中国风能资源空间分布的估算

风能是一种清洁的可再生能源,是太阳能的一种转化形式,但风能开发利用的成本比太阳能开发利用的成本要低,它是可再生能源中最具开发前景的一种能源。科学、准确地估算我国风能潜力及其空间分布是国家对风能资源开发中一项极其重要的基础性工作。本文利用全国395个气象站10年、每日4次的气象观测数据,计算了每个气象站所在地区常年有效风能密度和有效风时数,在此基础上,通过空间内插,形成全国范围的风能密度和有效风时数分布数据。结果显示,在全国范围内:有效风能密度大于150W/m²、100～150W/m²、50～100W/m²、小于50W/m²的区域面积占全国国土总面积的百分比分别为2.51%、16.45%、53.39%和27.65%;有效风时数大于5 000h、4 000～5 000h、2 000～4 000h、小于2 000h的区域面积占国土总面积的百分比分别为5.28%、22.19%、53.54%和18.98%。用风能密度和有效风时数两个指标分别表达风能资源潜力虽然存在局部差异,但在总体态势上基本一致,二者之间的相关系数,...     

基于GIS的高海拔山区风电场智能微观选址研究

风电场微观选址是风电场建设的关键问题,关系到整个风电场建设的成败。目前常用的风电场选址设计软件在处理高海拔山区复杂地形时,由于地形对各处的风速影响较大,风能资源评估结果不够准确,导致选址效果并不理想。本文提出一种基于GIS空间分析的风电场智能微观选址方法,首先在GIS软件中对研究区的风能资源进行评估,得到风能资源的分布结果;通过山脊线、山顶点的自动提取,再对风能资源分布、山脊线、山顶点的结果进行叠置分析,在风能资源丰富的区域,选取山脊线上的山顶点位置布置风电机组,提供了初步的微观选址方案。本文通过云南省姚安县三道箐地区的风电场项目实例,对该方法的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,运用本文方法得到的风电场微观选址结果与实际项目的结果很接近,可以作为高海拔山区风电场微观选址。     

面向无测风区域的复杂地形风场模拟研究

由于气象站点的布设受经济、地形、技术等因素限制,使得某风能资源丰富的无测风区域缺少气象站点数据,无法进行风场模拟。针对这一问题,尝试用NCEP再分析风速数据代替传统的气象站点数据,根据NCEP再分析风速数据的栅格数据特点,提出了一种面向无测风区域的复杂地形风场模拟方法。该风场模拟方法以SRTM DEM数据和NCEP再分析风速数据为数据源,首先通过均值变点分析法获取反映无测风区域地形起伏特点的最佳统计单元,得到无测风区域复杂地形的地形起伏度;然后对Cressman插值方法进行改进,将地形起伏度引入到权重函数中,并根据交叉检验中均方根误差最小原则求解权重函数中参数的最优解;最后将最优解代入权重函数中对风场进行加密。实验结果表明:风场模拟结果与气象站点风速之间的相关系数为0.778 2,模拟风速的变化趋势与实测风速基本一致;风电场选址区主要建设在模拟风速较大的地区,十分符合风电场一般建设在风能资源丰富的地方的特点,间接验证面向无测风区域的复杂地形风场模拟方法是有效的。     

中国海风能密度预报

利用NCEP预报风场,对2013年3月中旬发生在中国海的一次强冷空气过程进行分析,并利用预报风场计算得到这期间的风能密度,实现"风能密度数值预报",可为风电机采集风能提供日常保障,以提高装备的采集、转换效率。结果表明,1)NCEP预报风场可以很好地刻画冷空气给中国海带来的大风过程,从曲线走势、相关系数、偏差、均方根误差、平均绝对误差等分析也发现,NCEP预报风速在中国海具有很高精度。2)冷空气影响的海域,伴有明显的大风的过程,风能密度也出现明显的增幅。冷空气影响渤海时,该海域大部分区域的风速在10 m/s以上,大值中心在16 m/s以上;风能密度基本都在1 400 W/m2以上。冷空气影响的海域容易出现10 m/s以上的大风,对应区域的风能密度基本都在1 400 W/m2以上;冷空气的边缘海域风速也在8 m/s以上,风能密度在350 W/m2以上。3)利用NCEP预报风场,对海上风电场的风速、风能密度进行预报是可行的,可为风能开发、防灾减灾提供科学依据。     

长江中下游深部找矿取得突破

江苏省镇江市韦岗铁矿位于长江中下游铁（铜）成矿带宁镇成矿区中段，为一隐伏高硫磁铁矿床，累计查明铁矿石总储量为1710万t。随着开采规模的逐步加大，截至2006年底，矿山保有储量为339万t，仅可维持开采4年。2006年12月，韦岗铁矿被列为全国危机矿山接替资源找矿项目。江苏省地调院承担后，在对以往该区勘查资料进行综合研究的基础上，对该矿区成矿地质条件、物探重磁异常进行分析研究，认为矿区地表以下500m～800m有较大矿体赋存的可能。2008年，项目组先后开展了坑探、磁测、钻探等工作，     

风云二号E星和多角度成像仪的云导风资料质量对比

针对现在缺少对风云二号E星云导风资料的详细对比评估,结合多角度成像仪与风云二号E星云导风的特性,提出了将二者云导风资料的交叉对比方法,利用多角度成像仪云导风资料的优势特征作为对比参照,对2010以及2011年的风云二号E星云导风资料进行参照对比,分析风云二号E星云导风资料的特性。选择2010、2011年1～8月的风云二号E星资料分别与多角度成像仪云导风资料进行分析,对两种资料进行匹配处理,并对匹配结果进行准确的统计分析,便于分析风云二号E星云导风资料的优缺点以及质量变化。研究结果表明:风云二号E星云导风资料的整体质量要稍差于多角度成像仪云导风资料;但是就风云二号E星云导风资料自身而言,2011年的资料质量较2010年有不同程度的提高。     

曹伯纯:进一步增强资源对经济社会发展的保障能力

在2006年1月15日召开的全区人口资源环境工作座谈会上,自治区党委书记曹伯纯对2006年的国土资源工作提出了新的要求,他指出广西人均资源占有量少,资源瓶颈制约越来越突出.国土资源并非取之不尽、用之不竭,所以必须按照建设节约型社会的要求,积极探索国土资源管理的新机制,进一步增强资源对经济社会发展的保障能力.     

山西省榆次北山水源地对邻近已建水源地的影响

通过对北山水源地区水文地质条件的分析,并利用单井、多井、群井抽水试验资料,进行了水文地质参数计算及水文地质数学模型建立.利用10年降雨资料进行模拟计算,得出在每天开采3.1×10m/d时,10年后水源地开采井水位降深为8.71～10.61 m,对相邻枣沟水源地平均影0.2m/a,对观家峪水源地平均影响0.29 m/a.     

浙江省义乌市地下水资源调查研究

义乌市水资源短缺严重 ,影响人民生活与社会经济的可持续发展。本文通过地下水开发利用现状的调查、水文地质条件的研究 ,在充分利用地下水长期监测资料的基础上 ,对义乌市地下水允许开采资源进行评价 ,并对地下水开采潜力作了分析 ,为义乌市地下水资源开发利用规划和有效保护提供科学依据。     

东坡铅锌矿Ⅱ^#找矿靶区铅锌资源潜力分析

湖南东坡坪铅锌矿是重要的铅锌原料生产基地,国有大型企业.文章通过分析研究区内铅锌矿控矿地质条件、成矿规律及成矿预测靶区等,对11#打矿靶区的资源前景进行了初步分析,为开展矿山深边部找矿工工作提供依据.     

Temperature and precipitation variations at two meteorological stations on eastern slope of Gongga Mountain, SW China in the past two decades

Gongga Mountain, locates on the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau of China, is the highest mountain in China except summits in Tibet. Only limited meteorological data on Gongga Mountain have been published so far. Here we present the meteorological records from two stations, Moxi Station (at 1,621.7 m above sea level (a.s.l.), 1992–2010) and Hailuogou Station (at 2,947.8 m a.s.l., 1988–2010), on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain. In the past two decades, the annual precipitation decreased while the annual mean temperature increased at Hailuogou Station. Both precipitation and temperature increased at Moxi Station. The precipitation variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain is influenced by both East Asian Monsoon and Indian Monsoon, so that the precipitation concentrated between May and October. The temperature variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain in the past two decades showed similar trends as that of the northern hemispheric and global. In the past two decades, the temperature increased 0.35°C and 0.3°C/decade at Hailuogou Station and Moxi Station respectively, which was higher than the increase extents of northern hemispheric and global temperature. The most intense warming occurred at the first decade of 21st century. The winter temperature increased more at Hailuogou Station than at Moxi Station. A remarkable increase of temperature in March was observed with only a little precipitation at both high and low altitude stations.     

Seasonal variations of the near surfacelayer parameters over the Antarctic ice sheet in Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica

Analysis of sensible heat flux(Qh),latent heat flux(Qe),Richardson number(Ri),bulk transport coefficient(Cd) and katabatic winds are presented by using the meteorological data in the near surface layer from an automatic weather station(AWS) in Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica ice sheet and the data of corresponding period at Zhongshan station in 2002.It shows that annual mean air temperature at LGB69 is-25.6°C,which is 16.4°C lower than that at Zhongshan,where the elevation is lower and located on the coast.The temperature lapse rate is about 1.0°C/110 m for the initial from coast to inland.The turbulence heat flux at LGB69 displays obvious seasonal variations with the average sensible heat flux-17.9 W/m2 and latent heat flux-0.9 W/m2.The intensity(Qh Qe) of coolling source is-18.8 W/m2 meaning the snow surface layer obtains heat from atmosphere.The near surface atmosphere is near-neutral stratified with bulk transport coefficients(Cd) around 2.8×10-3,and it is near constant when the wind speed higher than 8 m/s.The speed and the frequency of easterly Katabatic winds at LGB69 were higher than that at Zhongshan Station.     

Comparison of two wind algorithms of ENVISAT ASAR at high wind

Two wind algorithms of ENVISAT advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR), i. e. CMOD4 model from the European Space Agency (ESA) and CMOD IFR2 model from Quilfen et al., are compared in this paper. The wind direction is estimated from orientation of low and linear signatures in the ASAR imagery. The wind direction has inherently a 180° ambiguity since only a single ASAR image is used. The 180° ambiguity is eliminated by using the buoy data from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) buoys moored in the Pacific. Wind speed is obtained with the two wind algorithms using both estimated wind direction and normalized radar cross section (NRCS). The retrieved wind results agree well with the data from Quikscat. The root mean square error (RMSE) of wind direction is 2.80? The RMSEs of wind speed from CMOD4 model and CMOD_IFR2 model are 1.09 m/s and 0.60 m/s, respectively. The results indicate that the CMOD_IFR2 model is slight better than CMOD4 model at high wind.     

Annual and interannual variability of scatterometer ocean surface wind over the South China Sea

To investigate the annual and interannual variability of ocean surface wind over the South China Sea (SCS), the vector empirical orthogonal function (VEOF) method and the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) method were employed to analyze a set of combined satellite scatterometer wind data during the period from December 1992 to October 2009. The merged wind data were generated from European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS)-1/2 Scatterometer, NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) and NASA’s Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind products. The first VEOF mode corresponds to a winter-summer mode which accounts for 87.3% of the total variance and represents the East Asian monsoon features. The second mode of VEOF corresponds to a spring-autumn oscillation which accounts for 8.3% of the total variance. To analyze the interannual variability, the annual signal was removed from the wind data set and the VEOFs of the residuals were calculated. The temporal mode of the first interannual VEOF is correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) with a four-month lag. The second temporal interannual VEOF mode is correlated with the SOI with no time lag. The time series of the two interannual VEOFs were decomposed using the HHT method and the results also show a correlation between the interannual variability and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.     

郑州市市区风环境模拟研究

城市风环境是城市微气候研究的一个重要方向,对分析城市热岛效应、空气流通等具有重要意义。本文以郑州市市区为例,使用1971—2018年气象观测数据、2018年建筑分布数据（OSM）和2016年资源三号卫星数据作为数据源,通过运用气象学和GIS技术结合的方法,探究潜在通风廊道,科学量化城市形态对风环境的影响。研究首先借助WindNinja软件,对城市背景风环境进行模拟分析,该计算方法提高了风道定位的精度。然后利用卫星遥感数据制作了数字高程模型（DSM）,结合OSM计算下垫面地表粗糙度。进一步借助ArcGIS软件,利用最小成本路径法（LCP）确定城市潜在通风廊道的位置。结果表明：① 郑州市近年来平均风速缓慢下降,平均每10年下降0.26 m/s;全年主导风向东北风进入城市后受城市形态影响在京广铁路线附近以西逐渐转为东北偏东风,其中在京广快速路以东风速较高,在京广快速路以西风速较低;② 金水区西部、中原区、二七区以及管城区的地表粗糙度较高,通风环境较差;金水区东部和惠济区的地表粗糙度较低,通风环境较好;③根据盛行风向模拟的潜在通风廊道,其共同特点是趋向于低粗糙度的地区。     

Isotopic and chemical analyses of a temperate firn core from a Chinese alpine glacier and its regional climatic significance

Mt. Yulong is the southernmost currently glacier-covered area in Eurasia, including China. There are 19 sub-tropical temperate glaciers on the mountain, controlled by the south-western monsoon climate. In the summer of 1999, a firn core, 10. 10 m long, extending down to glacier ice, was recovered in the accumulation area of the largest glacier, Baishui No. 1. Periodic variations of climatic signals above 7. 8 m depth were apparent, and net accumulation of four years was identified by the annual oscillations of isotopic and ionic composition. The boundaries of annual accumulation were confirmed by higher values of electrical conductivity and pH, and by dirty refreezing ice layers at the levels of summer surfaces. Calculated mean annual net accumulation from 1994/1995 to 1997/1998 was about 900 mm water equivalent. The amplitude of isotopic variations in the profile decreased with increasing depth, and isotopic homogenization occurred below 7. 8 m as a result of meltwater percolation. Variations of δ18O above 7. 8 m showed an approximate correlation with the winter climatic trend at Li Jiang Station, 25 km away. Concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were much higher than those of Na+ and K+ , indicating that the air masses for precipitation were mainly from a continental source, and that the core material accumulated during the winter period. The close correspondence of C1- and Na+ indicated their common origin. Very low concentrations of SO2-4 and NO3- suggest that pollution caused by human activities is quite low in the area. The mean annual net accumulation in the core and the estimated ablation indicate that the average annual precipitation above the glacier's equilibrium line is 2400 - 3150 mm, but this needs to be confirmed by long term observation of mass balance.     

A new model to estimate significant wave heights with ERS-1/2 scatterometer data

A new model is proposed to estimate the significant wave heights with ERS-1/2 scatterometer data. The results show that the relationship between wave parameters and radar backscattering cross section is similar to that between wind and the radar backscattering cross section. Therefore, the relationship between significant wave height and the radar backscattering cross section is established with a neural network algorithm, which is, if the average wave period is ≤7s, the root mean square of significant wave...     

Local variability in temperature, humidity and radiation in the BaekduDaegan Mountain protected area of Korea

A novel embedded sensor network records changes in key climatic-environmental variables over a range of altitude in the BaekduDaegan Mountain (BDM) of Gangwon Province in Korea, a protected mountain region with unique biodiversity undergoing climate change research. The investigated area is subdivided into three horizontal north-south study areas. Three variables, temperature (T, ℃), relative humidity (RH, %), and light intensity (LI, lumens m -2 , or lux, lx), have been continuously measured at hourly intervals from June, 2010 to September, 2011 using HOBO H8 devices at 10 fixed study sites. These hourly observations are aggregated to monthly, seasonal and annual mean values, and results are summarized to inaugurate a long-term climate change investigation. A region wide T difference in accordance with altitude, or lapse rate, over the interval is calculated as 0.4℃100 m -1 . T lapse rates change seasonally, with winter lapse rates being greater than those of summer. RH is elevated in summer compared to other seasons. LI within forestland is lower during summer and higher during other seasons. The obtained results could closely relate to the vegetation type and structure and the terrain state since data loggers were located in forestland.     

Characteristics of Wind Erosion and Deposition in Oasis-desert Ecotone in Southern Margin of Tarim Basin,China

The oasis-desert ecotone is a fragile ecological zone that is affected both by oasis and desert conditions. To understand the impact of the differences in wind power, and the influence of wind erosion and deposition on the ecotone, meteorological data and con- temporaneous wind erosion and deposition data were collected on the southern margin of Tarim Basin with serious sand-blown hazards. The wind velocity, average wind velocity, sand drift potential （DP）, resultant sand drift potential （RDP）, and sand transportation rate decrease significantly and successively across four landscape types with increasing vegetation coverage （VC）. Flat surfaces and areas of shifting sandy ground experience intense wind erosion with fast movement of mobile sand dunes; semi-fixed sand areas experience ex- tensive wind deposition but only slight wind erosion; and fixed sand areas experience only slight wind erosion and deposition. Volume of wind erosion on bare newly reclaimed farmland is up to 6.96 times that of bare shifting sandy ground. Wind erosion volume per unit area and VC follow an exponential function relationship in natural conditions, while wind deposition volume per unit area does not conform to any functions which has close relationship with vary topography and arrangement patterns of vegetation besides for VC. The results indicate that the volume of wind erosion has a close correlation with VC, and different types and distribution patterns of topog- raphy and vegetation also profoundly influence the wind deposition volume in the field, and underground water tables in different land- scape types control the plant community distribution. Keywords： wind erosion; wind deposition; oasis-desert ecotone; vegetation coverage （VC）; topography; Cele County