed by LA-ICP-MS analyses, using NIST SRM 610, 612 and 616 as external calibrators, and Ca as the internal standard element. Determinations were made both with a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a sector field instrument, and both raster and spot modes of analysis were used. For the majority of doped elements, precision was better than 10%, and relative deviations from nominal values were, with few exceptions, between 5 and 10%.     

Major and Trace Element Composition and Homogeneity of Microbeam Reference Material: Basalt Glass USGS BCR-2G

Major and trace element abundances in two different fragments of reference material basalt glass BCR-2G are reported. The data were obtained by ion and electron microprobe and represent both random point and profile analyses. Major and trace element abundances are constant within a few per mil and a few percent, respectively. This overall homogeneity is valid for scales of a few tens of micrometres to a few tens of centimetres. It is shown that the difference in the scatter of apparent element abundances is not due to chemical heterogeneity but reflects analytical uncertainty. Within error, the concentrations of both the major and lithophile trace elements in BCR-2G appear to be identical to the bulk dry weight abundances in BCR-1. Possible exceptions are the alkali metals.     

地质样品中40个微量、痕量、超痕量元素的ICP-MS分析研究

以基体匹配的混合标准溶液为外标校正溶液, 采用115In - 10 3 Rh双内标校正系统, 通过单个元素Ca, Cr, Ti, Ba, La, Ce, Pr的氧化物、氢氧化物产率的测定, 计算其等效干扰离子浓度, 并进行校正, 从而有效地抑制了分析信号的漂移、基体效应及多原子离子干扰.针对不同岩性的地质样品, 分别采用酸消解、碱熔融样品制备体系, 在POEMSⅢ上建立了等离子体质谱法同时测定微量、痕量、超痕量元素的分析方法.用于国际地质标样AGV - 1 (安山岩), BH VO - 2 (玄武岩), GSR - 3 (玄武岩), DNC - 1 (橄榄岩), RGM - 1 (流纹岩), G - 2 (花岗岩), JG- 2 (花岗岩) 的分析, 结果令人满意.      

Laser Ablation ICP-MS Analysis of Geological Materials Prepared as Lithium Borate Glasses

A simple, rapid and precise method is described for determining trace elements by laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS analysis in bulk geological materials that have been prepared as lithium borate glasses following standard procedures for XRF analysis. This approach reliably achieves complete sample digestion and provides for complementary XRF and LA-ICP-MS analysis of a full suite of major and trace elements from a single sample preparation. Highly precise analysis is enabled by rastering an ArF excimer laser (λ= 193nm) across fused samples to deliver a constant sample yield to the mass spectrometer without inter-element fractionation effects during each analysis. Capabilities of the method are demonstrated by determination of twenty five trace elements (Sc, Ti, V, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, REE, Hf, Ta, Pb, Th and U) in a diverse range of geological reference materials that includes peridotites, basalts, granites, metamorphic rocks and sediments. More than 90% of determinations are indistinguishable from published reference values at the 95% confidence level. Systematic bias greater than 5% is observed for only a handful of elements (Zr, Nb and U) and may be attributed in part to inaccurate calibration values used for the NIST SRM 612 glass in the case of Zr and Nb. Detection limits for several elements, most notably La, are compromised at ultra-trace levels by impurities in the lithium borate flux but can be corrected for by subtracting appropriate procedural blanks. Reliable Pb analysis has proved problematic due to variable degrees of contamination introduced during sample polishing prior to analysis and from Pt-crucibles previously used to fuse Pb-rich samples. Scope exists for extending the method to include internal standard element/isotope spiking, particularly where integrated XRF analysis is not available to characterise major and trace elements in the fused lithium borate glasses prior to LA-ICP-MS analysis.     

主编絮语

自2011年第2期起,我刊推出"主编絮语"这个栏目,目的在于及时表达我刊的办刊思想和办刊动态,推介重点文章,加强与读者、作者和各位编委的信息沟通和交流。正如在本卷卷首语中指出的,文章质量是刊物的生命线。因此,如何提高发表在我刊文章的质量,是本届编委会的第一要务和工作重点。编委会将通过多种途径,从     

岩石标准物质的研制

研制了霓霞正长岩，粗面岩，花岗闪长岩，辉长石，流纹岩及白云岩６种不同类型的岩石标准物质，对用Ｘ射线荧光光谱均匀性检验实际取样量进行了探讨，选择分析测试方法时，除采用了标准方法和长期应用的分析方法外，还采用了近年发展起来的新技术新方法，在定值中应用了多参数统计定值模式，给出了６９个元素的标准值和参考值，该批标准物质于１９９１年１月经国家技术监督局审核批准为国家一级标准物质，编号分别为ＧＢＷ０７１０９     

Determination of Multiple Trace Element Compositions in Thin (> 30 μm) Layers of NIST SRM 614 and 616 Using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

To understand and/or avoid small-scale chemical heterogeneities within geological materials prepared as normal thin sections, in situ multiple trace element determination coupled with the simultaneous microscopic observation of the sample during analysis is preferable. We have examined fifty trace elements in thin (< 30 μm) layers of the NIST SRM 614 and 616 glass reference materials by LA-ICP-MS using different pit diameters and internal standard elements (Ca and Si). Compositional heterogeneities of Tl, Bi, As and Cd were found in NIST SRM 614 and 616 at the spatial resolution of ca. 10 0 μm. Except for these elements, the RSDs of six determinations for most elements were better than 10% in NIST SRM 614 when ablation diameters were < 50 μm. The measured concentrations for most elements in NIST SRM 614 and 616 agree with previous values in the literature at the 95% confidence level with the exception of W and Bi. New LA-ICP-MS data for K, As and Cd are also reported. The results support the view that the latest LA-ICP-MS is a powerful and flexible analytical technique for the determination of multiple ultra-trace element compositions in geological materials prepared as normal thin sections of the type that has been used for polarising optical microscopic observations since the end of the 19th century.     

Simultaneous Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Fused Volcanic Rock Powders Using a Hermetic Vessel Heater and LA‐ICP‐MS

Fused glass prepared without the addition of a flux is generally more homogeneous than a pressed powder pellet and thus ideal for analysis of bulk samples by LA‐ICP‐MS. In this work, a new glass‐making method using a boron nitride crucible was developed to prepare homogenous glass samples from silicate rock powder. The apparatus consisted of a small boron nitride vessel with net volume of about 34 mm³ and two molybdenum strips. Applying the summed metal oxide normalisation technique, both major and trace element contents in the fused glass were measured by LA‐ICP‐MS. Analyses of five geochemical reference materials (spanning the compositional range basalt–andesite–rhyolite) indicated that the measured SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and P₂O₅ contents matched the preferred values to within 5%, and the other major elements generally matched the preferred values to within 8%. Except for the transition metals, the measured trace element contents generally matched the preferred values to within 10%. Compared with the iridium heater method developed by Stoll et al. (2008), element volatilisation during high‐temperature melting was effectively suppressed in our method, but metal segregation caused by reduction of BN may cause loss of Cr, Ni and Cu. Although analysis with a large spot size has the advantage of improving counting statistics, matrix effects induced by mass loading of the ICP may hamper the accurate determination of some elements.