地质雷达资料的分析：波传播速度的测定

用地质雷达（ＧＰＲ）测深法也许能够检测出地下地质结构内毫米宽的不连续性，如裂隙，但是，根据野外资料确立一种电磁波传播速度的规律以便解释雷达数据和确定这些间断面的深部的位置却不是一件容易的事情，为了使不同场地的雷达探测资料得到最佳解释，我们的注意力转向精度问题，通过提高精度来确定电磁波的传播速度，在一花岗央采石场，借助４０ｍ深的钻孔岩心，根据正常时差校正，我们能够评价速度范围的分析，我们描述了轻度华     

基于BS-MUSIC的定向钻孔雷达三维成像算法

定向钻孔雷达由位于井中的一个发射天线和分布于圆环上的呈等角度分布的四个接收天线组成,能确定井旁地质目标的深度和方位.然而,目标方位确定和三维成像的算法问题一直是该技术面临的挑战.本文将空间谱估计中的BS-MUSIC算法应用于定向钻孔雷达目标方位识别算法中,在此基础上提出并实现了利用四个接收天线的信号对井周地质体进行三维空间成像的算法.使用合成数据对以上算法的效果进行验证,并和通常的MUSIC算法进行比较,结果表明,MUSIC算法和基于波束空间的MUSIC算法均可以在方位确定和三维成像方面取得非常好的效果,但计算速度方面,BS-MUSIC算法相比于MUSIC算法有了非常明显的提升.     

钻孔雷达技术的发展和现状

钻孔雷达作为一种井中探地雷达,它向地层发射高频电磁波,利用电磁波在地层中的传播特性来获取地层信息,从而解释地下构造,它具有较高的分辨率和较大的探测范围.本文结合钻孔雷达的历史及发展现状进行了简要阐述,并详细介绍了其测量原理及工程各领域中的应用.本文基本反映了当前国内外钻孔雷达的研究进展情况及其发展趋势,对进一步的研究有重要的指导意义.     

综合地球物理勘探快速获取城市待建区浅部三维地质特征:以成都市天府新区独角兽岛为例

尽管在城市中使用地球物理方法进行探测会受到复杂人文干扰、施工场地有限的挑战,但是相比于昂贵且具有破坏性的钻孔勘探,在城市采用无损的地球物理勘探带来的好处还是远远超出了其限制.本文以成都市天府新区独角兽岛为试验区,在提前了解其地质背景和研究区工况现状的前提下,采用地质雷达、高密度电阻率法组合地球物理方法,对试验区1 km2的面积开展了综合地球物理勘探,地质雷达主要用于30 m以浅的地质结构精细分层,高密度电阻率法重点对30～100 m深的地层进行约束分层.为了提高分层精度,测点及地表起伏形态通过RTK测量控制,最终通过综合地球物理信息、RTK测量信息和钻孔信息,快速获取了试验区100 m以浅的三维地质特征,为正在开展的独角兽岛地下空间规划及施工建设提供了重要的基础资料.     

河北省地质钻孔资料分析

地质钻孔资料是工程地质、矿产勘察等报告中广泛使用的资料,具有重要的二次开发和使用价值,对于工程项目的启动如:规划、设计、施工等具有重要意义。搜集河北省现有地质钻孔资料,给出该省钻孔分布图、场地类别分布图、各市等厚线图;以钻孔资料中剪切波速作为液化判别指标,判断场地液化情况;以邯郸地区钻孔资料为例,进行三维地层划分,与磁县断裂结合分析,发现断裂在地下的分布状态直观可见,从而为断裂分析提供一种直观手段。     

地质雷达探测岩溶洞穴物理模拟研究

岩溶分布十分广泛,地下岩溶洞穴严重威胁着工程建设和人民的生命安全.了解岩溶地区的地质构造和岩溶发育规律,准确勘查地下岩溶洞穴,为各部门的工程设计与施工处理提供可靠的依据显得十分重要.地质雷达是采用高频电磁波、宽频带短脉冲和高速采样技术的一种新型的物探方法.由于该方法具有工作效率高、分辨率高和异常图象直观等突出优点,因此,该方法广泛应用于工程勘察中.多年来,在中国的铁路、公路、电站和机场等工程建设中,我们应用地质雷达方法作了大量的试验研究和生产工作,采集到了一些具有代表性的地下溶洞、溶缝和岩溶破碎的雷达图象,也积累了地质雷达探测地下岩溶洞穴的一些重要经验.本文从地质雷达探测地下岩溶洞穴的基本原理出发,从理论上对溶洞、溶缝和破碎带等的雷达图象进行模拟计算,提出了常见的地下岩溶异常的基本雷达图象特征,再结合典型的地质雷达图象实例,阐述了地下溶洞的埋深、规模、空间分布形态等判识方法.     

地质雷达在检测和绘制岩石边坡中裂隙分布图方面的应用

岩石塌落和基岩中的塌陷道路维护与预防灾害造成的严重问题，基岩中以裂隙的发育被认为是引起塌陷的实际原因，评估基因塌陷的危险性时，很重要提不仅需要预先检测地表裂缝分布，还要检测内部裂隙分布的范围，为研究地质雷达（ＧＰＲ）在绘制岩中内部裂隙分布及其连续性方面的可应用性，在熔吉岩采石场的垂向壁布进行了地质雷达测量，用地质雷达检测到了４ｍ深处基岩内部裂隙的反射波，通过地质雷达记录号岩石表面可视条件下记录的对     

物探方法在预防路面塌陷中的应用

城市地下空间的开发利用不可避免地在基础设施建设中造成土体流失或土层沉降,形成的地下“病害体”易导致城市道路塌陷的发生。文章以滁州琅琊大道为例,采用地质雷达法和浅层地震勘探法对城市老城区排水管网周边进行探测。结果表明:①在探测深度不超过7.0 m范围内,地质雷达法可以满足探测要求;②在场地条件复杂、干扰较多的情况下,需辅以浅层地震勘探法。利用上述方法,可以更准确地查明地下“病害体”的位置,防止了路面塌陷的发生。     

城市地下空间地球物理探测技术与应用

城市地下空间开发利用是缓解土地资源紧张、解决"城市病"的重要途径,合理开发利用地下空间资源的关键问题是如何实现城市下方地质体"透明化".受施工场地、安全等因素的制约,传统地质填图调查方法难以获取城市地下精细结构信息,地球物理方法具有无损探测的特点,已成为开展城市地下空间精细地质结构探测的主要技术手段.然而地球物理方法种类较多,不同方法应用前提、范围和效果差别较大,为给城市地下空间资源探测选择适合的地球物理方法,本文结合实际案例,系统分析了微重力、高密度电法、浅层反射地震、面波勘探、探地雷达等不同地球物理方法在城市地下空间探测中的应用效果和适用前提.在此基础上,对比了不同方法探测深度、分辨率及其在城市地下空间开发探测的适用阶段,并对未来城市地下空间探测技术发展做了展望.     

地质雷达在工程,环境管理和地质学方面的应用

穿透和穿入坚固材料内部的无损技术性能在那些可能需要损害性或破坏性方法进行研究的不同领域有着重要的应用，使用取心或钻探方法探测混凝土，土壤和岩可以提供有关地下特征的详细信息，但是只在距测试孔很近外才有效，地质雷达能够提供有关地下特征的连续的高分辨度剖面，因而可确定不同规模的目标和层位的位置，地质雷达技术在建筑，工程，环境管理以及矿产勘探等各种领域得到应用。     

Characterization of an unstable rock mass based on borehole logs and diverse borehole radar data

Unstable rocky slopes are major hazards to the growing number of people that live and travel though mountainous regions. To construct effective barriers to falling rock, it is necessary to know the positions, dimensions and shapes of structures along which failure may occur. To investigate an unstable mountain slope distinguished by numerous open fracture zones, we have taken advantage of three moderately deep (51.0–120.8 m) boreholes to acquire geophysical logs and record single-hole radar, vertical radar profiling (VRP) and crosshole radar data. We observed spallation zones, displacements and borehole radar velocity and amplitude anomalies at 16 of the 46 discontinuities identified in the borehole optical televiewer images. The results of the VRP and crosshole experiments were disappointing at our study site; the source of only one VRP reflection was determined and the crosshole velocity and amplitude tomograms were remarkably featureless. In contrast, much useful structural information was provided by the single-hole radar experiments. Radar reflections were recorded from many surface and borehole fracture zones, demonstrating that the strong electrical property contrasts of these features extended some distance into the adjacent rock mass. The single-hole radar data suggested possible connections between 6 surface and 4 borehole fractures and led to the discovery of 5 additional near-surface fracture zones. Of particular importance, they supplied key details on the subsurface geometries and minimum subsurface lengths of 8 of the 10 previously known surface fracture zones and all of the newly discovered ones. The vast majority of surface fracture zones extended at least 40–60 m into the subsurface, demonstrating that their depth and surface dimensions are comparable.     

GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION MAPPING OF SOIL AND ROCK STRATIGRAPHY1

Ground-penetrating radar is a technique which offers a new way of viewing shallow soil and rock conditions. The need to better understanding overburden conditions for activities such as geochemical sampling, geotechnical investigations, and placer exploration, as well as the factors controlling groundwater flow, has generated an increasing demand for techniques which can image the subsurface with higher resolution than previously possible. The areas of application for ground-penetrating radar are diverse. The method has been used successfully to map ice thickness, water depth in lakes, bedrock depth, soil stratigraphy, and water table depth. It is also used to delineate rock fabric, detect voids and identify karst features. The effective application of the radar for the high-resolution definition of soil stratigraphy and fractures in bedrock is highlighted. The basic principles and practices involved in acquiring high quality radar data in the field are illustrated by selected case histories. One example demonstrates how radar has been used to map the bedrock and delineate soil horizons to a depth of more than 20 m. Two case histories show how radar has been used to map fractures and changes of rock type to 40 m range from inside a mine. Another case history demonstrates how radar has also been used to detect and map the extent of groundwater contamination. The corroboration of the radar results by borehole investigations demonstrates the power and utility of the high-resolution radar method as an aid for interpolation and extrapolation of the information obtained with conventional coring programmes. With the advent of new instrumentation and field procedures, the routine application of the radar method is becoming economically viable and the method will see expanded use in the future.     

机载探地雷达的进展以及数值模拟

机载探地雷达可能解决危险环境或广域条件下的近地表探测问题,用于解决环境、生态或军事方面的问题.然而由于种种原因,该技术的发展却显得比较慢.为了推进该技术的发展,本文介绍了目前世界范围内机载探地雷达的进展,并利用时间域有限差分法对一些典型模型进行数值模拟,并用特定的偏移成像方法对模拟结果进行成像.目前存在的机载探地雷达主要有三种类型:第一种为将常规探地雷达天线悬挂在直升飞机上,第二种为针对机载探地雷达开发的雷达系统,第三种为具有探地能力的合成孔径雷达.数值模拟结果表明,不管是水平地面的情况下,还是起伏界面的情况下,机载探地雷达都能清楚探测一定深度范围内的地下目标.可见,机载探地雷达是存满希望的一种方法.     

Resistivity inversion of cross-hole and borehole-to-surface EM data using axially symmetric models1

We describe a least-squares inversion approach to estimating the subsurface resistivity structure from cross-hole or borehole-to-surface electromagnetic data. It is assumed that the resistivity distribution is symmetric about the axis of a borehole and that vertical magnetic dipoles are located on the borehole axis. The receivers are placed either in another borehole or on the earth's surface. The inversion scheme uses the finite-element and smoothness-constrained least-squares methods. The computational effort required to obtain partial derivatives is reduced considerably by using the reciprocity principle. Numerical simulations show that the reconstructions are generally in good agreement with the true structures when the assumption of an axisymmetric earth structure holds. An example involving the breakdown of this assumption, which can be obtained by interchanging the source and receiver boreholes, suggests that the inversion result may also be useful for locating a general 3D anomaly although artifacts are present.     

A new analytical solution for assessing climate change impacts on subsurface temperature

Groundwater temperature is an important water quality parameter that affects species distributions in subsurface and surface environments. To investigate the response of subsurface temperature to atmospheric climate change, an analytical solution is derived for a one‐dimensional, transient conduction–advection equation and verified with numerical methods using the finite element code SUTRA. The solution can be directly applied to forward model the impact of future climate change on subsurface temperature profiles or inversely applied to produce a surface temperature history from measured borehole profiles. The initial conditions are represented using superimposed linear and exponential functions, and the boundary condition is expressed as an exponential function. This solution expands on a classic solution in which the initial and boundary conditions were restricted to linear functions. The exponential functions allow more flexibility in matching climate model projections (boundary conditions) and measured temperature–depth profiles (initial conditions). For example, measured borehole temperature data from the Sendai Plain and Tokyo, Japan, were used to demonstrate the improved accuracy of the exponential function for replicating temperature–depth profiles. Also, the improved accuracy of the exponential boundary condition was demonstrated using air temperature anomaly data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. These air temperature anomalies were then used to forward model the effect of surficial thermal perturbations in subsurface environments with significant groundwater flow. The simulation results indicate that recharge can accelerate shallow subsurface warming, whereas upward groundwater discharge can enhance deeper subsurface warming. Additionally, the simulation results demonstrate that future groundwater temperatures obtained from the proposed analytical solution can deviate significantly from those produced with the classic solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coseismic Damage at an Archaeological Site in Sicily,Italy: Evidence of Roman Age Earthquake Surface Faulting

Archaeoseismology can provide a useful chronological tool for constraining earthquakes and documenting significant evidence that would otherwise be lost. In this paper, we report a case of surface faulting on ancient man-made structures belonging to the archaeological site of Santa Venera al Pozzo situated along the eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano in eastern Sicily (southern Italy), which is affected by well-developed tectonic faults. Geological surveys highlight a set of fractures affecting the archaeological ruins, suggesting the occurrence of a capable fault zone across the area. An integrated geophysical survey was carried out in order to identify the main subsurface tectonic discontinuity ascribable to the fault zone. The information derived from different geophysical techniques, such as electrical resistivity tomography, seismic refraction tomography, ground-penetrating radar, and magnetic surveys allowed us to infer that the fractures observed at the surface could have been produced by coseismic rupture. They are conceivably linked to a strong earthquake that probably occurred in the Roman period, around mid-end of the third-century AD; time constraints are inferred through the dating of buildings of the archaeological site.     

Investigating alluvial and tectonic features with ground-penetrating radar and analyzing diffractions patterns

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) experiments were conducted on a Quaternary sedimentary (made up of gravel, sand and loess) site to image the structures and tectonic features. Two sets of antennae, 50 and 100 MHz, have been tested in a water saturated alluvial deposits (mostly sand and gravel). The 100 MHz antennae provided adequate penetration depth and allowed better lateral continuity and resolution of the subsurface targets than the 50 MHz antennae. Results show that most of GPR data are contaminated by strong diffraction hyperbolae caused by above-ground objects near the survey line. Therefore, it is very important to recognize the diffractions through air and not to confuse them with the reflections from underground geologic features. Despite the air diffraction problem, the GPR data allow us to prospect subsurface sedimentary and tectonic structures. Water table, channels and meander bars are observed on GPR data. Most of these observations are correlated with borehole and trench data.     

A land controlled‐source electromagnetic experiment using a deep vertical electric dipole: experimental settings,processing, and first data interpretation

A multichannel borehole‐to‐surface controlled‐source electromagnetic experiment was carried out at the onshore CO₂ storage site of Hontomín (Spain). The electromagnetic source consisted of a vertical electric dipole located 1.5 km deep, and the electric field was measured at the surface. The subsurface response has been obtained by calculating the transfer function between the transmitted signal and the electric field at the receiver positions. The dataset has been processed using a fast processing methodology, appropriate to be applied on controlled‐source electromagnetics (CSEM) data with a large signal‐to‐noise ratio. The dataset has been analysed in terms of data quality and repeatability errors, showing data with low experimental errors and good repeatability. We evaluate if the induction of current along the casing of the injection well can reproduce the behaviour of the experimental data.