海底电缆鬼波压制及陷频补偿方法研究

受到海底、自由表面等强反射界面的影响, 在海底电缆采集的地震资料中鬼波干扰往往非常发育, 在频谱中表现为明显的陷频现象, 严重影响地震剖面的质量, 给后期的处理解释带来困难。为克服这一困难, 根据海底电缆双检(陆检和水检)对下行波场的不同响应, 在深入研究伪多道匹配滤波技术的基础上提出了伪多道双检合成方法。与传统的求取反射系数的双检合成方法不同, 该方法完全数据驱动。在合成数据和渤海地震资料的实际应用中, 鬼波成分得到了明显的压制, 同时拓宽频带, 补偿陷频, 证明了该方法的有效性。     

南海浅水区域三维τ-p域鬼波压制分析

本文实现了基于三维τ-p变换的鬼波压制技术,对南海文昌A凹陷区三维地震资料进行鬼波压制,偏移数据体中紧随一次波信号的鬼波旁瓣得到明显压制,地层反射更加清晰、信噪比显著提高。实际数据处理结果证明了三维τ-p域鬼波压制技术对浅水区常规拖缆三维地震鬼波剔除的有效性。     

基于文氏谱的起伏海面虚反射特征研究

海洋地震记录中的虚反射会和反射波发生混叠和干涉,严重影响了海洋地震资料的质量。常规海面水平的条件假设将在海面反射系数计算过程中引入误差。本文引入文圣常提出并改进的文氏海浪谱,采用有效波高、海浪成长系数等各项参数模拟出更符合实际情况的海浪形态,并通过时频分析等方法研究起伏海面虚反射对地震记录的改造作用和起伏海面条件下的虚反射时频谱特征。结果表明：当海面起伏程度较大时,起伏海面的虚反射不仅强烈扭曲了海底一次波反射同相轴,且与一次波发生了强烈的干涉作用,导致成像结果出现很多假同相轴,严重影响了地震资料的质量。随着起伏海面有效波高的增加,地震记录受陷波效应逐渐增强,虚反射能量逐渐增加,主频幅值逐渐减小。当海面起伏变化时,随着偏移距的增加,陷波点幅值变化丰富,主频幅值逐渐减小,且向高频方向移动。随着震源或检波器沉放深度逐渐增加,有效波虚反射的能量强度逐渐增加,频带变窄,陷波改造作用强烈,主频幅值逐渐减小。     

东海多道地震虚反射压制技术探讨

在海洋地震勘探中产生的虚反射和一次反射波的波形是一样的,很大程度上会抑制低频分量,造成频域的陷波点,降低地震记录的分辨率,使地震记录的同相轴发生混叠甚至产生假的同相轴。在已知检波器深度和海水速度的情况下,在F—K域中,先分选至炮域压制检波点虚反射,再分选至检波点域压制炮点虚反射,在叠加剖面上,虚反射得到了明显压制。在虚反射压制后的频谱上,陷波得到了恢复,频带得到了明显拓宽,为后续地震反演提供了高品质的地震资料。     

复小波框架联合多模型自适应减法在莺歌海盆地地震数据多次波剔除中的应用

莺歌海盆地发育一系列泥-流体底辟构造与断裂,地震资料受浅层气和底辟构造的影响,其下覆地层在地震剖面上表现为模糊区,内部反射杂乱且能量较弱,而鸣震、自由表面和由浅层气产生的多次波类型复杂,能量又太强,常规的多次波剔除方法极易造成多次波残留或损伤一次波。复小波域的联合多次模型自适应相减方法是一种在连续小波框架下使用非固定维纳匹配滤波器进行多道处理的多次波剔除技术,适合于弱信号地区的多次波剔除处理,本文在详细阐述复小波域的联合多次模型自适应相减方法原理的基础上,将该方法引入到莺歌海盆地的多次波剔除处理中,有效压制了该区域地震数据的多次波,显著提高了该弱信号区域的信噪比。     

基于多次反射等效界面模型的海上三维多次波预测与剔除

本文在系统分析倾斜界面多次波传播路径的基础上,提出了一种基于多次反射等效界面模型的多次波追踪与剔除方法,通过构建多次反射等效模型,将复杂的多次波反射路径转化为更易射线追踪的一次反射路径,实现了炮集域三维地震多次波的高精度射线追踪;在此基础上,再通过FK滤波算法实现了多次波的有效剔除。该方法避免了常规CMP域多次波剔除时的共面元道集覆盖次数分布不均匀以及动校畸变的问题,且可高效高精度的实现三维地震多次波的预测与剔除。理论模型检验和海上实际资料的处理结果均验证了该方法的有效性。     

海洋地震勘探中地震波、鬼波综合效应分析与应用

鬼波是影响海洋地震资料采集质量的重要因素之一,经过海水表面反射的鬼波与海底反射波相互叠加。“地震波、鬼波的综合效应”受很多因素的影响,文中从传播路径、传播时间等方面讨论了地震波与鬼波的综合效应。通过计算机模拟了二者的综合效应,与实测资料进行了对比,其幅频特性中陷波点、幅度等特性非常接近。结合水合物勘探的目的,文章探讨了基于识别BSR的勘探频率要求震源和电缆的最佳沉放深度,并通过实际应用验证了理论推算的正确性。     

海洋地震勘探直达波综合效应分析

海洋高分辨率地震调查主要受震源系统、接收系统、缆源的调谐组合技术、地震记录系统和野外作业条件的影响。缆源的调谐组合技术是整个方法研究最为关键的环节之一。通过对“电缆、震源的沉放深度”等野外参数的合理组合,达到最理想的勘探效果。受地震勘探中“鬼波效应”的影响,缆源的调谐组合参数与地震系统的接收频率直接相关,对地震调查资料影响很大。文中从地震系统的滤波效应、直达波与鬼波传播路径及时间差及野外资料的处理对比和理论计算,分析了直达波和鬼波的综合效应,结果表明理论与实际资料在陷波点及幅频特性方面非常一致。研究结果在“海洋天然气水合物调查”项目中得到了应用,对缆源沉放深度的确定具有一定的指导意义。     

X波段雷达海面回波谱宽特征研究

海面电磁回波频谱宽度与海浪波高密切相关，可应用频谱宽度进行海浪有效波高反演。本文应用线性滤波法仿真出了海表散射面元在雷达视向上的投影速度，建立了回波谱宽模型，分析了雷达空间分辨率、回波时间序列长度及海洋环境参数等因素对频谱宽度的影响，同时还针对如何在实际观测过程中选择回波时间序列长度、观测方位角等参数进行了讨论。最后还将理论结果与CSIR-X波段雷达实测数据谱宽估计结果进行了比较。结果表明，剔除雷达噪声以及频率泄露的影响后，基于高斯分布标准偏差的谱宽估计方法所得结果与理论结果吻合很好，这从而证明了理论结果的可靠性。本文所得结果对海浪有效波高反演具有一定参考价值。     

海面反射对电火花震源频谱的影响及压制

本文采用海上实验测试资料,分析了海面反射对水下电火花震源频谱特性的作用和影响,讨论了在地震勘探工作中利用震源的气泡脉冲与海面反射声脉冲相位相反的特点,来压制或减弱这种影响的方法。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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