GTP-based integral real-3D spatial model for engineering excavation GIS

Engineering excavation GIS (E^2GIS) is a real-3D GIS serving for geosciences related to geo-engineering, civil engineering and mining engineering based on generalized tri-prism (GTP) model.As two instances of GTP model, G-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface geological bodies, and E-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface engineering excavations. In the light of the discussions on the features and functions of E2 GIS, the modeling principles of G-GTP and E-GTP are introduced. The two models couple together seamlessly to form an integral model for subsurface spatial objects including both geological bodies and excavations. An object-oriented integral real-3D data model and integral spatial topological relations are discussed.     

GTP-based integral real-3D spatial model for engineering excavation GIS

Engineering excavation GIS (E2 GIS) is a real-3D GIS serving for geosciences related to geo-engineering, civil engineering and mining engineering based on generalized tri-prism (GTP) model. As two instances of GTP model, G-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface geological bodies, and E-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface engineering excavations. In the light of the discussions on the features and functions of E2GIS, the modeling principles of G-GTP and E-GTP are introduced. The two models couple together seamlessly to form an integral model for subsurface spatial objects including both geological bodies and excavations. An object-oriented integral real-3D data model and integral spatial topological relations are discussed.     

Evaluating the impact of data quantity, distribution and algorithm selection on the accuracy of 3D subsurface models using synthetic grid models of varying complexity

Testing the accuracy of 3D modelling algorithms used for geological applications is extremely difficult as model results cannot be easily validated. This paper presents a new approach to evaluate the effectiveness of common interpolation algorithms used in 3D subsurface modelling, utilizing four synthetic grids to represent subsurface environments of varying geological complexity. The four grids are modelled with Inverse Distance Weighting and Ordinary Kriging, using data extracted from the synthetic grids in different spatial distribution patterns (regular, random, clustered and sparse), and with different numbers of data points (100, 256, 676 and 1,600). Utilizing synthetic grids for this evaluation allows quantitative statistical assessment of the accuracy of both interpolation algorithms in a variety of sampling conditions. Data distribution proved to be an important factor; as in many geological situations, relatively small numbers of randomly distributed data points can generate more accurate 3D models than larger amounts of clustered data. This study provides insight for optimizing the quantity and distribution of data required to accurately and cost-effectively interpolate subsurface units of varying complexity.     

A Semi-automated GIS Model for Extracting Geological Structural Information from a Spaceborne Thematic Image

This paper presents a semi-automated GIS model for extracting structural information from a spaceborne imaging spectroscopy classification of sedimentary rocks by combining the IS classification with a digital terrain model. The output consists of a database with structural attributes, specifically the dip and strike, of the geological layers. The model was evaluated statistically for its accuracy with promising results, which demonstrate its potential to support field surveys, for geological mapping, for 3D modeling of the subsurface, and for geological spatial analysis.     

基于激光扫描技术的铜尾矿库三维建模及综合应用分析

以安徽铜陵某铜尾矿库为研究对象,从扫描系统选取、外业数据采集、点云数据处理以及成果输出四个方面对铜尾矿库的激光扫描三维建模技术进行了详细分析,构建能够真实反映尾矿库地形起伏条件的三维模型;然后基于建模成果,通过编程和数据格式转换,将点云数据导入数值分析软件,模拟分析了尾矿库在溃坝过后不同时刻的尾矿砂运动演化过程,可为科...     

基于钻孔数据的三维地质建模与可视化研究

三维地质模型能够完整准确地表达复杂地质现象的边界条件及地质体内含的各种地质构造,直观地再现地质单元的空间展布及其相互关系,最大限度地提高地质分析的直观性和准确性,因此三维地质建模已引起地质、采矿、岩土工程等诸多领域的日益重视。笔者在综合考察多种建模方法的基础上,结合工程实践,提出了一种实用的工程地质三维建模实施方法。该方法以钻孔资料和地质剖面数据为三维地质建模的源数据,允许用户手工修正模型剖面地层分界线,从而实现对建模过程的干预和控制,克服了单纯依靠钻孔数据建模结果不精确且难以修正的问题。最后,通过一个研究实例展示了该方法的实际建模效果。     

利用LiDAR/倾斜摄影技术实现三维城市快速建模的方法研究

采用机载LiDAR/倾斜摄影数据进行三维城市建模生产,形成一套适合于规模化生产作业的三维城市快速建模工艺流程。本文力求确定城市三维模型数据生产过程中的数据内容和各项精度指标,探索城市三维模型数据的交换格式与表现形式。     

Expeditious management plan towards digital earth

The breakthrough developments in geospatial technologies and the increasing availability of spatial data make geoinformation a business and a decisional element to the management. Hence, it is important to have a management plan to factor in practical and feasible data sources, in building geo applications. The authors of this paper are motivated by the fact that right data sources could outclass in-house resources in various application scenarios. This paper outlines pragmatic cases for the tangible benefits of the existing potential data and expeditious patterns for digital earth. This work also proposes ‘good-enough’ solutions based on the pragmatic cases, available literature, and the 3D city model developed that could be sufficient in contriving the objectives of the common public usage and open business models. To demonstrate this approach, the paper encapsulated the low-cost development of virtual 3D city model using publicly available cadastral data and web services.     

基于规则库的三维地质自动建模技术研究

利用规则统一三维实体间的语义形式化表达,为建模提供统一的方法。利用三维矢量数据模型的框架,对直钻孔、斜孔、剖面、等值线、断层、褶皱等数据源,分别按规则制定一种数据格式,对多源地质数据进行标准化和信息融合,经过地质面和地质体的快速构建,提出了建立基于规则库的三维矢量数据模型。同时研究了适合各类地质特点的三维模型自动构建方法,包含多源数据耦合层状地质体自动建模技术、基于剖面单元格划分的分区—拼接自动建模技术、多约束下复杂地质结构快速建模技术、空间约束条件下三维地质属性建模技术等。在确保模型精度的前提下,尽量减少人工交互建模的工作量,提高了建模效率。     

面向数字城市建设的三维建模关键技术研究与应用

三维模型数据以其直观性、客观性和真实性等特性,成为数字城市数据库中的重要组成部分。为了解决三维模型数据获取的精准性和高效性等,在建设数字城市过程中,采取多种技术方式实现三维模型的获取。包括采用传统手工三维建模实现三维精细模型的精准性,采用三维激光扫描技术实现三维模型数据的超精细化,以倾斜摄影测量的半自动建模方式实现快速建模等。本文从技术角度全面总结了在建设数字城市过程中三维模型的具体技术途径及应用方式。三维模型数据应用于数字城市的历史文保、教育、经济等多个领域,为智慧城市的建设奠定了坚实的数据基础。     

Utilities of Virtual 3D City Models Based on CityGML: Various Use Cases

Virtual 3D city models are increasingly being used to model the realms of the real world for utilization in a number of applications related to environmental simulations including, urban planning, mapping the energy characteristics of buildings, noise mapping, flood modelling, etc. Apart from geometric and appearance/textural information, these applications have a requirement for complex urban semantics. Currently, a number of 3D standards are available in CAD, BIM and GIS related domains for the storage, visualization and transfer of 3D geospatial datasets. Initially, the 3D data models (such as COLLADA, VRML, X3D, etc.) were purely graphical/geometrical in nature and mainly used for visualization purposes. With the inclusion of thematic modules in OGC CityGML, the integration of geometry and semantics in a single data model paved the way for better sharing of virtual 3D city models. In spite of the availability of a wide range of 3D data standards, there are certain differences with respect to geometry, topology, semantics, LODs, etc., which complicates the integration of 3D geodata from heterogeneous sources. This paper serves to highlights the need for the innovative solutions with respect to the urban environmental related simulations primarily based on the use of virtual 3D city models. Four use cases are studied in this context namely, (1) urban solar potential estimation using CityGML models, (2) simulation of traffic noise level mapped on building walls from the urban road segments, (3) CityGML based 3D data models interoperability, and (4) 3D indoor logistics and subsurface utilities. However, for modelling majority of use cases, CityGML does not provide explicit thematic representations but provides support for extending the CityGML schema using Application Domain Extensions. In a nutshell, the study explores the semantic modelling capabilities of the CityGML for the transformation of native 3D virtual city models to one satisfying capabilities like semantic information and support towards interoperability.     

三维激光点云数据在既有地下人防工程BIM模型重建中的应用

BIM模型的创建是实现BIM技术应用的第一步,常见的基于CAD图纸的BIM模型创建方法存在建模效率低、空间表现不直观的缺点、本丈以某地下人防工程的B1M模型重建为例,结合=维激光扫描技术,详细阐述了基于维激光点云数据的BIM模型重建过程,主要步骤为:①利用FARO Focus3DX330获取海量点云数据;②利用FARO SCENE软件完成点云数据的配准拼接,滤波去噪.贴图输出;③按目标对象几何形状和功能特征的差异,利用Autodesk Revil分别完成线性类、构件连接类、单体目标类点云对象的B1M模型制作.研究表明,利用三维激光扫描技术可以很好地完成BIM模型的重建.而且具有建模精度高、现场还原度好的优势.     

城市3维建模数据质量检查方法

随着数字城市、智慧城市的兴起,城市3维模型作为其数据基础,被越来越多的使用,而其建模数据质量检查也成了关键。本文着重探讨了基于人机交互的建模数据质量的检查方法,为数字城市的3维模型质量检查提供参考。     

三维城市精细建模的常见问题及解决方案探讨

利用可视化三维地理信息平台Skyline结合三维造型软件3D MAX进行虚拟三维城市精细建模是近年来新兴的一种技术,但其数据在衔接上普遍存在一些问题.本文通过对从建模到集成全过程的细致分析,提出其常见问题及解决方案     

基于无人机影像的建筑物实景三维建模方法

阐述了当前建筑物三维建模的发展现状,探讨了一种无人机(UAV)倾斜影像和全球定位与惯性导航系统(POS)数据相结合构建建筑物实景三维模型的方法.通过POS辅助空中三角测量、数字表面模型构建、实景三维模型生成及三维建模精细化修正等步骤保证了实景三维模型建模质量和效果.试验结果表明:构建的实景三维模型精度较高,纹理清晰几何变形小.      

基于三维激光扫描的校园建筑物三维建模研究

"数字校园"建设是科技发展的必然趋势,为加快这一进程,本次研究将地面三维激光扫描技术应用到大学校园。本文以Z+F IM AGER 5010c地面三维激光扫描仪采集到的吉林建筑大学基础实验楼数据为基础,运用3ds max、Auto CAD、Point Cloud等建模软件建立三维模型。同时将依据点云数据建立的实体模型与实际测量数据进行对比和精度分析,验证了地面三维激光扫描仪在建筑物三维模型建立中的精度和可靠性。     

3D GIS技术研究发展综述

回顾了3DGIS的发展进程,从三维空间数据获取,三维数据模型,三维空间数据管理和分析以及三维可视化技术4个方面综述了3DGIS技术的发展。探讨了目前研究3DGIS的4个热点问题:①数据源集成快速获取数据的方法;②不同数据模型的集成;③支持空间分析的面向对象的数据模型;④城市三维模型。     

基于MPModeler的三维模型生产流程及方法研究

在数字城市建设中,三维模型是其中主要的数据组成部分,三维模型的质量直接影响到建成场景的真实性与美观性。在生产过程中要充分考虑建模效果、人力投入以及生产周期等因素。本文结合生产实际采用基于3DMax软件开发的MPModeler模块阐述三维建模的生产工艺与建模技巧,为三维模型生产提供参考。     

3DS Max与MultiGen Creator联合建模在建立三维城市模型中的应用

针对"数字沈阳"三维地理信息系统中建模质量与建模效率相矛盾的问题,阐述了3DS Max与MultiGen Creator两种建模软件各自的特点,分析和总结了建模过程中需要注意的问题。结合沈阳三维地理信息系统,探讨了3DSMax与Multigen Creator两者相结合的综合建模技术,建立了沈阳市城市三维模型。     

大规模三维城市建模进展

大规模三维城市模型在城市规划与管理、环境模拟、应急响应、导航、虚拟旅游以及其他科学和大众应用方面的需求越来越高。在过去的20年中,通过多学科的共同努力,大规模城市三维建模已经取得了可观的成就。本文全面总结和讨论了三维城市建模在数据源、建模方法和平台、模型表达和互操作等方面的新技术和新进展,并描述了世界范围内开放城市模型的几个代表性示例。在日益多样化的数据,先进但价格可承受的技术以及不断增长的公共和科学需求的推动下,三维城市建模正在加速实现自动化、细致化、语义化、标准化、一体化和大众化。