基于紫外线的CTD防生物附着装置设计和试验

海洋环境监测工作中大部分仪器设备放置海水里,都会或多或少地受到海洋生物附着的影响。生物附着物的生长速度有时非常快,覆盖海底观测设备及传感器的测量单元,对测量效果产生不利影响,使得观测数据持续漂移、降低数据质量、导致传感器逐渐失效。生物附着还会影响海洋设备的散热、水动力流场,并对机械结构产生腐蚀等。目前诸多防生物附着技术各有弊端,甚至产生环境污染问题。为此设计并组装基于紫外线杀菌原理的CTD防生物附着装置,明确各主要技术参数,应用在渤海夏季近岸海上比测试验,验证其对于大部分的海洋附着物具有良好的杀灭效果,可有效缓解生物附着对电导率传感器的影响,在海洋环境监测领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

海底观测平台——海床基结构设计研究进展

为实现海洋环境观测方式从低频、瞬时、静态观测向长期、连续、动态观测的跨越,海床基平台应用是其中的一条重要途径,而海床基结构设计是决定海床基调查或监测应用能否顺利实施的前提。通过对国内外海床基结构设计技术发展的归纳整理,将海床基结构设计划分为四个方面进行讨论,即支架保护系统、供电通信系统、安全保障系统和布放回收系统。其中,支架保护系统方面重点讨论搭载不同传感器和处于不同水深的海床基结构设计;供电通信系统方面分析了无缆、有缆接岸和有缆接浮标等形式的技术特点;安全保障系统方面重点关注防材料腐蚀、防生物附着和防泥沙淤积的方法和措施;布放回收系统方面介绍了目前采取的主要释放及回收方式的特点。通过比较分析,提出了今后我国海床基技术的发展方向。     

中国沿海水产设施污损生物特点及防除途径

海洋污损生物的附着会影响养殖设施与外部环境的水体交换、增加外载荷和缩短网箱使用寿命,并与养殖贝类和藻类争夺附着基和饵料,甚至直接附着在养殖对象上影响其生长发育.综述了中国沿海水产养殖设施污损生物的特点及常用防除方法,从海洋生物天然防污作用机制、污损生物附着机理、优势种发育生物学及生态习性等方面,初步探讨了新型防污途径及其应用前景.     

琼州海峡及雷州半岛沿岸浮标的污损生物

海洋污损(附着)生物是港湾、港道、海洋经济开发区和军事设施区的有害环境因素之一,因而受到军事和交通部门的重视。船舶、航标污损生物调查及挂板试验是研究污损生物的两种主要手段。航标是海洋附着生物的一种特定栖所,调查航标污损生物,不但对于海洋生物的种群或群落生态研究有意义,而且在经济上也是有价值的。     

固体浮力材料海洋生物污损及其防护研究进展

固体浮力材料为水下设备设施提供必要的浮力,是海洋开发和作业不可缺少的重要材料,其长期在海洋环境中使用,容易受到海洋生物污损的影响。海洋污损生物附着在固体浮力材料表面,会对浮力材料本身和使用浮力材料的设备产生严重的危害,导致浮力材料性能下降、功能受损,严重影响了水下设施设备的使用寿命及经济价值。本文通过检索近阶段固体浮力材料及海洋生物污损领域的研究进展,总结了固体浮力材料的特性、海洋生物污损原理和污损防护技术。重点分析和比较了各类防护技术的作用机理、适用范围及优缺点,评估了复合防护法和新型防护法的发展及应用前景,基于工程实践经验针对固体浮力材料防污技术的未来发展趋势进行了探讨并提出了建议。     

船底附着海生物及防除

船底附着生物的防除 ,对提高舰船的军事经济效益有着不可忽视的作用。如何有效防除船底附着生物已成为世界范围内共同关心的课题。本文试通过对海军舰船附着生物特点和机理的分析及对舰船航速、海洋设施的影响 ,浅谈如何做好舰船附着生物的防除。1　海洋附着生物的附着特点和机     

海洋细菌生物被膜可拉酸含量影响厚壳贻贝稚贝附着

可拉酸是生物被膜上重要的胞外多糖之一,但细菌可拉酸对海洋无脊椎动物附着过程的影响还鲜少研究。本研究从自然生物被膜中分离出8株海洋细菌,对其种属进行鉴定及聚类分析,并测定其生物被膜的可拉酸含量及对稚贝附着的诱导能力。筛选所得海洋细菌形成生物被膜并测定其成膜能力及胞外产物含量,发现β-多糖的生物量与厚壳贻贝稚贝附着率呈显著正相关趋势（p <0.05）。8株海洋细菌生物被膜中可拉酸含量的定量结果显示,3株革兰氏阳性菌无法产生可拉酸,5株革兰氏阴性菌均可检测到不同含量的可拉酸,其中革兰氏阴性菌Shewanella marisflavi的可拉酸含量最高,为1 076.43μg/mL。不同可拉酸含量的海洋细菌单一生物被膜与厚壳贻贝稚贝附着率之间关系的研究结果显示,海洋细菌生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着率的诱导效果与其可拉酸含量呈显著正相关（p <0.05）。以上结果表明,细菌生物被膜中的可拉酸能够参与诱导厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着。本研究为探究海洋细菌生物被膜的化学物质与海洋贝类附着之间的相互作用及其对贝类附着机制提出了新的见解。     

一种基于波浪能的海洋立体观测系统及应用

随着海洋波浪能发电技术的发展和成熟,其在海洋观测领域的应用受到关注和研究。自主设计并研制了一种集波浪能发电、海表/海底同步观测、实时4G 通信传输、远程无线控制于一体的海洋立体观测系统,于2021 年7 月在珠江口万山岛海域通过锚泊系留方式布放,开展海上波浪能供电和观测应用试验。海试期间连续获取了海底原位观测视频数据,以及海表波浪变化和波浪能发电参数等监测数据,并对波浪能发电电流、电压和功率进行了统计分析,讨论了波浪能发电水平受波浪变化的影响,分析了两者之间的相关性。试验结果表明：利用波浪能供电的海洋观测系统具备连续、长周期、全天候观测的优势和潜力,源源不断的波浪能可保障海洋观测系统的稳定观测和数据可靠传输,实现了海洋观测系统长期独立运行所需的绿色高效供能,验证了波浪能在海洋观测领域应用的可行性和先进性。     

海洋故事 海洋遥感探测技术

认识海洋,开发海洋,保护海洋,需要长期连续地大面积观测海洋本身的变化,海洋遥感技术和卫星遥感技术应运而生,为人们从空间观测海洋现象提供了科学手段与技术可能。     

一种新型海洋环境长期连续监测系统及其防生物附着装置的设计

主要介绍了一种海洋环境连续监测系统的设计与实现。现有的水下监测仪器一般长时间放置在水下,不可避免地会遭受海洋生物附着和损坏,通常3个月到6个月左右需要清理或者更新一次。设计采用新型监测结构,将被测海水抽样到舱内进行相关参数的检测,检测完成后,将海水排回海中,舱内仪器采用消毒液和清水自动冲洗。通过这种方式,避免了海洋生物的附着和污染,检测仪器可以长期可靠地运行,减少了设备的维护次数,在海洋监测领域具有重要的意义。     

Performance assessment of a concept propulsor: the thrust-balanced propeller

This paper presents the results of a numerical performance analysis to demonstrate the worthiness of a recently patented new concept propulsor, the so-called “thrust-balanced propeller (TBP)”. The main advantage of this unconventional propulsor is its inherent ability to reduce the unsteady effect of blade forces and moments when it is operating in a non-uniform wake flow. The propulsor comprises a pair of diametrically opposed blades that are connected to one another and mounted so as to be rotatable together through a limited angle about their spindle axis. A quasi-hydrodynamic approach is described and applied to perform the numerical analysis using a state-of-the-art lifting surface procedure for conventional propellers. Performance comparisons with a conventional fixed-pitch propeller are made for the blade forces and moments, efficiency, cavitation extents and fluctuating hull pressures. Bearing in mind the quasi-static nature of the analyses, the results present favourable performance characteristics for the thrust-balanced propeller and support the worthiness of the concept. However, the concept needs to be proved through physical model tests, which are planned to take in a cavitation tunnel.     

鉴定病毒受体的研究方法

研究病毒受体对了解病毒感染机制、病毒病的预防与治疗、病毒分类等都有重要意义。本文重点就酵母双杂交系统以及病毒蛋白铺覆技术、噬菌体展示、生物芯片、荧光共振能量转移等可用来进行病毒受体鉴定研究的几种方法做了介绍。     

深教、疏导、严管、服务——渔政管理工作的探讨

本文深入细致地对做好国家渔业法规宣传教育重要性、必要性，对渔区经济结构因地制宜进行调整和疏导，严格渔政执法，寓管理于服务之中等方面进行阐述。     

柳珊瑚4种不同DNA提取方法的比较研究

通过2种样品前处理方式和4种不同的DNA提取方法相结合,提取橘色刺柳珊瑚(Echinogoria aurantiaca)基因组DNA,并对其18S rRNA基因进行了克隆和测序。实验结果表明,对于2种样品前处理方式,采用纯酒精进行样品前处理比PBS(磷酸缓冲液)进行样品前处理效果要好。在4种不同的DNA提取方法中,以CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)法提取基因组DNA效果最好,其余3种方法如PVP(聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮)法、高盐法和酚/氯仿法的提取效果较差。并且不同样品的钙质沉淀对DNA都有一定程度的吸附。最后,通过PCR扩增、克隆测序得到橘色刺柳珊瑚18S rRNA基因序列(AY962532)。BLAST软件进行序列比对表明橘色刺柳珊瑚与弱柳珊瑚(Leptogorgia chilensis)的18S rRNA基因(AF052928)同源性最高,为98.79%。     

An improved technique for preparing eel otoliths for aging

The New Zealand Waters Pollution Regulations 1963, referring to recreational water to which the public can gain access, states that the “coliform bacteria content shall not consistently exceed 1,000/100 ml”. This standard is now under revision, and the suggested new standard is a median faecal coliform index of 200/100 ml with a maximum value not exceeding 400/100 ml.

Recent literature supports the use of faecal coliform sub‐group bacteria as the best indicator of faecal pollution and reference is made to the membership of this sub‐group. Inherent inaccuracies of the Most Probable Number (MPN) method of assessing bacterial populations are pointed out, such as experimental variations with different cultural media, and possible errors in interpretation of results. In North America, there is evidence that an MPN for the total coliform group of 1000/100 ml indicates a faecal coliform sub‐group MPN of 200/100 ml, and epidemiological experience supports these values as standards.

We tabulate and discuss evidence that the usual ratio of faecal coliforms : coliform group bacteria is typically 1 : 1 in fresh and marine waters of the Wellington region, and that a more attainable standard would be 500 faecal coliforms/100 ml. In ratios quoted in this paper, ‘coliform group’ means the remainder of the coliform group excluding faecal coliforms. The World Health Organisation (1963) definition, of the entire group of coliforms, is not intended. The ratio is different in other parts of New Zealand; in Auckland, for example, the ratio is close to that found in the United States.     

Is Japan's whaling humane?

Video taken by Greenpeace of whaling by the Japanese whaling fleet in the Southern Ocean provided a unique opportunity to obtain quantitative data relevant to the welfare aspects of the killing of whales. Catches of 16 individual Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) were analysed and in two of these asphyxiation appeared the most likely cause of death. Fewer than one in five whales were killed instantaneously and the average time to death for the remaining whales was around 10 min. The presence of Greenpeace did not result in a reduced accuracy of harpoon shots when compared with previous studies.     

Efficient joint-probability methods for hurricane surge frequency analysis

The Joint-Probability Method (JPM) was adopted by federal agencies for critical post-Katrina determinations of hurricane surge frequencies. In standard JPM implementations, it is necessary to consider a very large number of combinations of storm parameters, and each such combination (or synthetic storm) requires the simulation of wind, waves, and surge. The tools used to model the wave and surge phenomena have improved greatly in recent years, but this improvement and the use of very large high-resolution grids have made the computations both time-consuming and expensive. In order to ease the computational burden, two independent approaches have been developed to reduce the number of storm surge simulations that are required. Both of these so-called JPM-OS (JPM-Optimal Sampling) methods seek to accurately cover the entire storm parameter space through optimum selection of a small number of parameter values so as to minimize the number of required storm simulations. Tests done for the Mississippi coast showed that the accuracy of the two methods is comparable to that of a full JPM analysis, with a reduction of an order of magnitude or more in the computational effort.     

北海市沿岸风暴潮预报方法研究

根据1965-2008年共77个热带气旋影响的北海站过程最大增水资料,采用两种方法进行后报结果研究,结果表明:经验预报方法的计算值与左路台风的实测值拟合较好,但是,当实测值≤70 cm时,其计算值大于左路台风的实测值,当实测值＞70 cm时,其计算值小于左路台风的实测值;数值预报方法的计算值与左路台风的实测值拟合较好,但是,无论左路台风(实测值＞ 70 em)或中路台风,数值预报方法的计算值都小于实测值,而其它两路台风没有呈现规律性变化;两种预报方法结果检验,得出无论右路台风、中路台风、左路台风(实测值≤70 cm)或左路台风(实测值＞70cm)的风暴过程最大增水预报,经验预报方法计算结果均较好,尤其是对左路台风(实测值≤70 cm)的风暴潮预报.