隧道爆破开挖条件下地表建筑振动速度响应研究

为了研究隧道爆破开挖条件下地表建筑的振动速度响应规律,以福州高速公路魁岐1号隧道工程为例,对隧道上部地表建筑进行振动速度监测,同时结合隧道现场的实际施工情况,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA动力有限元分析软件对隧道爆破开挖引起的地表建筑的振动速度响应进行了数值模拟。通过分析现场实测和数值模拟结果得出以下结论:对比不同爆源条件下,地表建筑测点的峰值振动速度随爆源距的增大而减小,而在相同爆源条件下,地表建筑测点的峰值振动速度随爆源距的增大呈现先减小而后迅速增大的现象;地表建筑测点的峰值振动速度随测点高度的增大有明显的放大效应,且测点高度越大,放大效应越明显;隧道开挖成型后的空洞对于地表建筑测点的峰值振动速度具有明显的空洞放大效应,且空洞距离建筑越近,放大效应越明显;考虑建筑测点峰值振动速度的空洞放大效应时,隧道开挖宜采用先开挖深埋硐室后开挖浅埋硐室的施工顺序。     

城市地铁盾构施工地层变形三维数值模拟分析

富水砂层条件下,盾构施工问题多、风险大、施工变形难控制。以南昌地铁某区间盾构隧道工程为研究背景,采用有限差分软件FLAC3D建立了三维盾构施工力学模型,对富水砂层条件下的盾构施工过程进行动态数值模拟,并结合现场实测数据分析了盾构施工引起的地表沉降规律。结果表明：盾构施工引起的横向地表沉降呈＂V＂形,最大地表沉降发生在隧道中心正上方,最终形成的沉降槽宽度约为6倍隧道外径;盾构施工引起的纵向地表沉降呈＂S＂形,盾构开挖面前方表现为隆起,开挖面后表现为沉降,在开挖面后一定距离逐渐趋于稳定;开挖面支护力对稳定开挖面土体及减小地表沉降有较大影响;盾构进洞与出洞施工中存在较大风险,应采取相应的工程措施以保证盾构施工安全进行。所得结论可供南昌地铁区间盾构隧道设计与施工参考。     

某砂岩隧道在开挖过程中变形的数值模拟研究

以某砂岩隧道为背景,首先应用弹塑性理论对隧道开挖后围岩的变形屈服和拱顶及边墙的应力状态进行了分析,继而采用有限差分软件FLAC3D模拟了隧道开挖过程中围岩的位移及塑性变形情况。计算结果表明：该研究段隧道发生塑性屈服的临界深度为78．2m;当隧道开挖31m后,由于开挖卸荷作用使得原先储存在围岩内的大部分应力得以释放,此后困岩变形基本趋于稳定;该隧道在开挖过程中,边墙变形量最大,达到1．94mm,由于隧道在开挖过程中围岩的自稳作用,当开挖到一定时间后,围岩变形将趋于稳定;该隧道在开挖过程中,拱顶和底部以拉张破坏为主,边墙则产生剪切破坏。     

TSP在隧道工程施工中的常见干扰和对岩体裂隙水及软弱夹层等的预报研究

针对TSP在隧道工程施工探测中可能遇到的常见干扰和典型不良地质体,探讨了常见干扰的成因及其对资料解释的影响,确定干扰信息在原始数据上的反映,并分别对由于震源和接收器等引起的典型质量不佳数据进行分析,提出TSP在采集数据过程中避开干扰的注意事项.列举两个工程实例,分别介绍了TSP对岩体裂隙水、软弱夹层等不良地质体的预报研究,通过分析其典型围岩力学参数成果图、纵波偏移剖面图和2D成果图等特征,依此推断出隧道开挖掌子面前方潜在不良地质体的类型以及位置、构造走向等空间分布特征.该结果与实际开挖揭示的不良地质体的分布范围基本一致,验证了TSP在预报隧道常见不良地质体的可行性和有效性.通过总结分析常见TSP干扰的成因和典型不良地质体TSP成果图,有助于为物探工作者对复杂地质体进行更精确地解释提供参考,确保隧道施工安全.     

有限元分析在深基坑开挖中的应用及对邻近地铁隧道的影响分析

深基坑工程涉及的土质条件及地下水条件复杂多变,基坑尺寸及支护形式繁多,众多不利因素综合作用导致了深基坑工程在开挖过程中产生的变形值难以预测。利用有限元分析软件对辽宁地区某深基坑工程实例进行数值模拟,围绕工程实例放坡结合桩锚支护挡墙在地铁隧道影响下的结构水平位移,支护挡墙外侧不同距离处的土体深层水平位移以及地铁隧道在开挖过程中的结构位移等变化规律展开研究工作。     

基于梁柱稳定理论的深埋隧洞岩爆破坏及孕育机理研究

深埋隧洞中岩爆轴向位置的确定以及破坏机理的研究是岩爆灾害预测和防治的理论基础。根据深埋长大隧洞围岩的结构、受力以及变形特点,建立了梁柱力学模型。在弹性范围内,运用力法,求解了该一次超静定梁柱的挠曲线方程和转角方程,得出了临界力的解析表达式。以锦屏II级水电站的松动圈实测数据为依据,给出了梁柱模型截面尺寸的确定方法,计算了围岩各部位存在稳定性问题的临界长度值以及达到临界稳定状态的特征长度值。最后,给出了深埋隧洞坑状岩爆的演化模型,分析了掌子面推进过程中,开挖卸荷、动力扰动等对于裂纹的萌生和扩展、围岩结构的形态和稳定性以及岩爆破坏模式的影响。     

基于非线性屈服准则及主应力判据的圆形巷道围岩岩爆过程的数值模拟

鉴于考虑拉伸截断的线性莫尔-库仑屈服准则不能考虑岩石在高应力条件下的非线性屈服特征,根据虎克-布朗本构模型,将上述屈服准则在受压区的线性屈服函数修改为非线性形式。采用3种岩爆的主应力判据,判别圆形巷道开挖之后围岩中各种级别岩爆的分布及演变规律。计算采用＂先加载,后挖洞＂的方式,岩石服从弹—脆—塑性本构模型。研究发现,发生高级别岩爆的单元数少于发生低级别岩爆的单元数;轻微岩爆区的形态更接近于塑性区及剪切应变增量的高值区。根据巴顿判据,发生重岩爆的单元数较多,而且主要发生的是拉伸岩爆;根据陶振宇判据,发生轻微及中等岩爆的单元数均多于根据谷明成-陶振宇判据判别的结果。上述两种判据判别的结果均表明,在不考虑拉伸岩爆的条件下,只有位于围岩内部的单元才有可能发生高级别的岩爆,而位于巷道表面的单元一般仅发生轻微岩爆。     

两明挖隧道基坑先后开挖对其下地铁隧道的影响评价

基坑开挖会对下卧运营地铁隧道的围岩应力造成重分布,进而可能引发隧道结构产生变形及内力变化,影响地铁隧道的正常运行。故一个合理的施工方案以及充足的保护措施对基坑开挖和隧道保护显得尤为重要。以广州某工程为例,利用有限元软件Midas GTS模拟实际施工工况,动态分析了两明挖隧道基坑先后开挖对其下卧地铁5号线隧道的影响。分析结果表明:两明挖隧道基坑先后开挖所引起的叠加效应会对地铁5号线隧道结构造成影响,但应力变化量均很小,不足以对地铁隧道的结构安全性造成影响。其分析成果可为优化设计和施工提供有益的参考,为类似工程提供借鉴。     

不同围压条件下的圆形巷道岩爆过程模拟

利用FLAC模拟了不同围压条件下圆形巷道的岩爆过程。为了模拟巷道开挖,利用编写的FISH函数删除巷道内部的单元。岩石服从摩尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。模拟结果表明：当围压较低时,剪切应变集中区域呈圆环状,围岩能保持稳定,不出现剪切带;当围压增加到一定程度时,围岩中出现了“狗耳”形的V形坑,发生岩爆,但围岩也还能保持稳定;当围压进一步增加时,围岩中出现了多条狭长的剪切带,巷道的整个断面均遭到了破坏,发生强烈的岩爆。随着围压的增加,V形岩爆坑变大、变深,剪切带花样的对称性变差;在高围压时,剪切带花样与塑性力学中的滑移线网有类似之处。     

软土地区浅埋偏压小净距隧道空间效应研究

通过对本构破坏准则的探讨,选取Mohr-Coulomb等面积圆屈服理论作为模型的破坏准则,将岩体的c、(φ)值进行修正,使其更适合于软土地区浅埋偏压的小净距隧道,进而建立有限元三维弹塑性数值模型,对米家寨隧道空间效应进行模拟,研究软土体中浅埋偏压小净距隧道施工过程中开挖面的空间约束作用,并对其双线隧道开挖面的合理间距作出分析.以米家寨隧道为例,开挖面对纵向20 m以内围岩具有一定的空间约束作用、30 m以内围岩具显著的空间约束作用且塑性应变较大,左右线隧道开挖面纵向合理间距应控制在30 m左右,通过Matlab计算机编程和再进行工地现场的监测,分析数据证实了所得结论的正确性,为实际的工程提供了理论依据.     

Modelling Seismic Waves Around Underground Openings in Fractured Rock

—?The potential for large excavation-induced seismic events may be recognised, even if the timing of an event may be inherently unpredictable. In this case, modelling the wave propagation from a potential event could allow the dynamic motions around an excavation to be projected, and for areas of danger to be anticipated. However, the above and other potential applications require accurate models of wave interaction with the openings, as well as with the fractured rock which surrounds such excavations. This paper considers real recorded waveforms and how well these waveforms are modelled by explicit mechanical models of the source, the medium and the excavation. Models of experiments at three different scales of the problem are presented: small and large amplitude waveforms recorded around a deep-level mining tunnel in a synthetic rockburst experiment; waveforms from laboratory experiments of waves through plates of steel representing fractures; waveforms from active pulses in an acoustic emission experiment in a small volume of fractured rock at the surface of an underground excavation. The results show that elastic wave propagation around an excavation was a first approximation for small amplitude waves, but was less successful for modelling large amplitude waves and more fractured rock. Fractures in the models were represented explicitly with displacement discontinuities. Waveforms through known fracture geometries were particularly well-reproduced, and indicate the importance of fracture stiffness, the in situ stress state, and stress-dependence of the fractures in such models. Overall, the models are sufficiently successful at representing recorded behaviour, to be encouraging for the goal of representing accurate wave motions around excavations.     

Theoretical derivation of basic mechanical property required for triggering mine-pillar rockburst

Rockburst is divided into two types, one is strain-type resulting from rock damage and another is sliding-type resulting from fault slip events. Triggering mine pillar rockburst mainly consists of two steps: the occurrence of shear-band and the application of disturbance. In this paper, mechanical model of mine pillar subjected to uniaxial compression is established. By simplifying the complete stress–strain curve and the crack propagation behaviour, based on the derived energy expressions corresponding to different crack propagation stages, the type of rockburst that the disturbance-induced pillar instability belongs to is defined. Next, by establishing the model of mine pillar with one inclined shear-band and by simplifying the stress evolution on the band, based on the necessary physical characteristics for triggering dynamic events, the basic mechanical property of mine pillar required for triggering instability is derived. It shows that the post-peak modulus greater than or equal to the pre-peak modulus is the basic mechanical property required for triggering mine pillar instability. Finally, by conducting laboratory experiments, the proposed model is verified. The requirement that the post-peak modulus is greater than or equal to the pre-peak modulus may be the reason why triggered mine pillar rockburst is not often observed.     

Comparison of seismic effects during deep tunnel excavation with different methods

The rapid release of strain energy is an important phenomenon leading to seismic events or rock failures during the excavation of deep rock.Through theoretical analysis of strain energy adjustment during blasting and mechanical excavation,and the interpretation of measured seismicity in the Jin-Ping Ⅱ Hydropower Station in China,this paper describes the characteristics of energy partition and induced seismicity corresponding to different energy release rates.The theoretical analysis indicates that part of the strain energy will be drastically released accompanied by violent crushing and fragmentation of rock under blast load,and this process will result in seismic events in addition to blasting vibration.The intensity of the seismicity induced by transient strain energy release highly depends on the unloading rate of in-situ stress.For mechanical excavation,the strain energy,which is mainly dissipated in the deformation of surrounding rock,releases smoothly,and almost no seismic events are produced in this gradual process.Field test reveals that the seismic energy transformed from the rock strain energy under high stress condition is roughly equal to that coming from explosive energy,and the two kinds of vibrations superimpose together to form the total blasting excavation-induced seismicity.In addition,the most intense seismicity is induced by the cut blasting delay; this delay contributes 50% of the total seismic energy released in a blast event.For mechanical excavation,the seismic energy of induced vibration(mainly the low intensity acoustic emission events or mechanical loading impacts),which accounts only for 1.5‰ of that caused by in-situ stress transient releasing,can be ignored in assessing the dynamic response of surrounding rock.     

大寒岭倒转背斜复杂煤层结构冲击地压研究

受大寒岭倒转背斜的影响,大安山煤矿14槽煤后槽形成了极为复杂的煤层结构,其轴部及附近和两翼形成的急倾斜煤层是高应力区,具有冲击倾向性。首先用ANSYS有限元软件建立了包括复杂煤层结构在内的矿山模型,利用单元生死技术模拟轴部及右翼开挖;在此基础上,分析了采场围岩的应力场和位移场,圈定了冲击地压发生的危险区域,分析了冲击地压发生的机理;预测了14槽煤后槽开采的冲击倾向性,并指出在实际开采时,必须采取防冲措施,为避免冲击地压事故的发生提供了技术支持,具有一定的参考价值。     

Seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in fractured rocks: The role played by fracture contact areas

The presence of fractures in fluid‐saturated porous rocks is usually associated with strong seismic P‐wave attenuation and velocity dispersion. This energy dissipation can be caused by oscillatory wave‐induced fluid pressure diffusion between the fractures and the host rock, an intrinsic attenuation mechanism generally referred to as wave‐induced fluid flow. Geological observations suggest that fracture surfaces are highly irregular at the millimetre and sub‐millimetre scale, which finds its expression in geometrical and mechanical complexities of the contact area between the fracture faces. It is well known that contact areas strongly affect the overall mechanical fracture properties. However, existing models for seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in fractured rocks neglect this complexity. In this work, we explore the effects of fracture contact areas on seismic P‐wave attenuation and velocity dispersion using oscillatory relaxation simulations based on quasi‐static poroelastic equations. We verify that the geometrical and mechanical details of fracture contact areas have a strong impact on seismic signatures. In addition, our numerical approach allows us to quantify the vertical solid displacement jump across fractures, the key quantity in the linear slip theory. We find that the displacement jump is strongly affected by the geometrical details of the fracture contact area and, due to the oscillatory fluid pressure diffusion process, is complex‐valued and frequency‐dependent. By using laboratory measurements of stress‐induced changes in the fracture contact area, we relate seismic attenuation and dispersion to the effective stress. The corresponding results do indeed indicate that seismic attenuation and phase velocity may constitute useful attributes to constrain the effective stress. Alternatively, knowledge of the effective stress may help to identify the regions in which wave induced fluid flow is expected to be the dominant attenuation mechanism.     

强导(含)水隐伏陷落柱底板突水机理研究

华北型煤田采场底板隐伏强导(含)水岩溶陷落柱突水以其隐蔽性强,突水速度快,水量大,破坏性强,危害严重的特点已成为影响煤矿安全生产的重大隐患.但是,受奥陶系灰岩承压水和采动应力耦合作用下的岩溶陷落柱突水机理、突水过程和突水力学规律的研究尚不够系统和完善.本文以陷落柱上覆岩层层状介质假设和剪切破坏理论方法为出发点,建立了不同水平截面形状类型的强导(含)水岩溶陷落柱突水力学模型,并确立了奥灰承压水与采动应力共同作用诱发强导(含)水陷落柱突水的临界条件,并提出了突水危险性系数对陷落柱突水危险性进行定性和定量的评价.理论推导和数值分析表明,奥灰承压水和采动应力耦合作用下的强导(含)水陷落柱突水与其水平截面形状、隔水层厚度、岩石物理性质有关.当采场环境确定后,陷落柱水平截面形状则是决定其突水的关键因素,而且陷落柱水平截面形状是圆形时最容易发生突水.     

Evaluation of the rockburst potential in longwall coal mining using passive seismic velocity tomography and image subtraction technique

Rockburst is a typical dynamic disaster in underground coal mines which its occurrences relate to the mechanical quality of coal seam and surrounding rock mass and also the condition of stress distribution. The main aim of this paper is to study the potential of rockburst in a longwall coal mine by using of passive seismic velocity tomography and image subtraction technique. For this purpose, first by mounting an array of receivers on the surface above the active panel, the mining-induced seismic data as a passive source for several continuous days were recorded. Then, the three-dimensional tomograms using simultaneous iteration reconstruction technique (SIRT) for each day are created and by employing the velocity filtering, the overstressed zones are detected. In addition, the two-dimensional seismic velocity tomograms in coal seam level by slicing the three-dimensional tomograms are obtained. Then the state of stress changes in successive days by applying the image subtraction technique on these two-dimensional tomograms is considered. The results show that the compilation of filtered three-dimensional tomograms and subtracted images is an appropriate approach for detecting the overstressed zones around the panel and subsequent evaluation of rockburst potential. The research conclusion proves that the applied approach in this study in combination with field observations of rock mass status can effectively identify the rockburst-prone areas during the mining operation and help to improve the safety condition.     

高地应力V级围岩相似材料研制及岩体开挖卸载模型试验分析

以黄土、砂为骨料,石膏、水泥为胶结材料,水为调节剂,以正交试验方法配制出V级围岩相似材料,该材料能够很好的模拟隧道Ⅴ级软弱围岩。在此基础上,以钢筒模型试验为媒介,通过千斤顶配合反力架加载,观察不同材料配比下的试验组应力变化斜率、自稳时间、应变大小等方面的差异,结合加载完成后模型开口处岩体变化情况,探索高地应力下Ⅴ级围岩开挖卸载效应。试验结果表明:虽然相似材料会因配比不同改变物理力学性质,但主要是对弹性模量的影响较大;在增大垂直压力作用下,试验中材料自稳时间变长,应力释放也较为彻底,但整体趋势放缓。     

基于高温高压岩石破裂实验结果对中强地震前震中附近区域部分地震学现象的初步解释

依据高温高压岩石破裂实验结果并结合理论分析，对 附近区域不同深度温压条件下岩石变形破坏性质及破坏失稳的力学行为进行了研究，在一次应力加载循环中，发生破坏的部位随时间具有向深部下迁的趋势。考虑到深度温压条件下岩石的渐进式破坏行为及突发失稳，对主震前震中附近区域小地震活动的增强、平静、活化等现象，以及b值等时间序列参数变化的可能机理进行初步探讨，并简单讨论了两类平静和两类b值变化的可能原因。     

圆形巷道围岩的环向应力及发生岩爆单元分布的数值模拟

利用FLAC模拟了不同水平方向压力（小于竖直方向压力）及岩石峰后不同脆性条件下的圆形巷道破坏过程。岩石服从莫尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。监测了模型中第1象限对角线上的单元环向应力分布及演化规律。根据徐林生和王兰生提出的环向应力岩爆判据,判断模型中各单元是否发生岩爆。模拟结果表明：当竖直方向压力一定时,随着水平方向压力的增加,V形坑的顶点和巷道中心的连线与模型水平轴的夹角,由小于45°向接近45°发展;同时,巷道围岩中发生破坏的单元数及发生岩爆的单元数均增加,环向应力的峰值增大。随着岩石峰后脆性的增强,剪切带趋于明显,容易汇合形成V形坑;同时,巷道围岩中发生破坏的单元数及发生岩爆的单元数均增加,环向应力的峰值向围岩内部移动。