五大连池老黑山、火烧山的火山喷发特征

从野外调查及火山喷发观测记录入手, 结合国内外火山研究的新进展, 在火山成因类型、喷发方式及喷发前兆等方面讨论了五大连池老黑山、火烧山的火山喷发特征。指出老黑山、火烧山的火山成因类型属于单成因火山, 喷发方式不是简单的中心式喷发, 而是经历了裂隙式喷发后转为中心式喷发。通过火山喷发观测记录的分析及与国外火山对比, 揭示出此次火山喷发是有前兆的, 其前兆特征对监测预报未来火山喷发有借鉴意义。     

论五大连池老黑山和火烧山火山喷发过程和喷发类型

本文概述了黑龙江省五大连池火山群中两座近代火山老黑山、火烧山的基本情况,浮岩碎屑堆积物和熔岩流的分布和特点。在此基础上,论证了老黑山火山不是单成因火山,火烧山可归属为单成因火山;火山喷发活动过程的特点是先裂隙式喷发、后转为中心式喷发;浮岩碎屑喷发是同岩浆喷溢伴随发生的。并同冰岛拉基火山（Laki volcanoes）、美国夏威夷火山及意大利斯通博利火山进行了对比,提出了应把中国黑龙江五大连池老黑山火山喷发类型命名为“五大连池老黑山型”,即一种兼有上述火山的特点,又同它们有明显差别的新的火山喷发类型。这种观点对于评估五大连池火山再次喷发的危险性和预测预报火山灾害,以及丰富对火山喷发类型的认识均有理论和实际意义。     

五大连池第四纪火山群的喷发类型和喷发型式

长期以来，人们均认为五连池第四纪火山群只有１４座火山，属于中心式喷发型式和斯特龙博利喷发类型。新近又发现１１座鲜为人知的盾火山，对总数２５座火山重新研究后，作者提出火 山类型以斯特龙博利型为主夏威夷型次这；喷发型式以裂隙－中心式为主，裂隙式次之。     

梨树断陷双龙地区火山发育特征及油气成藏规律

松辽盆地梨树断陷双龙地区白垩系火石岭组发育中心式和裂隙式两种喷发型火山,其在发育规模、油气成藏等方面存在不同。中心式喷发型火山活动剧烈,持续时间长,火山岩分布面积广,厚度大,岩性从基性火山岩逐渐向中性火山岩转变;裂隙式喷发型火山活动弱,持续时间短,火山岩分布面积小,厚度薄,岩性主要为中性火山岩。中心式喷发型火山与湖盆水体相邻,形成火山-湖泊沉积环境,火山岩、砂砾岩、深湖-半深湖泥岩交替沉积,使得中心式喷发型火山发育区的火石岭组具有良好的生、储、盖条件,并形成自生自储型生储盖组合方式;裂隙式喷发型火山远离湖盆水体,火山岩的分布与深湖相泥岩没有直接接触,加之储层物性差,因此裂隙式喷发型火山发育区的火石岭组油气成藏条件差。通过对研究区钻井、试油、地震等资料的综合分析认为,研究区西部中心式喷发型火山发育区是火石岭组有利的勘探区域,其烃源岩为深湖-半深湖泥岩,储集体包括火山碎屑岩、砂砾岩和火山岩,储集空间主要为裂缝和孔隙。     

五大连池新期火山锥体结构及喷发过程

五大连池新期火山（1719～1921年喷发）包括老黑山和火烧山两座火山。火山由富钾玄武质熔岩盾和锥体组成,造盾喷溢与造锥喷发交替进行。老黑山形成相对较早,喷发规模大,锥体结构复杂,为两期形成的复式套叠锥,晚期锥体中心为漏斗状火山口,火山喷发过程可分为5个阶段。火烧山为一单锥,锥体中心发育破火口,火山活动经历了3个阶段。     

从新发现的满文史料看五大连池新期火山喷发过程与特征

新发现的满文史料较已往史料对五大连池新期火山喷发活动记述得完整、可靠。根据新史料,老黑山火山喷发是始于公元1720年1月14日,止于1721年3月（康熙五十八年十二月五日到康熙六十年二月）,活动持续时间一年零两个月。火烧山火山喷发活动始于公元1721年4月26日,止于1721年6月（康熙六十年四月一日到五月末）,喷发持续时间近两个月。火山熔岩流截断乌德邻河形成乌德邻池（五大连池的旧称）。地震与火山喷发关系密切,地震伴随此次火山喷发的全过程。     

冰岛卡特拉火山未来喷发特征的判定

卡特拉火山近期活动频繁,其喷发概率、喷发规模、喷发方式及影响都备受瞩目.通过收集整理若干资料和分析计算,采用“将古论今”的研究方法,初步得到了关于卡特拉火山未来可能的行为方式及影响.根据卡特拉火山喷发的历史规律,估算2013年的喷发概率约为30%.卡特拉火山下次喷发规模可能为4级或5级,其喷发方式有3种:其一是岩浆冲破巨厚冰层发生爆破性喷发;其二是正常的岩浆喷发;其三是夭折的喷发.但根据现有资料分析,卡特拉火山最有可能是以见不到喷发的形式结束这次不稳定性活动.      

渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷BZ34-9区带火山岩三维刻画及火山喷发期次

基于火山岩溢流相的高连续强振幅和火山通道相的低连续弱振幅2种截然相反的地震反射特征, 建立振幅-方差体地震属性分级-拾取-融合技术刻画火山岩时空展布的方法, 有效刻画火山岩的三维时空展布以及火山喷发期次.通过渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷BZ34-9区带火山岩三维刻画和火山喷发期次研究, 取得以下认识: (1)研究区沙一二段火山岩零星分布, 主要发育在BZ34-9区带中部, 多为中心式喷发; 东营组火山岩广泛发育, 连片分布, 主要发育在BZ34-9区带南部缓坡带, 为中心式、裂隙-中心复合式喷发; (2)沙一二段东部火山先于西部火山喷发, 南部火山先于北部火山喷发; (3)东营组南部火山先于北部火山喷发, 且南部火山喷发期次多于北部, 北部火山多为短暂性喷发; (4)东营组火山较沙一二段活动强烈、喷发次数多、范围广.      

内蒙古达里诺尔晚新生代火山群喷发特征研究

达里诺尔火山群有近百座晚新生代单成因火山,其地质地貌形态各异,喷发形式多样。这些火山既有爆破式喷发,如:夏威夷式喷发,斯通博利式喷发,强斯通博利式喷发和射汽岩浆喷发;也有溢流式喷发,如盾状火山;还有岩浆缓慢侵出,如大黑山。火山群内典型火山机构表明,不同的喷发方式穿插于火山喷发过程:早期火山活动多以侵出和溢流为主,逐渐转变为岩浆爆破式喷发(强斯通博利式,斯通博利式),晚期又过渡为溢流式喷发,喷发过程大体经历一个爆破强度弱-强-弱的转变。射汽岩浆型的火山则是以剧烈的射汽岩浆爆炸开始,后期逐渐转弱为岩浆爆破喷发和溢流喷发。火山喷发过程中火山产物出现牛顿流体,宾汉流体,层流,颗粒流,涌流,空降等不同类型的运动形式,自火口向远源运动,形成差异化的火山产物。岩浆的输送速率、上升速度,以及围岩的类型,可能是造成达里诺尔火山群多样化喷发的主要因素。     

日本火山喷发及预测体系

各种地质灾害的发生已对人民的生命财产造成不同程度的损失 ,但随着防灾科学技术的研究和各种防灾措施的加强 ,已逐渐使这些灾害带来的各种损失降低。日本所处地理位置及构造环境特殊 ,很易遭受泥石流、滑坡、火山喷发和地震等突发性地质灾害。1　日本近年的两次火山喷发活动在日本的三个大型岛屿 (北海道、本州、九州 )和火山弧 (伊豆、马里亚纳和琉球 )上分布着 83个活火山 ,其中约有 2 0个在近 5 0年中发生了多次火山喷发。 80～ 90年代间 ,爆发了数次活动性强、爆炸猛烈的大型裂隙式火山喷发活动。1 986年 6月以来 ,伊豆—大岛附近的三…     

新托尔巴奇克火山研究综述

位于堪察加半岛的新托尔巴奇克山是世界上有史以来仅遥六个大裂隙喷发的火山之一，也是迄今对喷发研究得最为详尽的三个火山之一。本文从喷发活动、玄武岩、气体成分与升华物，喷发区地球物理特征，喷发预报，地震，形变及喷发机制等方面综合论述了该火山的观测观察成果，并指出这些成果对我国火山研究有重要的借鉴意义。     

The Vulnerability of Canada to Volcanic Hazards

Western Canada lies in a zone of active tectonics and volcanism, but thedispersed population has witnessed few eruptions due to the remoteness of the volcanoes and their low level ofactivity. This has created a false perception that Canada's volcanoes are extinct.There are more than 200 potentially-active volcanoes in Canada, 49of which have erupted in the past 10,000 years. They occur in five belts, with origins related totectonic environment. The minimum annual probability of a Canadian volcanic eruption is approximately 1/200;for an effusive (lava) eruption the probability is about 1/220, and for a significant explosive eruptionit is about 1/3333. In-progress studies show that there have been earthquakes associated with at least 9 ofthe youngest Canadian volcanoes since 1975. A scenario of an eruption of Mt. Cayley (50.1°N,123.3°W) shows how western Canada is vulnerable to an eruption. The scenario is basedon past activity in the Garibaldi volcanic belt and involves both explosive and effusive activity.The scenario impact is largely a result of the concentration of vulnerable infrastructure in valleys.Canadian volcanoes are monitored only by a regional seismic network,that is capable of detecting a M > 2 event in all potentially-active areas.This level of monitoring is probably sufficient to alert scientistsat or near eruption onset, but probably insufficient to allow a timelyforecast of activity. Similarly the level of geological knowledge about the volcanoes is insufficient to createhazard maps. This will improve slightly in 2002 when additional monitoring is implemented in theGaribaldi volcanic belt. The eruption probabilities, possible impacts, monitoring limitations and knowledgegaps suggest that there is a need to increment the volcanic risk mitigation efforts.     

长白山天池火山公元1199—1200年大喷发历史记载的发现及其意义

长白山天池火山是世界著名的火山之一,是我国规模最大、最具有潜在喷发危险的一座近代活动火山。目前国内外许多火山学者为了研究天池火山最近一次大喷发年代问题,做了大量工作,并取得了较为精确的＾１４Ｃ年代资料,但地直未取得有关这次大喷发历史记载的证实。本文通过再次收集和查阅上千万字的文史古籍资料进行整理、筛选、考证和分析,首次发现了白头山天池火山于公元１１９９￣１２００年间一次特大喷发的历史记载。这对于长     

内蒙古东部晚第四纪玛珥式火山的堆积序列及喷发过程研究

随着全球火山研究的深入,地质学家在大多数火山群中均发现了特殊成因的玛珥式火山。以低平火山口和低矮锥体著称的玛珥式火山主要由具有爬升层理、平行层理、大型低角度交错层理等结构构造的基浪堆积物组成,是火山喷发演化过程研究的重要对象。近年来,在内蒙古东部的诺敏河、阿尔山-柴河和阿巴嘎火山群中也先后发现了典型的玛珥式火山及基浪堆积物。本文从野外火山地质特征着手,以火山学与火山地质学理论为指导,结合国内外玛珥式火山的研究成果,对内蒙古东部晚第四纪玛珥式火山的分布、产物和结构构造等火山地质特征进行了归纳总结,将其大致划分为3个喷发期次,分别是以基浪堆积物为主的射汽-岩浆爆发、以降落-溅落堆积物为主的岩浆喷发和以碱性橄榄玄武岩为主的岩浆溢流期次。复合火山的活动时代总体属于晚更新世,其中玛珥式火山的形成时代为晚更新世早中期。通过分析研究区的地层、火山产物和区域断裂构造等地质特征,推断射汽-岩浆爆发的深度较浅,并进一步探讨了玛珥式火山的成因机制,模拟其喷发演化过程,认为玛珥式火山与斯通博利式、夏威夷式等类型火山具有继承性演化关系。     

Filling Pattern of Volcanostratigraphy of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in the Changbaishan Area and Possible Future Eruptions

The Cenozoic volcanostratigraphy in the Changbaishan area had complex building processes. Twenty-two eruption periods have been determined from the Wangtian’e, Touxi, and Changbaishan volcanoes. The complex volcanostratigraphy of the Changbaishan area can be divided into four types of filling patterns from bottom to top. They are lava flows filling in valleys (LFFV), lava flows filling in platform (LFFP), lava flows formed the cone (LFFC), and pyroclastic Flow filling in crater or valleys (PFFC/V). LFFV has been divided into four layers and terminates as a lateral overlap. The topography of LFFV, which is controlled by the landform, is lens shaped with a wide flat top and narrow bottom. LFFP has been divided into three layers and terminates as a lateral downlap. The topography of LFFP is sheet and tabular shaped with a narrow top and wide bottom. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by multiple eruptive centers distributed along the fissure. The topography of LFFC, which is located above the LFFP, has a hummocky shape with a narrow sloping top and a wide flat bottom. It terminates as a later downlap or backstepping. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by a single eruptive center. The topography of PFFC/V, which located above the LFFC, LFFP, or valley, has the shape of fan and terminates as a lateral downlap or overlap. It has a small width to thickness ratio and was built by a single eruptive center. The filling pattern is controlled by temperature, SiO2 content, volatile content, magma volume, and the paleolandform. In the short term, the eruptive production of the Changbaishan area is comenditic ash or pumice of a Plinian type eruption. The eruptive volume in future should be smaller than that of the Baguamiao?period, and the filling pattern should be PFFC/V, which may cause huge damage to adjacent areas.     

古地理环境对火山喷发样式的影响:以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷东部下二叠统风城组为例*

自然界中,火山的喷发样式常因岩浆或周围环境的变化而发生转换。为了探索沉积盆地古地理环境对古代火山喷发样式的可能影响,文中利用地震、钻测井及岩心资料,厘定准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷东部下二叠统风城组古地理环境及火山岩的分布;利用岩心和薄片观察、扫描电镜、元素地球化学、电子探针等技术,对取心段火山岩岩石类型、岩石组合和地球化学特征开展了研究。结果表明:(1)取心段火山岩发育4种岩石类型和3种岩石组合,射气岩浆喷发和岩浆喷发2种火山喷发样式类型;(2)射气岩浆喷发以发育熔积岩,具面包皮结构、熔结结构、熔结珍珠结构的熔结凝灰岩和增生火山砾为特征,而岩浆喷发以胶结增生火山砾而形成含增生火山砾熔岩为特征;(3)火山口古地理环境的演化控制着火山喷发样式的类型及其转换,进而影响喷发产物的特征:古地理环境为水下环境时,足量的水和上升的高温岩浆相互作用发生射气岩浆喷发;古地理环境变为陆上时,岩浆发生溢流式岩浆喷发。取心段古地理环境变化的主要原因可能是喷发产物在火山口附近的堆积或季节性气候变化引起的湖平面变化;(4)古地理环境对古代火山喷发的样式类型、喷发过程、喷发产物特征具有重要影响,这可以为盆地中火山岩成因分析和喷发过程重建提供新的视角,为火山岩油气藏的精细勘探开发提供新的思路。     

From sink to volcanic source: Unravelling missing terrestrial eruption records by characterization and high‐resolution chronology of lacustrine volcanic density flow deposits,Lake Inawashiro‐ko,Fukushima, Japan

Eruption records in the terrestrial stratigraphy are often incomplete due to erosion after tephra deposition, limited exposure and lack of precise dating owing to discontinuity of strata. A lake system and sequence adjacent to active volcanoes can record various volcanic events such as explosive eruptions and subaqueous density flows being extensions of eruption triggered and secondary triggered lahars. A lacustrine environment can constrain precise ages of such events because of constant and continuous background sedimentation. A total of 71 subaqueous density flow deposits in a 28 m long core from Lake Inawashiro‐ko reveals missing terrestrial volcanic activity at Adatara and Bandai volcanoes during the past 50 kyr. Sedimentary facies, colour, grain size, petrography, clay mineralogy, micro X‐ray fluorescence analysis and chemistry of included glass shards characterize the flow event deposits and clarify their origin: (i) clay‐rich grey hyperpycnites, extended from subaerial cohesive lahars at Adatara volcano, with sulphide/sulphate minerals and high sulphur content which point to a source from hydrothermally altered material ejected by phreatic eruptions; and (ii) clay‐rich brown density flow deposits, induced by magmatic hydrothermal eruptions and associated edifice collapse at Bandai volcano, with the common presence of fresh juvenile glass shards and low‐grade hydrothermally altered minerals; whereas (iii) non‐volcanic turbidites are limited to the oldest large slope failure and the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake events. The high‐resolution chronology of volcanic activity during the last 50 kyr expressed by lacustrine event deposits shows that phreatic eruption frequency at Adatara has roughly tripled and explosive eruptions at Bandai have increased by ca 50%. These results challenge hikers, ski‐fields and downstream communities to re‐evaluate the increased volcanic risks from more frequent eruptions and far‐reaching lahars, and demonstrate the utility of lahar and lacustrine volcanic density flow deposits to unravel missing terrestrial eruption records, otherwise the recurrence rate may be underestimated at many volcanoes.