华北西部千里山地区长城系黄旗口组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

千里山地区中元古代长城系黄旗口组碎屑沉积岩保存完好,是研究华北克拉通西部长城系物质来源和沉积时代的理想对象。本文报道了千里山地区长城系黄旗口组底部的2个石英砂岩样品碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果。研究表明,样品20QL22最重要的碎屑锆石年龄区间为1910～2074 Ma,峰值年龄为1986 Ma。另外两个次重要的年龄段为1829～1872 Ma与2347～2486 Ma,峰值分别为1860 Ma与2387 Ma。样品20QL15碎屑锆石年龄呈现单峰分布的特征,主要集中于1733～1894Ma,峰值年龄为1820Ma。结合前人研究成果,本文认为千里山地区长城系黄旗口组碎屑沉积物质主要来自华北克拉通西部陆块内的孔兹岩带,阴山陆块与鄂尔多斯陆块也提供了部分物源。华北克拉通西部千里山地区长城系底界年龄小于1.73 Ga。     

华北西部千里山地区长城系黄旗口组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

千里山地区中元古代长城系黄旗口组碎屑沉积岩保存完好,是研究华北克拉通西部长城系物质来源和沉积时代的理想对象。本文报道了千里山地区长城系黄旗口组底部的2个石英砂岩样品碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果。研究表明,样品20QL22最重要的碎屑锆石年龄区间为1910～2074 Ma,峰值年龄为1986 Ma。另外两个次重要的年龄段为1829～1872 Ma与2347～2486 Ma,峰值分别为1860 Ma与2387 Ma。样品20QL15碎屑锆石年龄呈现单峰分布的特征,主要集中于1733～1894Ma,峰值年龄为1820Ma。结合前人研究成果,本文认为千里山地区长城系黄旗口组碎屑沉积物质主要来自华北克拉通西部陆块内的孔兹岩带,阴山陆块与鄂尔多斯陆块也提供了部分物源。华北克拉通西部千里山地区长城系底界年龄小于1.73 Ga。     

赞皇杂岩翁城地区长城系常州沟组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素研究

常州沟组是华北克拉通太古宙-古元古代变质基底上最早的沉积盖层之一,其碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素特征分析对探讨长城系形成时代、源区特征以及基底演化均具有重要的研究意义。本文对华北克拉通中部赞皇杂岩瓮城地区长城系常州沟组底部砂岩样品进行了LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石 U-Pb定年和LA-MC-ICP-MS碎屑锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析。砂岩样品中碎屑锆石主要年龄峰值约为2500 Ma,推断其碎屑物质主要来自于华北克拉通新太古代晚期变质基底,而最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为1822 Ma,结合赞皇杂岩变质基底普遍经历了1850~1800 Ma变质作用以及区域上上覆大红峪组火山岩中1635 Ma结晶锆石年龄,限定瓮城地区长城系常州沟组沉积时代为1 800~1 635 Ma。砂岩样品中碎屑锆石的εHf(t)值变化于-6.8~+5.2之间,相应的两阶段模式年龄峰值约为2820 Ma,结合赞皇杂岩已发表的2900~2700 Ma岩浆锆石和碎屑锆石Hf同位素结果,进一步表明2900~2700 Ma为赞皇杂岩地壳生长最主要的时期。综合太行山中南部地区已发表的长城系常州沟组的沉积学与新的年代学数据,推测赞皇杂岩瓮城地区长城系常州沟组沉积于陆内裂谷盆地。     

内蒙古商都地区白云鄂博群尖山组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究:对华北克拉通西部陆块北缘前寒武纪地壳演化的制约

华北克拉通前寒武纪地壳生长过程是地质学的研究热点。本文对华北克拉通西部陆块北缘的白云鄂博群尖山组进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析,并在此基础上对尖山组的沉积时限、物源及西部陆块北缘的前寒武纪地壳生长过程进行了探讨。样品TM33中碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在1872～2100Ma (n=64),并有～1960Ma的主年龄峰值和～2000Ma的次年龄峰值,Hf同位素分析结果显示锆石的εHf(t)值在-2.6～7.9之间(除1个测点为-17.6),Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化范围在2240～4386Ma之间。样品Z1724中碎屑锆石年龄分布于1784～2200Ma(n=44),并有～1965Ma的主年龄峰值和～2080Ma次年龄峰值。谐和线上最年轻一组锆石的加权平均年龄为1794±73Ma(n=2),εHf(t)在-5.4～3.2之间,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化范围在2584～3203Ma之间。基于以上数据,结合侵入白云鄂博群底部1670Ma的辉长岩以及白云鄂博群底部全岩207Pb-206Pb等时线年龄为1649Ma的沉积碳酸盐岩,尖山组的沉积时间被限定在1800～1650Ma。尖山组的物源主要来自固阳、西乌兰不浪地区新太古代基底以及大青山和卓资地区古元古代晚期孔兹岩带。综合前人对研究区及邻区中新元古代沉积地层中碎屑锆石的Hf同位素研究结果,认为华北克拉通西部陆块北缘可能存在2600～2750Ma、～2500Ma和2000～2100Ma三期主要的地壳生长事件,且最后一次规模可能小于前两次。     

华北克拉通西部鄂尔多斯地块长城系碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年及意义

自1.85 Ga西部陆块与东部陆块沿中部造山带碰撞拼合形成统一的华北克拉通之后,中—新元古代克拉通经历了广泛的陆内拉伸,形成了熊耳裂陷槽、燕辽裂陷槽、渣尔泰—白云鄂博—化德裂陷槽及东缘裂谷系。前人根据钻井资料及区域地层对比认为鄂尔多斯地块变质基底之上沉积了中元古代长城系—蓟县系。其中,长城系下部主要为石英岩夹板岩,上部为粉砂质板岩、硅质板岩及含燧石条带白云质灰岩与石英砂岩;蓟县系以白云岩为主,夹少量砂岩、页岩。本文对采自鄂尔多斯地块6口钻井中的长城系进行了碎屑锆石年代学研究。结果表明,鄂尔多斯地块长城系浅变质沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄组成了1.60 Ga、1.85 Ga、1.95 Ga、2.35 Ga和2.50 Ga等峰值。与华北克拉通内部中—新元古代沉积岩碎屑锆石年龄峰值对比结果表明,长城系沉积岩的碎屑物质来自华北克拉通内部。结合区域钻井资料及前人研究成果,推断中元古代鄂尔多斯地块北缘及东缘为隆起剥蚀区,西南部为沉积区,其西南缘为被动大陆边缘,与北秦岭地体之间被宽坪洋分隔。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区砂岩型铀矿源区及其构造背景分析——来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素的证据

通过LA-(MC)ICP-MS碎屑锆石微区U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区中侏罗统直罗组砂岩型铀矿层进行了同位素定年物源示踪研究。结果显示,四个样品的锆石年龄分布均表现出良好的一致性,总体呈现出2500～2300Ma,2000～1750Ma和450～250Ma三个主峰值年龄与2300～2000Ma、1750～1400Ma的次峰期年龄。年代学对比研究揭示,东胜地区砂岩型铀矿的物源主要来自华北克拉通西部陆块阴山地块和中部造山带北部的TTG片麻岩、麻粒岩和孔兹岩,以及海西期的大量火成岩体。碎屑锆石的εHf(t)值由负到正,变化范围较大,显示了古老地壳的再循环过程。其中,1.9Ga和2.5Ga的部分锆石其Hf分析点位于亏损地幔线附近,指示该时期有新生地壳的形成。锆石的二阶段Hf模式年龄分布范围3.8～0.7Ga,但集中于3.0～2.3Ga,在2.8～2.6Ga出现一峰值,说明华北克拉通地壳主要形成于中、新太古代。本文所获得的锆石Hf同位素模式年龄与华北克拉通西部陆块的Hf和Nd同位素模式年龄分布特征非常接近,而与东部陆块有很大差别,从而进一步证实了东、西部陆块在古元古代拼合之前是独立发展的。     

辽宁弓长岭鞍山群时代与物源——来自石榴十字云母片岩碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素特征与稀土元素组成的约束

鞍山群是华北克拉通东部陆块最重要的含BIF变质表壳岩之一,经历了绿片岩相—角闪岩相变质-变形作用,准确限定其沉积时代与物质来源,对于探究华北克拉通BIF的构造环境具有重要意义。利用LA-MC-ICP-MS(多接收激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪)对弓长岭鞍山群石榴十字云母石英片岩进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素与稀土元素原位分析。根据碎屑锆石阴极发光图像特征与U-Pb年龄结果,获得石榴十字云母石英片岩中最年轻一组碎屑锆石峰值年龄为2528 Ma,限定了其原岩的最大沉积时代,结合区内约2500 Ma齐大山富钾花岗岩侵入鞍山群的野外地质关系,以及鞍山群经历了2510～2470 Ma变质作用,认为弓长岭地区鞍山群沉积时代为2528～2510 Ma,属于新太古代晚期。鞍山群十字石榴云母石英片岩碎屑锆石年龄集中在2931～2454 Ma之间,最主要的峰值年龄为2528 Ma。结合碎屑锆石内部结构特征,认为鞍山群主要物源为新太古代晚期酸性岩浆岩。代表性碎屑锆石Hf两阶段模式年龄为3532～2711 Ma,峰值年龄为2830 Ma,进一步揭示了中太古代晚期是鞍山—本溪地区地壳最重要的生长阶段。综合鞍山...     

鲁西地区寒武系李官组LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱特征及其地质意义

近年来,鲁西地区拉伸系土门群中报道了大量与Rodinia大陆汇聚时间相一致的碎屑锆石,而与Rodinia大陆裂解相关的碎屑锆石非常少见。为此本文对鲁西地区寒武系底部李官组进行了LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素测年。测试结果显示李官组碎屑锆石以古元古代碎屑锆石为主体,新元古代碎屑锆石次之,含三个峰值,分别为～756 Ma、～1872 Ma、～2532 Ma。依据地层接触关系以及化石特征,李官组被限定为都匀阶(～514—509 Ma)早期或稍早时期沉积,并可与辽南地区大林子组和淮北地区猴家山组下部进行对比,均为华北克拉通在寒武纪海侵初期最早沉积的一套碎屑岩地层。除～756Ma年龄峰值外,李官组碎屑锆石的年龄均可在华北克拉通找到对应的岩浆事件。依据李官组沉积时间、多数碎屑锆石对应的岩浆事件以及最新的古地理模型,华北克拉通很可能是李官组碎屑锆石的源区。～756 Ma碎屑锆石与Rodinia大陆裂解的时间一致,被解释为与裂解相关的岩浆活动在鲁西地区的记录。     

鄂尔多斯盆地长城系碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和Hf同位素研究

沉积盖层的碎屑锆石内部结构和年龄谱是了解碎屑沉积岩形成环境和物源区的重要研究对象。本文报道了鄂尔多斯盆地3口钻井中的4个长城系(变质)沉积岩样品的碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析结果。结果表明,主年龄峰值为～1. 8Ga,另外,在～2. 5Ga存在一个次年龄峰值,最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为～1. 6Ga,但存在大的误差。锆石的Hf同位素组成存在很大变化,εHf(t)值变化范围为-10. 5～+6. 7。结合前人研究,可得出如下结论:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地长城系底界沉积时代小于1. 7Ga,与华北克拉通东部的类似;(2)鄂尔多斯盆地长城系碎屑沉积物来自其北部古元古代孔兹岩系和/或鄂尔多斯变质基底本身;(3)鄂尔多斯盆地长城系与华北克拉通东部地区长城系形成于类似的构造环境,如大陆裂谷或坳拉槽。     

山西黎城地区长城系沉积时代及源区分析：碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素证据

长城系是华北克拉通统一结晶基底形成后的首套沉积盖层,其碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及其Hf同位素特征分析对探讨地层形成时代、源区特征以及基底演化均具重要研究意义。本文对华北克拉通中部黎城地区长城系下部地层的碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素分析。结果表明,该区长城系碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄呈现了2.55～2.45Ga、2.15～2.0Ga和～1.92Ga等三个主峰期,同时存在3.5～3.1Ga和2.9～2.7Ga的年龄次峰期。最年轻碎屑锆石的²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb加权平均年龄限定了该区长城系沉积发生于1.76Ga之后。碎屑锆石的年龄分布和Hf同位素特征与华北克拉通中、南部基底物质记录的地质事件高度相似,区内长城系地层与南部熊耳地区长城系地层可对比性强,证明太行山南段在1.76Ga后已与南部熊耳裂谷盆地相连,其沉积物质均主要来自华北克拉通中、南部地区。其中,3.5～3.4Ga的古老碎屑锆石ε_Hf(t)=-8.6～-4.6,揭示中、南部地区存在古太古代地壳物质。新太古代早期2.9～2.7Ga的锆石ε_Hf(t)...     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.