山东阜山金矿区构造应力场及其转化

在估算了阜山金矿区成岩成矿期的构造差应力值后,获得约2km2区域内的主压应力和差异应力的空间分布规律。结果表明,矿体部位往往对应于应力或应变强烈变化的区段,而非应力或应变的极高值或极低值处。依据应变测量和磁组构分析,研究了阜山金矿成岩期和成矿期的构造应变场特征,指出:阜山金矿在成岩和成矿期间构造应力场经历了由NE向挤压转为NW向挤压,构造应力场的这种转化对该区的成矿意义重大。      

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）主孔微断层的空间展布和脆性变形构造应力场分析

CCSD主孔岩芯中发育有十分丰富的脆性微断层,孔深5158m以上,按其空间分布,可将其主体归纳为北北东向微断层系、北西向微断层系、北东向微断层组和近于东西向微断层组等四个微断层系（组）和SEE-NWW向水平挤压构造应力场、NE-SW向水平挤压构造应力场等二期区域构造应力场。SEE-NWW向水平挤压构造应力场贯穿于高压-超高压变质岩折返的全过程,表明在折返过程中,深层韧性变形阶段的构造应力场和浅层脆性变形阶段的构造应力场,具有高度的一致性。但流劈理和微断层的极点等值线图表明,韧性变形阶段的变形较脆性变形阶段的变形简单,深部发生的基本上是一种以逆冲型剪切应变为主导的变形,而浅部脆性变形域,除继承性的逆冲型剪切应变外,往往叠加有后期的构造伸展作用和走滑作用,因此具有更为复杂的应变图象。NE~SW向水平挤压构造应力场,在时间上晚于SEE~NWW向水平挤压构造应力场,它是导致先存的北北东向逆冲型流劈理发生自北东向南西方向滑动的主因。对比不同岩石类型的微断层和流劈理的极点等值线图,无论是极密类型,还是极密的分布,均不受岩石类型的影响,说明微断层和流劈理的形成与岩石类型（岩性）无关,而主要受构造因素制约,因此,运用微断层和流劈理（叶理）相结合的分析法,研究高压-超高压变质岩带折返阶段的构造应力场和动力学过程,有其他方法无可替代的效果。     

The inner ramp facies of the Thanetian Lockhart Formation,western Salt Range,Indus Basin,Pakistan

The Lockhart Formation from a major carbonate unit of the Paleocene Charrat Group in Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan represents a larger foraminiferal–algal build up deposited in a cyclic sequence of the carbonate ramp. The foraminiferal–algal assemblages of the Lockhart Formation are correlated here to larger foraminiferal biostratigraphic zone, i.e. Shallow Benthic Zone (SBZ3) of the Thanetian Age. Inner ramp lagoon, shoal and fore shoal open marine are three main facies associations represented by wackstone and packstone foraminiferal–algal deposits. These facies are present in a cyclic order and displayed a retrograding carbonate ramp indicating the Thanetian transgressive deposits associated with eustatic sea level rise. The correlation of the microfacies of the Lockhart Formation (Upper Indus Basin) and facies of the Dungan Formation (Lower Indus Basin) provide detailed configuration of the depositional setting of the Indus Basin during the time interval represented by the Thanetian Zone SBZ3.     

Neotectonic and modern stresses of South Sakhalin

Tectonophysical studies are conducted in South Sakhalin for identification of temporal–spatial changes in the geodynamic settings of the formation of the local structures. Analysis of the field data reveals 11 local stress state (LSS) in the large newest megastructures, which were formed on geological basement of different ages. The parameters of the tectonic stresses are significantly distinct in each LSS, especially the orientations (up to reindexation) of the compression and extension axes in different fault wings. Tectonic stresses of two ages and constant latitudinal and horizontal compression axis are reconstructed. The earlier cofold shear stress field with a horizontal and longitudinal extension axis is post-Miocene and the later stress field of the reversed fault with a vertical extension axis is orogenic. The LSSs reconstructed for the first time by the displacement vectors on slickensides, along with the data on the earthquake mechanisms, substantiate the reindexation of the horizontal extension axis with the vertical intermediate axis of major normal stresses at the postfold orogenic stage of evolution of the territory. These results are in agreement with previous data on the transformation of the dextral to reverse thrust displacements along the longitudinal fault systems. The young stress field is more confidently interpreted in the activation fault zones, which limit the orogenic blocks, whereas the traces of cofold deformations without younger orogenic stress fields better remain inside the blocks which are composed of older and strongly dislocated Mesozoic rocks.     

Tectonic evolution of Cretaceous extensional basins in Zhejiang Province,eastern South China: structural and geochronological constraints

Widespread Cretaceous volcanic basins are common in eastern South China and are crucial to understanding how the Circum-Pacific and Tethyan plate boundaries evolved and interacted with one another in controlling the tectonic evolution of South China. Lithostratigraphic units in these basins are grouped, in ascending order, into the Early Cretaceous volcanic suite (K_1V), the Yongkang Group (K_1-2), and the Jinqu Group (K₂). SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronological results indicate that (1) the Early Cretaceous volcanic suite (K_1V) erupted at 136–129 Ma, (2) the Yongkang Group (K_1-2) was deposited from 129 Ma to 91 Ma, and (3) the deposition of the Jinqu Group (K₂) post-dated 91 Ma. Structural analyses of fault-slip data from these rock units delineate a four-stage tectonic evolution of the basins during Cretaceous to Palaeogene time. The first stage (Early to middle Cretaceous time, 136–91 Ma) was dominated by NW–SE extension, as manifested by voluminous volcanism, initial opening of NE-trending basins, and deposition of the Yongkang Group. This extension was followed during Late Cretaceous time by NW–SE compression that inverted previous rift basins. During the third stage in Late Cretaceous time, possibly since 78.5 Ma, the tectonic stress changed to N–S extension, which led to basin opening and deposition of the Jinqu Group along E-trending faults. This extension probably lasted until early Palaeogene time and was terminated by the latest NE–SW compressional deformation that caused basin inversion again. Geodynamically, the NW–SE-oriented stress fields were associated with plate kinematics along the Circum-Pacific plate boundary, and the extension–compression alternation is interpreted as resulting from variations of the subducted slab dynamics. A drastic change in the tectonic stress field from NW–SE to N–S implies that the Pacific subduction-dominated back-arc extension and shortening were completed in the Late Cretaceous, and simultaneously, that Neo-Tethyan subduction became dominant and exerted a new force on South China. The ongoing Neo-Tethyan subduction might provide plausible geodynamic interpretations for the Late Cretaceous N–S extension-dominated basin rifting, and the subsequent Cenozoic India–Asia collision might explain the early Palaeogene NE–SW compression-dominated basin inversion.     

华北地台中生代热液成矿的构造环境

本文阐述的是在海西末期自初始欧亚板埠形成后,具有早前寒武结晶基底的华北地台,自中生代开始,便处于古太平洋板块强烈挤压俯冲以及与北面西伯利亚板块,南面华南板是一步挤压俯冲所造成的两大构造应力场和构造环境中。前者所造成的构造线方向主要为ＮＥ和ＮＮＲ走向,并由于古太平洋板块作用于我国东部大陆的Ｆａｒａｌｌｏｎ、Ｋｕｌａ和Ｉａｎａｇｉｓｌ板块都具有左行运动的特征,这就造成华北地台、整个中国东部大陆ＮＥ和Ｎ     

Evolution of intraplate stress fields under multiple remote compressions: The case of the Iberian Chain (NE Spain)

The stress evolution of the central-eastern Iberian Chain during the Tertiary compression has been a matter of discussion during the last decades. In particular, there is not a complete agreement on whether the tectonic evolution is controlled by different external stress fields or it is essentially related to a single stress field with multiple stress perturbations. A systematic procedure to discriminate between these two hypotheses is proposed. The procedure involves statistical computing of local compression directions, identifying and ‘filtering’ stress deviations on outcrop to map scale, and timing of paleostresses. The latter has been interpreted from both analysis of cross-cut relationships of structures and consideration of the palaeostress record through the sequence of syntectonic sedimentary units. The results suggest that a single stress field with multiple perturbations cannot explain the ensemble of compression directions inferred in the region. The final proposed model includes three different, partially superposed Intraplate Stress Fields ISF (NE–SW, ESE–WNW to SSE–NNW, and NNE–SSW ISFs), driven by genetically independent far-field tectonic forces related with the active Iberia plate margins, and showing both local and regional deflection of stress trajectories.     

山西沁水盆地东缘太行大断裂构造变形特征及其成因探讨

太行大断裂是山西沁水盆地与太行山隆起的分界,也是华北克拉通内部重要的构造变形带。通过对断层破碎带、断层相关褶皱及共轭节理的野外详细测量,研究了太行大断裂的构造变形特征,探讨其形成的古构造应力场。研究认为,太行大断裂可能经历了3期构造应力作用:(1)印支期在华南、华北板块碰撞的远程效应作用下表现出近N—S向挤压构造应力场。(2)燕山期表现为E—W向至NWW—SEE向挤压构造应力场。(3)喜马拉雅期由NWW—SEE向挤压转换为NE—SW向挤压(或NW—SE向伸展)。太行大断裂由北至南可分为:(1)北段,由3条呈右阶斜列的大型逆断层组成,基岩出露,以逆冲推覆为主。(2)中段,地表出露斜歪褶皱和逆冲断层组合。(3)南段,发育强烈的挤压破碎带,该带中广泛发育构造角砾岩和构造透镜体,构造挤压带内的构造透镜体陡立,显示近水平方向的挤压。     

Time–Space Effect of Stress Field and Damage Evolution Law of Compressed Coal-Rock

Along with the increase of mining depth, the dynamic disasters related to the instability and destruction of coal-rock are becoming more and more serious. In this paper, the uniaxial compression model of coal-rock was established by means of the micro particle flow PFC2D software firstly, and then the variation of stress field and damage field of coal-rock were analysed. Finally, the time–space constitutive model of coal-rock was discussed and modified. The research results show that: the compression stress field of coal-rock has obvious time–space effect, and along with the change of compressive stress, the stress field was transferred to the inner coal-rock body; the coal-rock damage evolution process has a similar temporal and spatial relations with the stress field evolution, the number of damage cracks were increasing with the constant change of compressive stress, and transferred to the inner coal-rock body with “string wave” feature; the time–space damage constitutive model of coal-rock established on the basis of local crack and the stress concentration factor of coal-rock was reasonable and effective, the damage degree of the whole coal-rock could be predicted by the variation of local coal-rock stress and cracks. In overall, the successful verification of the time–space relationship of coal-rock damage and stress transfer indicated that the possibility of using the constitutive model developed in this study to investigate coal-rock stability in coal mine.     

Joints,faults and palaeostress evolution in the Campo de Dalias (Betic Cordilleras,southeastern Spain)

The Campo de Dal??as, located between the central and eastern Betic Cordilleras, shows an evolution determined by the overprinting of two main stress fields since Pliocene times. The first of these develops hybrid and tensional joint sets up to Pleistocene (100 000 yr) and is characterized by NNW–SSE horizontal trend of compression and an ENE–WSW horizontal extension. The second stress field has prolate to triaxial extensional ellipsoids, also with ENE–WSW horizontal extension, and continues to be active today. The most recent stresses produce the reactivation of previous joints as faults whose trends are comprised mainly from N120°E to N170°E and have a normal and transtensional regime, with dextral or sinistral components. The palaeostress evolution of this region is similar to that undergone by other basins of the Eastern Betic Cordilleras, although the Pliocene–Pleistocene transcurrent deformations in the Campo de Dal??as only develop joints and not strike-slip faults.     

郯庐断裂带(安徽段)及邻区的动力学分析与区域构造演化

依据区域构造层次划分,采用构造筛分法,层层深入,层层筛分,确定发生于各个不同时代地层/岩层内的断裂活动的同期及叠加的应力场特征。综合所有的同期应力场特征及辅以叠加的应力场特征来验证,从而确定了一个连续的、完整的断裂活动的应力场演化序列;结合区域构造变形特征分析,阐明郯庐断裂带(安徽段)的构造演化。应力场分析显示:晚三叠-早侏罗世应力场为北北西—南南东或近南北向挤压,属古特提斯构造域,断裂发生同造山走滑;早白垩世早期,应力场为北西—南东向挤压,断裂发生左行走滑运动,中国东部处于西环太平洋构造域;早白垩世晚期—古新世(始新世),区域发生北西—南东向伸展作用,断裂处于伸展断陷作用阶段;新生代,受区域上近东西向的挤压作用影响,断裂发生挤压逆冲兼右行走滑作用。     

晋南地穹列煤层气赋存区构造应力分析

根据晋南地穹列构造型相分析，恢复了4期应力场：①地洼初动期（印支期）近S－N水平挤压；②地洼激烈期（燕山期）NWW－SEE水平挤压；③地洼余动期（喜山早期）NNE－SSW水平挤压；④地洼余动期（喜山中期）NW－SE、NWW－SEE近水平伸展。其现代构造应力场以NW－SE向伸展应力场为主，但在沁水地穹则表现为NEE－SWW向近水平挤压应力场。有限元模拟分析证实：此局部挤压应力场的动力来源于挽近地质时期太行山和霍山的隆起与抬升，临汾地洼和太原地洼中的伸展应力场则与地洼壳体下部慢源物质逸散所导致的侧向拉伸有关。区内应力降的分布特点与晋南地穹列断裂构造发育程度具有良好的对应相关性，在高应力降区，单位体积煤层气含量显著高于其它地区。模拟主应力差等值线图中两个高主应力差值区恰好与东部沁水地穹中两个高含气量区相对应，充分说明地洼余动期构造应力场中高压应力区是煤层气富集的有利地区。     

Pliocene to Quaternary deformation in South East Sayan (Siberia): Initiation of the Tertiary compressive phase in the southern termination of the Baikal Rift System

The South East Sayan area, W of the Lake Baikal is subjected to a very complex tectonic setting where the extensional stress field of the Baikal Rift System meets the compressional stress field generated by the India–Asia collision further south. Using satellite images, aerial photographs, SRTM DEM, field mapping of geomorphological structures, and published neotectonics and geological data we show that most of the relief in the SE Sayan initiated during Late Pliocene–Pleistocene through compressive reactivation of inherited structures. By Late Quaternary, clockwise rotation of the compressive field generated strike–slip faulting and local, secondary extension still within a general compressional stress field. We demonstrate that the formation of the small-scale extensional basins within the East Sayan range is not linked to general the extension in the Baikal Rift System nor to a possible asthenospheric plume acting at the base of the crust but rather to the rotation of small rigid tectonic blocks driven by the compression.     

Cenozoic stress fields in the Kiselevka fault zone,Lower Amur region

The study of tectonic sliding surfaces (hereafter, slickensides) and striae, as well as strike-slip echelons of quartz streaks, in the Kiselevka fault zone made it possible to reconstruct four groups of stress fields with a wide age range (from the Paleocene to Recent). The meridional compression and latitudinal extension of the earliest stress field promoted the left-lateral displacement along the Kiselevka fault. The fault activation in that period was accompanied by the final-phase magmatite formation in the East Sikhote-Alin volcanoplutonic belt. In contrast, the subsequent stress field of the sublatitudinal compression and submeridional extension changed the fault kinematics to right-lateral strike-slip ones. The origin and development of the Udyl intermontane depression is linked to these deformations. Upthrow deformations complicated the structure of the Udyl depression, whereas normal fault deformations produced the depression of Lake Udyl and the bays along the left bank of the Amur River.     

On the stress state of the Sakhalin crust according to the data of drilling deep boreholes

The stress state of the sedimentary rocks in the oil-and-gas fields of Sakhalin is estimated and analyzed; data from exploratory boreholes in the eastern Pacific (San-Andreas fault zone) are considered. The vertical and limiting horizontal stresses are calculated for different depths. The maximum sublateral compression can exceed the vertical stress by a factor of 1.2–4 on average in northern and southern Sakhalin. It is shown that the limiting horizontal stress and the maximum shear stress grow as the depth increases.     

The Relationship between Fractures and Tectonic Stress Field in the Extra Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoir at the South of Western Sichuan Depression

The formation and distribution of fractures are controlled by paleotectonic stress field,and their preservative status and effects on development are dominated by the modern stress field. Since Triassic,it has experienced four tectonic movements and developed four sets of tectonic fractures in the extra low-permeability sandstone reservoir at the south of western Sichuan depression. The strikes of fractures are in the S-N,NE-SW,E-W,and NW-SE directions respectively. At the end of Triassic,under the horizontal compression tectonic stress field,for which the maximum principal stress direction was NW-SE,the fractures were well developed near the S-N faults and at the end of NE-SW faults,because of their stress concentration. At the end of Cretaceous,in the horizontal compression stress fields of the NE-SW direction,the stress was obviously lower near the NE-SW faults,thus,fractures mainly developed near the S-N faults. At the end of Neogene-Early Pleistocene,under the horizontal compression tectonic stress fields of E-W direction,stress concentrated near the NE-SW faults and fractures developed at these places,especially at the end of the NE-SE faults,the cross positions of NE-SW,and S-N faults. Therefore,fractures developed mostly near S-N faults and NE-SW faults. At the cross positions of the above two sets of faults,the degree of development of the fractures was the highest. Under the modern stress field of the NW-SE direction,the NW-SE fractures were mainly the seepage ones with tensional state,the best connectivity,the widest aperture,the highest permeability,and the minimum opening pressure.     

Comparative study of the compression and uplift of shallow foundations

This paper compares the compression and uplift capacity of a strip foundation from numerical coupled analyses using the Modified Cam Clay (MCC) soil model. The focus is on the failure mechanism and pore pressure development in the soil. Triaxial compression and tension tests were first modelled to develop a rigorous understanding of the pore pressure responses; then, the compression and uplift of a strip foundation were modelled. The results show that the balance of excess pore pressures due to the changes in mean total stress and deviatoric stress during the compression and uplift of a strip foundation are different, although the ultimate undrained capacities are identical. Furthermore, the resistance and excess pore pressure responses during uplift differ from those in compression under the K₀-consolidated condition because of the elastic unloading. Although the failure mechanisms have identical shape and size between undrained compression and uplift, the pore pressure distribution in the soil is different and affects the load–displacement behaviours under partially drained compression and uplift.     

上扬子北部褶皱带的构造应力场演化规律

在对大量逆冲与平移断层运动学详细分析与观测的基础上,本文利用实测断层擦痕矢量数据组进行了区域应力场反演,根据对断层叠加关系的分析及叠加褶皱的验证,划分出上扬子北部经历过3期挤压构造应力场演化,从早到晚分别为:第1期北西—南东向挤压应力场,第2期近东西向挤压应力场和第3期北东—南西向挤压应力场。结合相关的地质现象,认为在这3期挤压应力场作用下分别形成了晚侏罗世末—早白垩世初的湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带、早白垩世末—晚白垩世初的川东隔档式褶皱带和南大巴山弧形褶皱带。由此表明,上扬子北部褶皱带的形成顺序为湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带→川东隔档式褶皱带→南大巴山弧形褶皱带。     

大巴山晚中生代陆内造山构造应力场

位于中上扬子板块北缘的大巴山造山带, 平面上表现为大尺度向南西显著突出的弧形带, 无论在变形样式和形成时间上都明显与秦岭造山带不同。在大巴山构造格架划分和野外构造变形观测基础上, 通过构造解析, 结合年代学研究成果, 重建了大巴山晚中生代独特的构造应力场, 指出大巴山属陆内造山, 形成于J2末, 并持续到K2初期。其构造应力场特征, 以城口－房县断裂为界, 大巴山逆冲推覆带与其前陆冲断褶皱带的特征显著不同。大巴山逆冲推覆带主要表现为NE-SW向构造挤压, 而在大巴山弧形前陆带从西向东, 由近E-W向挤压, 转变为NE-SW向挤压, 最后转变为近S-N向挤压, 构成一向其外缘扩散的放射状构造应力场。总之, 大巴山造山带由推覆体向前陆, 构造挤压作用由北东向南西方向扩散。这期构造挤压作用控制了大巴山造山带陆内变形活动, 导致大巴山由北东向南西的显著缩短, 同时受到其东西两侧基底隆起——神农架－黄陵地块与汉南地块的强烈阻挡, 造就了现今的大巴山前陆弧型构造。其动力学背景可归因于晚中生代东亚板块多向汇聚。大巴山晚中生代陆内造山构造应力场的研究, 对探讨秦岭造山带动力学特征具有科学意义, 为研究川东北油气运聚规律提供了构造地质学依据。