无人机遥感在海岛海岸带监测中的应用研究

目前的卫星遥感和航空遥感已不能满足海岛海岸带监测中不断提高的现势性和分辨率的要求,而具有高灵活性、高时效性、高分辨率、低成本的低空无人机遥感则能很好地满足其要求.基于此,利用无人机遥感系统的优点,本文归纳总结出了无人机遥感影像获取和处理的一般流程,并通过海岛（田横岛）及其海岸带监测的应用实例,展示了无人机遥感在海岛海岸带监测应用的可行性,进而能够实现海岛海岸带地区大比例尺的地形测绘.     

基于无人机高光谱遥感的海岛岸线精准提取方法研究与应用

鉴于传统遥感技术手段对海岛岸线的提取在精度与效率上存在很大不足，通过无人机高光谱遥感技术，结合岸线实地踏勘活动，提出一种海岛岸线类型识别与位置提取方法，并选取实际海岛进行了实验验证，成功获取了不同类型岸线的准确位置，所得成果与传统遥感手段相比，提高了系统性与准确性，为下一步海岛的生态评估工作提供了数据支撑。     

基于无人机MiniSAR和正射影像的海岸带开发利用信息提取对比研究

近年来,海洋在沿海国家的战略地位空前提升,海洋遥感技术也被广泛应用。海洋遥感利用电磁波与大气和海洋的相互作用原理,从卫星平台观测和研究海洋海岸带的各种现象,从而获取海岸带信息,分析海岸带变化。文章基于GIS和遥感技术,利用无人机搭载微型合成孔径雷达(MiniSAR)获取高分辨率SAR影像并与无人机光学正射影像进行对比研究,获取了海岸带开发利用信息分布状况,分析了两种手段获取结果的差异性原因,为深入开展无人机遥感监测在海洋管理中的应用奠定了基础。利用无人机机动灵活的特点,宏观、快速、高效地获取海岸带信息,并实时监测海岸带动态变化,将为海洋综合管理、海洋经济发展、海洋环境保护提供基础数据和技术支撑。     

海域海岛监视监测体系研究及在南沙区的应用

海域海岛动态监视监测业务是加强海域海岛管理的有效手段。文章对海域海岛监视监测业务体系进行研究梳理,分析无人机低空遥感技术在监视监测工作中的优势,设计建立无人机监视监测业务管理系统,应用于南沙区海域海岛监视监测工作,并介绍了监视监测工作中的几个实际应用。采用无人机低空遥感技术为主并建立无人机监视监测平台的办法,拓展和丰富了监视监测成果,有效促进了海域海岛监管能力提升。     

遥感技术应用于海岛保护与利用规划的可行性研究

随着海洋经济的迅猛发展,我国海岛的开发利用程度不断加大,部分海岛生态破坏严重,亟须海岛保护与利用规划的指导和管理.海岛保护与利用规划编制的基础性工作是摸清海岛的基本现状.遥感技术具有大面积、同步和时空分辨率高等优势,是资源环境调查的主要技术手段.分析海岛保护与利用规划编制所需的数据资料,应用海岛高分辨率遥感信息提取实例,展示遥感技术在海岛保护与利用规划编制过程中的作用,从而总结得出遥感是海岛保护与利用规划编制的重要支撑技术的结论.     

无人机航测系统的海岛礁测绘应用研究

介绍了三型基于无人飞行器为平台的航测系统,分析了影响海岛区域无人机影像数据处理精度的因素,无人机航测系统在海岛区应用的技术特点。以该三型系统在我国某海岛区域进行了摄影作业,对实验数据质量、空中三角测量精度、正射影像精度等进行分析。实验结果表明,无人机低空航测系统在海岛区域大比例尺地形测绘或海图修测等领域具有良好的应用前景。     

无人机影像在测绘1∶500海岛地形图中的应用

通过介绍无人机航摄系统的优点,结合无人机航摄系统高效快捷、地面分辨率高、成本低等特点,对无人机影像采集、影像处理、制作成图的流程进行了归纳;通过虎平岛的实例,对无人机在海岛1∶500地形图测绘中的应用进行了全面的分析和精度比对,进而说明无人机影像可应用于海岛大比例尺地形图的制作。     

快速GNSS精密布网在偏远海岛无人机遥感监测中的应用

文章提出快速GNSS精密布网技术在无通信信号、无控制点的偏远海岛无人机遥感监测中的应用,并在浙闽交界的七星列岛进行实践,结果表明:采用GNSS精密布网技术融合无人机遥感方法,能够快速获取高精度的海岛3D(DLG、DEM、DOM)和实景三维数据,可为偏远海岛监测评价提供重要的基础地理信息,实现对偏远海岛资源环境和开发利用状况的动态监控。     

海岸线提取技术研究

海岸线位置的确定是海岸带和海岛礁测绘的重要内容。快速而准确地监测海岸线的动态变化对于海域的使用管理具有十分重要的意义。遥感技术具有快速、动态、大范围、宏观等突出优势。重点介绍了基本遥感影像提取瞬时水边线，通过潮位校正进而提取海岸线的研究进展，提出了基于潮间带DEM和潮汐模型的海岸线提取方法，分析了各种提取方法的优缺点，并就其存在的不足展望了今后的研究方向。     

无人机遥感系统在岸线勘测中的应用

文章介绍了无人机遥感系统的主要组成和作业流程,重点探讨了无人机遥感在岸线勘测中的关键技术,并以青岛小岛湾为例,开展了基于无人机影像的岸线提取,利用现场实测岸线数据和基于激光雷达数据提取的岸线进行比对,以验证提取岸线的正确性。结果表明:基于无人机开展岸线勘测是经济可行的,而且效率比较高,能够满足大比例成图精度要求。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.