Geochemistry of a Rapakivi Granite Suite in a Proterozoic Rift Trough in Beijing and Its Vicinity

Controlled by E-W-trending faults, a Proterozoic (1.4-1.8 Ga old) rapakivi granite suite was intruded inBeijing and the area to its east (within Hebei Province), forming three parallel belts of igneous rocks. Theisotopic, trace element and rare earth element geochemical data of a bimodal rock association made up ofanorthosite, gabbro and alkali basalt and olivine-bearing quartz-syenite, rapakivi granite and trachyte as wellas potassic A-type granites and anorogenic granites—— all suggest that there exists an incipient rift in thestudy area. Fractional crystallization of a mixed magma formed by the magma derived from the upper mantleand the magma derived by small degrees of fusion of the lower crust produced anorthosite cumulates. Thewater-deficient granitic magma was differentiated into a subalkaline series. When the fractional crystallizationwas incomplete, rhythmic eruptions took place.     

黑龙江五星铜镍、铂钯矿床镁铁质杂岩的元素地球化学特征与岩石成因

五星超镁铁质- 镁铁质杂岩的元素地球化学特征研究表明, 其原始岩浆为低钛、高镁的拉斑玄武岩浆, 由以CO2 为主的流体交代亏损地幔所形成的弱亏损地幔部分熔融产生, 其残余矿物相主要为石榴石、尖晶石和金红石。岩浆形成与演化经历了3 个阶段: ① 上升的软流圈与岩石圈地幔接触, 热流体作用导致岩石圈地幔发生高度部分熔融, 形成初始硫饱和的次碱性玄武岩; ②初始岩浆上侵, 在下地壳形成岩浆房, 岩浆结晶作用形成以似层状橄榄石、紫苏辉石、普通辉石和磁铁矿等为主的堆晶岩, 在地壳物质的参与下形成残余辉长质岩浆; ③ 岩浆房破裂, 残余岩浆和含有熔体( < 30% ) 的堆晶岩相先后上侵形成五星原始镁铁质杂岩。就铜镍和铂钯矿化而言, 铜镍硫化物形成于岩浆房分离结晶晚期的熔离作用, 而铂钯矿化则主要在成岩期后流体作用阶段形成。     

Ultramafic Xenoliths From a Kamafugite Lava in Cenozoic Volcanic Field of West Qinling, China and Its Geological Implication

ULTRAMAFIC XENOLITHS FROM A KAMAFUGITE LAVA IN CENOZOIC VOLCANIC FIELD OF WEST QINLING, CHINA AND ITS GEOLOGICAL IMPLICATION     

Fractional crystallisation and the petrology of Dunedin volcano

Major and trace element data and mineral chemical data indicate that the range in rock types making up the Dunedin volcano has developed by crystal fractionation processes acting upon mantle derived basaltic magmas at various levels in the crust and upper mantle. A diversity among parental materials and the operation of the fractionation process at varying levels in the crust and mantle under varying conditions of pH₂O have resulted in a diverse series of overlapping fractionation trends. ‘End member’ series are: basalt-hawaiite-mugearite-benmoreite; basanite-nepheline hawaiitenepheline mugearite-nepheline benmoreite; moderately potassic variants on these series. The phonolitic rocks of the volcano are low pressure differentiates derived by fractional crystallization, involving feldspar, as end member products in all the series outlined above. Quartz normative trachytes of the volcano appear to be differentiates from a distinct saturated or oversaturated magma series of different strontium isotopic and trace element characteristics from the undersaturated magma series.     

我国东北小古里河-科洛-五大连池-二克山火山带钾质矿物成因及地质意义

东北黑龙江小古里河-科洛-五大连池-二克山火山岩带是我国近代保存最好的火山群之一,此带火山岩的岩石化学特点全都强碱富钾,K₂O/Na₂O>1.2,属于一套高钾过碱性火山岩。通过对东北钾质火山岩及金云母橄榄岩地幔捕虏体中钾质矿物金云母、白榴石的成分、结晶环境与岩浆成分及来源关系的研究,认为在岩石圈伸展构造背景下,地幔金云母橄榄岩的低度部分熔融形成钾质岩浆,钾质岩浆上升到地壳浅部经历了白榴石的结晶作用。岩浆演化晚期,因钾质矿物大量晶出导致岩浆相对富钠而出现他形霞石和方钠石等填隙矿物。火山岩及地幔捕虏体中富挥发分矿物金云母、白榴石、磷灰石、霞石和方钠石还提供了钾质岩浆富含H₂O、F、Cl、P等挥发分的证据。     

西藏当惹雍错富钾和富钠碱性火山岩的矿物学研究及其成因指示

对青藏高原西南部当惹雍错地区的中新世超钾质粗面岩及共存的富钠质方沸石(霞石)响岩进行了详细的岩石学、矿物学研究,揭示出两套岩石具有不同的矿物学特征.钠质方沸石(霞石)响岩中橄榄石斑晶的熔体包裹体与钾质火山岩的成分相当,应属于早期残余的钾质岩浆,表明了钠质方沸石(霞石)响岩的形成晚于超钾质粗面岩.两类岩石的全岩化学成分、...     

Mantle metasomatism—precursor to continental alkaline volcanism

REE distributions of an unusual suite of mantle-derived amphibole/apatite rich xenoliths have very steep, LREE-enriched chondrite-normalised patterns with no Eu anomalies. These are closely analogous to REE distributions of carbonatitic and kimberlitic rocks. A wide range in absolute abundances of REE reflects the varied mineral assemblages of this xenolith suite and, together with other trace element and volatile concentrations, supports an origin by fractionation of, or separation from, a volatile-charged LIL-enriched (possibly kimberlitic/carbonatitic) magma. Such a magma could be a medium for volatile transfer, addition of Ti, V, K and P, and LREE enrichment within the upper mantle. It is postulated that such metasomatism in the upper mantle is a necessary precursor to continental alkaline volcanism.Geochemical modelling based on REE suggests that a pyrolite source +0.35% apatite (total of 0.5% apatite), with amphibole accounting for all K₂O, can yield basanitic liquids with approximately 1–10% partial melting if the source is LREE-enriched (La about 20 times chondrite and Yb about 4.5–5 times chondrite).REE and trace element contents of the host rocks indicate that little exchange of these elements has occurred between xenolith and host magma during transport and emplacement.     

新疆东部基性超基性岩的地质地球化学特征

新疆东部基性超曲性岩常成群成带分布，明显受区域性深大断裂控制，可分为蛇绿岩套型和岩浆侵入型两种，前者包括阿尔曼太岩带和克拉美丽岩带，是蛇绿岩套的主要组成部分，前者包括阿尔曼太岩带和克拉美丽岩带，是蛇绿岩套的主要组成部分，包括喀拉通克岩带黄山岩带，为来源于上地幔的原始岩浆经分异，结晶而成，文中对这两类基性超基性岩的地质地球化学特征进行了系统研究。     

长江中下游庐枞火山岩盆地南侧钾质侵入岩带的成因

庐枞火山岩盆地南侧的钾质侵入岩带由正长岩-石英正长岩-正长花岗岩组成,以石英正长岩为主。它们的形成时间介于123"130 Ma之间,峰值约为126 Ma,其中正长岩和石英正长岩的形成时间稍早,而正长花岗岩的形成时间略晚。整个钾质侵入岩带的侵位时间晚于庐枞盆地内的橄榄玄粗质火山作用约4"7 Ma,也是长江中下游地区除最东段的宁镇地区外中生代最晚的岩浆活动产物之一。地球化学上,该钾质侵入岩带以高钾、富碱、富集Rb、Th、U、K等强不相容元素和轻稀土元素、亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta和Ti为特征。它们的母岩浆主要是由富集型上地幔部分熔融形成的,从正长岩经石英正长岩到正长花岗岩的演化主要受矿物的分离结晶作用控制,地壳物质同化所起的影响不大。但与同样来自富集型上地幔部分熔融的庐枞盆地内火山杂岩的母岩浆相比,前者的母岩浆来源深度可能更大些或其中包含了更多来自软流圈地幔的组分。两者的演化路径也完全不同,钾质侵入岩带的母岩浆除经历过高压下的分离结晶作用外,晚期在低压下还经历过长石为主,可能还有黑云母的分离结晶,甚至上地壳物质一定程度的混染作用;而盆地内火山杂岩的母岩浆低压下矿物的分离结晶作用及上地壳物质的混染都不明显。庐枞盆地南缘的富钾侵入岩与盆地内的火山杂岩一样,地球化学上都具有明显的大陆弧的特征,暗示它们的岩浆源区可能形成于俯冲带环境,意味着扬子地块北缘先前(推测为古元古代晚期)曾发生过俯冲作用,上地幔的交代富集可能就与这次的俯冲作用有关。     

Early Cretaceous rift-related volcanism in the Songliao Basin,NE China – A geochemical study

Following the amalgamation of the Siberian and North China Cratons, NE China, as part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), underwent Late Mesozoic lithospheric extension that was associated with volcanic activity. The Songliao Basin is the most important rift structure formed during these processes and contains voluminous volcanic rocks interlayered with sedimentary infill. Mafic-to-intermediate lavas are associated with felsic ones. This study focusses on the geochemical compositions of the less-widespread Early Cretaceous mafic-to-intermediate lavas in the Songliao Basin and compares them with the more abundant felsic rocks. Two mafic-to-intermediate magma series, one with alkaline and the other with sub-alkaline affinity, were identified. High MgO and Cr contents, low Th/Nb and La/Nb ratios, and variable but depleted Nd isotope compositions indicate that both magma suites were most likely formed by the melting of enriched upper mantle sources. Sub-alkaline mafic-to-intermediate rocks and I-type rhyolites define a co-genetic magma series. This rock suite was produced by the melting of subduction-modified lithospheric mantle and subsequent magma evolution as well as crustal melting during lithospheric extension. Alkaline mafic-to-intermediate rocks and A-type rhyolites form another co-genetic magma suite that was produced under within-plate conditions from an OIB-type mantle source, supposed to be the heterogeneous shallow asthenosphere and/or the lower lithosphere. Decompression partial melting of this mantle source requires a relatively thin lithosphere. The development of alkaline mafic rocks and A-type rhyolites as typical bimodal volcanic assemblage reflects that lithospheric thinning below the Songliao Basin reached its maximum, whereas basin rifting terminated afterwards.     

塔里木盆地南北缘新生代火山岩成因及其地质意义

塔里木盆地南北缘几个地方的新生代火山岩类具有贫硅富碱、特别是富钾的特点 ,均属于碱性火成岩系列。大部分样品SiO2 质量分数低于 5 3% ,全碱质量分数大于 3%。按照全碱 SiO2 的关系 ,它们可以划分为 3种类型 :钾质碧玄岩钾质粗面玄武岩钾质碱性橄榄玄武岩类、钾质橄榄安粗岩粗面岩类和钾质粗面玄武岩橄榄玄武粗安岩安粗岩类。岩石普遍含有橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜长石与黑云母等矿物斑晶 ,部分火山岩中见有辉石、金云母、角闪石高压巨晶 ,岩石地球化学特征与幔源捕虏体和高压巨晶的产出表明它们具有原生岩浆的性质。岩石地球化学参数的变异趋势暗示岩浆起源于深部流体强烈活动的地幔环境 ,而不是受控于分离结晶作用。岩浆活动受控于印度 -亚洲大陆碰撞构造体制派生的大型走滑体制 ,与大陆裂谷、地幔柱和陆内俯冲作用无关。     

Petrogenesis of Monte Vulture volcano (Italy): inferences from mineral chemistry,major and trace element data

The paper presents major and trace element data and mineral compositions for a series of foiditic-tephritic to phonolitic rocks coming from Monte Vulture, Southern Italy, and investigates their origin, evolution and relationship with the other centres of the Roman province.Major and trace element variation in the foiditic to tephritic suite agrees with a hypothesis of evolution by simple crystal/liquid fractionation, whereas the early erupted phonolitic trachytes and phonolites have geochemical characteristics which do not support their derivation from tephritic magma by crystal fractionation. Foiditic and phonolitic rocks have mineral compositions which are interpreted as indicating magma mixing. However geochemical evidence shows that this process did not play an important role during the magma evolution.The Vulture rocks have compositional peculiarities such as high abundance of Na₂O, CaO, Cl and S, when compared with other Roman volcanics. Instead, the distribution of incompatible elements is similar to those of Roman rocks, except for a lower content of Rb and K, higher P and lower Th/Ta and Th/Nb ratios which are still close to the values of arc volcanics.The high contents of Na, Ca and of volatile components are tentatively attributed to the interaction of magma with aqueous solutions, rich in calcium sulphate and sodium chloride, related to the Miocene or Triassic evaporites occurring within the sedimentary sequence underlying the volcano. The distribution pattern of the incompatible elements is interpreted as indicative of magma-forming in a subduction modified upper mantle and of the peculiar location of M. Vulture.     

中国东部原生金刚石矿床成因与找矿

中国的原生金刚石矿床首先发现于山东省和辽宁省,它是规模不大而稀少的矿床类型。中国原生金刚石矿床只产于地台区,沿着郯庐断裂分布,主要矿田呈北北东—南南西向有规律的排列。金伯利岩是一种复式的混杂岩,它侵入的地区伴随有地幔的隆起或穹隆构造。侵入作用是多次的,来自深部喷发作用的金伯利岩是极少。金刚石是从岩浆中结晶沉淀的。“兰地”,“黄地”等风化产物,地球化学、磁异常、重矿物源等有助于指导找矿。     

Intrusion of basaltic magma into a crystallizing granitic magma chamber: The Cordillera del Paine pluton in southern Chile

The Cordillera del Paine pluton in the southernmost Andes of Chile represents a deeply dissected magma chamber where mafic magma intruded into crystallizing granitic magma. Throughout much of the 10x15 km pluton, there is a sharp and continuous boundary at a remarkably constant elevation of 1,100 m that separates granitic rocks (Cordillera del Paine or CP granite: 69–77% SiO₂) which make up the upper levels of the pluton from mafic and comingled rocks (Paine Mafic Complex or PMC: 45–60% SiO₂) which dominate the lower exposures of the pluton. Chilled, crenulate, disrupted contacts of mafic rock against granite demonstrate that partly crystallized granite was intruded by mafic magma which solidified prior to complete crystallization of the granitic magma. The boundary at 1,100 m was a large and stable density contrast between the denser, hotter mafic magma and cooler granitic magma. The granitic magma was more solidified near the margins of the chamber when mafic intrusion occurred, and the PMC is less disrupted by granites there. Near the pluton margins, the PMC grades upward irregularly from cumulate gabbros to monzodiorites. Mafic magma differentiated largely by fractional crystallization as indicated by the presence of cumulate rocks and by the low levels of compatible elements in most PMC rocks. The compositional gap between the PMC and CP granite indicates that mixing (blending) of granitic magma into the mafic magma was less important, although it is apparent from mineral assemblages in mafic rocks. Granitic magma may have incorporated small amounts of mafic liquid that had evolved to >60% SiO₂ by crystallization. Mixing was inhibited by the extent of crystallization of the granite, and by the thermal contrast and the stable density contrast between the magmas. PMC gabbros display disequilibrium mineral assemblages including early formed zoned olivine (with orthopyroxene coronas), clinopyroxene, calcic plagioclase and paragasite and later-formed amphibole, sodic plagioclase, mica and quartz. The early formed gabbroic minerals (and their coronas) are very similar to phenocrysts in late basaltic dikes that cut the upper levels of the CP granite. The inferred parental magmas of both dikes and gabbros were very similar to subalkaline basalts of the Patagonian Plateau that erupted at about the same time, 35 km to the east. Mafic and silicic magmas at Cordillera del Paine are consanguineous, as demonstrated by alkalinity and trace-element ratios. However, the contemporaneity of mafic and silicic magmas precludes a parent-daughter relationship. The granitic magma most likely was derived by differentiation of mafic magmas that were similar to those that later intruded it. Or, the granitic magma may have been contaminated by mafic magmas similar to the PMC magmas before its shallow emplacement. Mixing would be favored at deeper levels when the cooling rate was lower and the granitic magma was less solidified.     

Growth of subcontinental lithosphere: evidence from repeated dike injections in the Balmuccia lherzolite massif, Italian Alps

The Balmuccia alpine lherzolite massif is a fragment of subcontinental lithospheric mantle emplaced into the lower crust 251 Ma ago during the final, extensional phase of the Hercynian orogeny. The Balmuccia massif consists largely of lherzolite, with subordinate harzburgite and dunite, and an array of dike rocks formed in the mantle before crustal emplacement. Dike rocks include websterite and bronzitite of the Cr-diopside suite, spinel clinopyroxenite and spinel-poor websterite of the Al-augite suite, gabbro and gabbronorite of the late gabbro suite, and hornblendite of the hydrous vein suite. The dike rocks display consistent intrusive relationships with one another, such that Cr-diopside suite dikes are always older than dikes and veins of the Al-augite suite, followed by dikes of the late gabbro suite and veins of the hydrous vein suite. Phlogopite (phl) veinlets that formed during interaction with the adjacent crust are the youngest event. There are at least three generations of Cr-diopside suite dikes, as shown by crosscutting relations. Dikes of the Al-augite suite form a polybaric fractionation series from spinel clinopyroxenite to websterite and feldspathic websterite, which crystallized from aluminous alkaline magmas at relatively high pressures. The late gabbro suite of dikes intruded at lower pressures, where plagioclase saturation occurred before significant mafic phase fractionation. Hornblendite veins have distinct compositional and isotopic characteristics, which show that they are not related to either the Al-augite suite or to the late gabbro dike suite. Cr-diopside suite dikes have Nd and Sr isotopic compositions similar to those of the host lherzolite and within the range of compositions defined by ocean–island basalts. The Al-augite dikes and the hornblendite veins have Sr and Nd isotopic compositions similar to those of Cr-diopside suite lherzolite and websterite. The late gabbro dikes have Nd and Sr isotopic compositions similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) asthenosphere. Lead isotopic compositions for all of the samples fall in the present-day MORB field on the ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagram but are displaced above this field on the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb vs. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagram. There is overlap in the data between the Cr-diopside suite and the Al-augite and hydrous vein suites, with the exception that the Cr-diopside websterite dikes have more radiogenic Pb than any of the other samples. In Pb–Pb space as well, the late gabbro suite has the least radiogenic isotopic compositions, reflecting a change in magma source region during uplift. These data show that tectonic thinning of subcontinental lithospheric mantle during extension caused a change in the source regions of mantle-derived magmas from an ocean island basalt (OIB)-like lithosphere to the underlying MORB asthenosphere. They also demonstrate that the upper mantle acquires its heterogeneous isotopic character through several different processes, including in situ radiogenic growth, addition of asthenospheric melts, dike-wall rock ionic exchange, redistribution of the lithospheric dike and vein materials by melting, and in the late stages of emplacement, assimilation of crustal materials.     

长白山天池火山粗面岩成因与岩浆房系统演化

长白山天池火山是典型的大陆板内碱性火山,岩石组合以玄武岩盾和粗面岩、碱流岩等碱性岩为主。为厘清天池火山粗面岩的形成过程,本文在综合前人研究的基础上,结合本文新发表数据,检验了粗面岩的成因。研究结果显示天池火山粗面岩不可能由古老的华北克拉通下地壳部分熔融形成,也不符合造盾玄武岩部分熔融的模式。通过主量元素、微量元素定性和定量计算后认为粗面岩是由进化玄武质岩浆(玄武粗安岩)经历了分离结晶作用所形成,粗面岩形成过程中岩浆遭受了地壳混染,并且具有高n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)和低n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)两种截然不同的混染趋势。结合岩相和层序信息,作者认为两种演化趋势是上地壳岩浆房系统变化的反映。早期玄武质岩(头道白山期)上侵至上地壳演化,因与上地壳直接接触,沿高n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)趋势演化。随着岩浆房接受补给,岩浆房逐渐增大,新侵入的岩浆与地壳被早期岩浆房结晶形成的岩浆房壁所隔挡,使得年轻粗面岩和碱流岩只与早期粗面质岩浆的残留体等进行物质交换,最终沿着低Sr同位素比值趋势演化。     

青藏高原拉萨地块西部雄巴盆地后碰撞钾质-超钾质火山岩年代学与地球化学

青藏高原拉萨地块后碰撞钾质和超钾质岩浆活动广泛分布且已有不少研究成果,但是它们的年龄主要是17~8Ma,而对于拉萨地块西部雄巴地区时代为24~23Ma的岩浆作用则研究较少。本文对雄巴盆地新识别出的三种类型火山岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究表明,它们分别是超钾质安粗岩(23.9±0.6Ma)、粗面英安岩(23.3±0.4Ma)和钾质流纹岩(24.1±0.3Ma),这三种岩石近于同时产出。三类岩石的源区明显不同,其中钾质流纹岩是中、上地壳部分熔融产物;具有埃达克质特征的钾质粗面英安岩可能为加厚下地壳部分熔融;而超钾质安粗岩可能富集地幔部分熔融的产物。雄巴三种火山岩均含数量不等的继承锆石,钾质流纹岩具有~150Ma、~90Ma和~50Ma的继承锆石年龄群;钾质粗面英安岩突出显示了~90Ma左右岩浆活动记录和两个新元古代继承锆石年龄;幔源超钾质安粗岩的继承锆石则绝大多数继承锆石为晚白垩纪以来的岩浆活动记录,突出显示110~80Ma和62~30Ma两个峰值。     

新疆阿尔泰康布铁堡组钾质和钠质流纹岩的成因及同位素年代学研究

阿尔泰南缘康布铁堡组酸性火山岩分布在麦兹、克朗、冲呼尔以及阿舍勒等火山-沉积盆地.本文对其中的钾质流纹岩(TM1,铁木尔特地区)和钠质流纹岩(KK7,可可塔勒地区)进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年以及地球化学的研究.钾质流纹岩的年龄为400.8±8.4Ma(加权平均年龄为394.8±7.9Ma),钠质流纹岩的年龄为402.2±6Ma(加权平均年龄为396.8±5.1Ma).主元素分析结果证明研究区在时间和空间上紧密共生的高钾流纹岩和高钠流纹岩同属于高碱、高硅、低钙、过铝质的钙碱性岩系.相似的稀土元素分配模式和同样亏损高场强元素(Ti、Nb、Ta)的地球化学特征暗示二者的原始岩浆源于上地壳部分熔融.钾质流纹岩富集Rb,Ba、Pb,钠质流纹岩则富集Sr,这种元素分相富集的特征符合在岩浆液态不混溶条件下微量元素在共轭钠质熔体和钾质硅酸盐熔体中的分配原则.由此推论,本区产出的钾质流纹岩和钠质流纹岩可能是上地壳部分熔融形成的高挥发分酸性岩浆液态不混溶的产物.     

Rb-Sr age of the Sivamalai alkaline complex,Tamil Nadu

The Sivamalai alkaline complex comprises ferro-, pyroxene-hornblende- and nepheline-syenites. Field relations show that the nepheline syenites followed the emplacement of non-feldspathoidal syenites. Mineralogical data on the syenite suite have been reviewed. The Sivamalai alkaline rocks are not strongly enriched in rare-earth elements like most miaskites. Rb-Sr isotopic analyses of a suite of six samples from the various members of the complex define an isochron corresponding to an age of 623 ±21 Ma (2σ) and initial Sr ratio of 0.70376 ±14 (2σ). This is consistent with a model of fractional crystallization of a parent magma derived from an upper mantle source with apparently no isotopic evidence for more than one magma source for the complex. The Sivamalai alkaline complex represents a Pan-African alkaline magmatic event in the southern granulite terrane of Peninsular India.     

湘南汝城盆地火山岩岩石地球化学及其成因意义

汝城盆地基性火山岩系由辉绿岩、玄武岩和玄武质火山碎屑岩组成，属于低钾拉斑玄武岩系。基性火山岩系具有同一岩浆源区。岩石微量元素出现弱的LILE富集和Ta，Nb，Ti的亏损。强不相容元素比值反映岩浆源区明显偏离原始地幔组分，具有富集型异常地幔岩浆源区特征。岩浆源区同时受到地壳物质混染和来自先前消减残留板片流体或熔体交代的双重改造作用。在陆内拉张构造条件下富集型异常地幔岩浆源区的部分熔融是制约汝城盆地基性火山岩形成的主要因素。