暴雨多普勒天气雷达回波特征分析及临近预警

对近几年来武汉雷达所观测的典型低涡、梅雨锋暴雨天气过程进行了多普勒雷达观测分析,总结了β尺度暴雨回波系统的基本特征和强降水与诸多因素的关系.分析指出,在短时预报业务中,暴雨回波的识别和预警关键是从整体上要抓住β中尺度暴雨回波系统发生发展的特征,而不是孤立地研究一个对流单体的演变.     

强对流临近预警中集合预报成员的即时分析——以陇东一次暴雨过程ECMWF集合预报应用为例

2015年5月31日甘肃陇东地区出现一次暴雨天气过程,ECMWF集合预报系统的降水预报只有1个成员(简称EM-p)预报出暴雨,并且EM-p对预报暴雨落区、量级和降水时段的预报与观测实况基本接近。本文通过对EM-p和集合预报系统控制成员预报效果的对比分析,以及EM-p与实况的对比分析表明,EM-p对产生暴雨的对流参数预报完全符合本地经验指标,虽然对低层急流预报出现一定程度偏差,但对低层辐合区(暴雨落区)位置的预报与观测实况极为接近,因此EM-p成员能够为暴雨的短时预报和临近预警提供可靠的定量依据,可有效提前暴雨预警时间。通过分析,期望为如何利用ECMWF集合预报有效判断低概率但高影响天气的发生提供一些有益的思路。     

青海省东部农业区强对流个例预报预警指标

利用Micaps利用TBB、雷达回波等非常规资料对2004-2010年4-9月东部农业区短时暴雨、冰雹、雷暴三类强对流典型个例进行中分析,掌握不同过程中尺度对流系统发生、发展和消亡的演变特征并试图寻找在强对流天气的短时临近预报、灾害性天气预警中的天气学指标。分析结果表明:(1)东部农业区冰雹强对流雷达特征较明显:强回波65dbz,有中气旋、15km回波顶高,短时暴雨强对流TBB特征明显,TBB亮温中心强度-60。(2)TBB对短时暴雨和冰雹强对流有较好的指示意义,并且TBB亮温强度对强对流的发生有2小时左右的提前预警量,可以很好地指示强对流的发生。     

基于卫星雷达等多源资料的短时暴雨预警

利用2017—2018年葵花卫星(Himawari)TBB亮温资料,计算最低亮温、亮温梯度、红外与水汽亮温差和低亮温区面积及其随时间变化率等特征参量,确定短时暴雨的卫星参数阈值,并融合了雷达参数阈值及过去1 h地面加密降水实况资料,采用指标叠加法判定监测区域内某一云团未来2 h能否产生区域性短时暴雨天气,并采用交叉相关法外推云团的移动,进而对强降水云团进行预警。对2019年几次暴雨过程预报检验结果是:预警命中率(POD)为80.6%~97.1%,平均为91.0%,临界成功指数(CSI)为77.2%~79.2%,平均为77.9%,所预警的云团未来2 h影响区域出现≥30 mm/h短时暴雨站数占全省短时暴雨站数的76.4%~96.2%,平均为85.2%,整体预警效果较好。     

对惠州一次短时强降水过程预报预警信号发布的思考

对2006年6月15日惠州市发生的一次短时强降水过程进行分析,发现了该次暴雨局地性强,属中尺度天气系统强对流风暴下发生的强降水,大尺度天气系统上不易分析出来,低空急流是其主要成因;探讨了早晨值班预报员如何利用天气资料进行订正预报,并利用多普勒雷达资料做好暴雨预警信号发布和服务工作;类比分析了另一次短时强降水过程,对暴雨预警信号的发布做了初步探讨。     

陕西省短时临近智能预报服务系统简介

陕西短时临近智能预报服务系统(简称NIFS短临系统)是一套集实况监测、智能报警、预警发布、人机交互和上下联动为一体的多功能预警业务系统。主要面向省、市、县三级气象部门的一线业务人员,通过与陕西省气象智能网格预报一体化平台、SWAN系统、国家突发事件预警信息发布系统等集约衔接,实现对省、市、县突发气象灾害临近预警服务的及时有效支撑。NIFS短临系统首创性研发了陕西0～2 h分钟降水预报、对流天气分类识别、暴雨客观预警等产品,通过报警信息自动推送、预报指导客观定量、上下在线互动留痕等方式,帮助各级气象台加快改进现有短时临近预报业务流程体系,并为决策部门改进和完善陕西现行短临预报业务制度提供一定帮助。本文介绍NIFS短临系统主要功能及部分关键技术,包括天气实况监测、智能报警、强对流天气预报制作、人机交互订正、预报检验评估、智能管理等系统功能与暴雨预警信号智能报警关键技术,为其他省份气象部门研究开发本地短临业务系统提供参考。     

北京短时局地暴雨多普勒天气雷达观测分析

中小尺度天气系统造成的短时局地暴雨的临近预报目前仍是预报中的难点,也是2008年奥运会提供精细化预报需要进一步研究的问题。了解不同云系的结构及雷达回波的特征,还可以为人工增雨制定最佳作业方案,选择最佳作业时机。用每小时的地面自动站雨量资料结合北京市气象台的多普勒天气雷达资料,查找出造成北京2004年夏季(6~8月)的短时局地暴雨天气的雷达回波单体。对多普勒雷达回波资料分析表明:在多普勒径向速度图上“辐合点”、“中气旋”的图像特征出现有利于局地暴雨发生,并提前于暴雨。对突发性局地暴雨的临近预报有一定的指示意义。     

暴雨及强对流天气预警系统

通过实时监测香港多普勒雷达回波强度图和广东省中尺度气象自动站资料，搜索出可能与南海区出现暴雨或强对流天气相关的实况信息，并把危险信息通过互联网传送到预报员的移动电话，实现危险天气预警监测。该系统自运行以来，有效地为暴雨和强对流天气提供了预警信息，大大提高了暴雨和强对流天气的短时预报服务质量。     

《北方暴雨预报方法》研究课题取得初步成果

《北方暴雨预报方法》研究课题阶段成果交流会,于5月8—12月在郑州市召开。会议共收到论文80篇,大会交流了36篇。 这次大会交流论文的主要内容是:北方暴雨天气气候特征,短期预报方法;短时预报方法和暴雨系统的诊断分析与数值试验等四个方面。在暴雨的天气气候方面,主要分析了北方暴雨和短时强降水的时空分布、演变过程、环流背景、天气系统和地形的作用,为建立暴雨短期和短时预报思路及方法做了必要的基础分析工作。研究表明,与我国南方强降水相比,北方强降水具有历时短、强度大、时间     

防城港市短时强降雨气候特征及影响系统分析

利用1994~2004年NCEP再分析资料,及高空、地面等常规资料,分析了防城港市达到暴雨预警信号标准的短时强降雨过程,对主要影响系统进行天气分型,并对水汽条件、动力条件、不稳定条件等物理量进行诊断分析,以了解本地区短时暴雨的气候特征,天气类型和环境条件,提高暴雨预警信号发布的准确率。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.