Formation of accretion disks in close-binary systems with magnetic fields

We have developed a three-dimensional numerical model and applied it to simulate plasma flows in semi-detached binary systems whose accretor possesses a strong intrinsic magnetic field. The model is based on the assumption that the plasma dynamics are determined by the slow mean flow, which forms a backdrop for the rapid propagation of MHD waves. The equations describing the slow motion of matter were obtained by averaging over rapidly propagating pulsations. The numerical model includes the diffusion of magnetic field by current dissipation in turbulent vortices, magnetic buoyancy, and wave MHD turbulence. A modified three-dimensional, parallel, numerical code was used to simulate the flow structure in close binary systems with various accretor magnetic fields, from 10⁵ to 10⁸ G. The conditions for the formation of the accretion disk and the criteria distinguishing the two types of flow corresponding to intermediate polars and polars are discussed.     

二维半岛尾流近区流动参数分布特性的研究

采用数字粒子图象测速技术,在恒定来流的工况下,分别对圆柱、正弦形状半岛的尾流近区的速度分布进行了比较详细的测量,获得了大量的数据。从相似性的角度,对流速在尾流摆动一个周期内的平均值进行了分析。结果显示,沿程各断面的此种平均流速在归一化后具有一定程度的相似性,而各断面归一化紊动参数分布的差别很大。     

风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响——以太湖中两种典型沉水植物为例

为研究风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响，选取太湖中两种典型沉水植物（苦草与马来眼子菜）为研究对象，分别对苦草植物斑块与马来眼子菜植物斑块内外水体的瞬时流速进行野外现场测量，利用瞬时流速的能量谱分布将波浪流速与紊动流速分离，分别分析水生植物对时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能的影响。风浪影响下，水体中存在流向与测量时近水面处盛行风向一致的水流；波浪流速以垂向流速为主，且波浪流速自水面向床底逐渐减小；紊动能在水面处达到最大值，并向床底方向逐渐减小。与无植被条件相比，苦草与马来眼子菜的存在减小了时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能。两种植物形态上的差异，导致其对水流结构的影响不同：苦草叶片阻流面积在冠层中部达到最大，使得时均流速与波浪流速在苦草中部位置的减小程度最大；马来眼子菜叶片主要集中于冠层顶部（水面附近），其对时均流速以及波浪流速的减小作用在水面处达到最大。     

规则波和不规则波条件下射流实验对比

利用三维声学多普勒流速仪分别对规则波和不规则波条件下垂向圆管射流的流场进行了测量。在规则波条件下,靠近自由表面的射流垂向速度横剖面出现了较为明显的"双峰"现象,相较而言不规则波条件下射流垂向速度横剖面保持更好的高斯分布,"双峰"现象更不明显。在波能密度和波能通量一致的比选原则下,射流在规则波条件下的轴线速度衰减在初始段较不规则波条件要快一些,这与上述 "双峰"现象存在一定的关系。     

Wind tunnel experiments on the turbulent transmission over the near surface layer of different surfaces

To understand the generation and development mechanism of soil erosion, data of the wind profile from wind tunnel experiments were used, and the characteristics of the turbulent transmission with free stream velocity and the properties of the surfaces in arid and semi-arid regions were studied by the atmospheric aerodynamic method. The result showed that the turbulent momentum fluxes are proportional to the velocity and the roughness of the surfaces. In addition, they are closely related to the density of the roughness elements; the turbulent exchange coefficient over the near surface layer increases with height.     

横流环境湍射流涡动力学特性数值模拟

采用三维湍流模型及其混合有限分析解法进行横流中湍射流这一复杂三维流动的研究。在利用实验数据对模型及其计算方法验证的基础上,对多种喷口形式和流速比工况下的流速场和涡量场进行了数值计算,模拟得到了其旋涡结构发展演化特性。在射流初始阶段,横流在射流背流面形成绕流分离旋涡,其结构与射流喷口形式和流速比有关。射流主轴沿流向布置的窄缝射流产生的旋涡最为特殊和复杂,在喷口侧面存在4个分离点,从而形成4个旋涡。在射流远区,流动主要由反向旋转涡对所控制,并诱导出二次涡对。分析得出了射流喷口形式及流速比对反向旋转涡对涡核位置和旋转强度的影响。     

基于模式匹配法的明渠紊流涡结构分析

对涡结构进行识别是紊流涡动力学研究的难题,为了降低涡识别方法对流速测量空间分辨率的要求,消除阈值对涡识别结果可能产生的影响,提出了基于二维平面流场的涡结构模式匹配方法。应用该方法对明渠紊流中涡结构的密度、涡量、半径和强度等特征参数和涡动力学特征进行了分析。结果表明,涡结构的密度和涡量沿水深逐渐减小,涡半径沿水深逐渐增大,涡结构的环量在近壁区迅速增大而随后基本维持稳定;在相同水深处,顺向涡密度大于逆向涡且具有更强的旋转运动;顺向涡的平均流场具有典型的发夹涡群特征,部分逆向涡与顺向涡在空间上具有相关关系。     

波流作用下太湖水体悬浮物输运实验及模拟

利用室内外实验和数学模型对波浪和湖流共同作用下太湖水体悬浮物输运过程进行了研究.结果表明:当太湖日平均风速在2~8m/s时,水体悬浮物再悬浮通量与平均风速符合正相关关系;太湖悬浮物沉降属于絮凝沉降.悬浮物浓度较低时,其沉降速率与浓度无明显的相关关系;而浓度较高时,沉降速率随浓度升高而增大.悬浮物浓度和沉降速率符合Logistic函数;将太湖湖流模型和波浪模型耦合,有效地反映了太湖的水动力过程;在太湖悬浮物模型中,引入底泥起悬条件,将底泥的起悬量与沉降量分开处理,有效地模拟了太湖悬浮物的输运过程.模拟结果表明太湖悬浮物沿岸区域受湖流的影响较大,湖心区域受波浪影响较大.     

Storm surge mitigation through vegetation canopies

The paper of Reid and Whitaker (1976) on the effects of a vegetation canopy on flow of water is re-examined. Their assumptions on the equality of various drag coefficients are replaced by more realistic calculations. A new method for calculating wind stress on water is presented for the case when the vegetation extends above the water surface.For the case of vanishingly small water depth, it is shown that the horizontal stress is approximately constant in the vertical. This results in a diagnostic relationship for the water current as a function of the wind stress and bottom roughness.A new expression for the vertically averaged frictional force per unit mass is derived on the assumption that the friction velocity varies linearly with height. The vertical rate of change of friction velocity depends on the mean water current, the wind stress, the bottom roughness, and the water depth. This work has a possible application in the mitigation of storm surges.     

滩地植被化明渠中横向水平射流特性试验研究

运用Micro ADV测速系统,对3种工况下滩地植被化的复式断面横流环境中三维圆形水平射流的特性进行了试验研究.试验测得的射流典型横断面速度场及湍动能的成果表明,射流与来流的相互作用表现出明显的分叉现象,其分叉半角为5.71°;复式断面二次流具有加速射流分叉的作用,滩地植被具有减缓射流分叉的效应.对射流出口平面的速度场及湍动能的分析表明,射流轨迹曲线的弯曲程度、射流中心线的位置主要取决于射流与来流流速比.流动横断面流速和湍动能特性表明,射流在整个流场中是各向异性的.     

风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响——以太湖中两种典型沉水植物为例

为研究风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响,选取太湖中两种典型沉水植物(苦草与马来眼子菜)为研究对象,分别对苦草植物斑块与马来眼子菜植物斑块内外水体的瞬时流速进行野外现场测量,利用瞬时流速的能量谱分布将波浪流速与紊动流速分离,分别分析水生植物对时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能的影响。风浪影响下,水体中存在流向与测量时近水面处盛行风向一致的水流;波浪流速以垂向流速为主,且波浪流速自水面向床底逐渐减小;紊动能在水面处达到最大值,并向床底方向逐渐减小。与无植被条件相比,苦草与马来眼子菜的存在减小了时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能。两种植物形态上的差异,导致其对水流结构的影响不同:苦草叶片阻流面积在冠层中部达到最大,使得时均流速与波浪流速在苦草中部位置的减小程度最大;马来眼子菜叶片主要集中于冠层顶部(水面附近),其对时均流速以及波浪流速的减小作用在水面处达到最大。     

Geomorphology of desert sand dunes: A review of recent progress

Through the 1980s and 1990s studies of the geomorphology of desert sand dunes were dominated by field studies of wind flow and sand flow over individual dunes. Alongside these there were some attempts numerically to model dune development as well as some wind tunnel studies that investigated wind flow over dunes. As developments with equipment allowed, field measurements became more sophisticated. However, by the mid-1990s it was clear that even these more complex measurements were still unable to explain the mechanisms by which sand is entrained and transported. Most importantly, the attempt to measure the stresses imposed by the wind on the sand surface proved impossible, and the use of shear (or friction) velocity as a surrogate for shear stress also failed to deliver. At the same time it has become apparent that turbulent structures in the flow may be as or more important in explaining sand flux. In a development paralleled in fluvial geomorphology, aeolian geomorphologists have attempted to measure and model turbulent structures over dunes. Progress has recently been made through the use of more complex numerical models based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Some of the modelling work has also suggested that notions of dune ‘equilibrium’ form may not be particularly helpful. This range of recent developments has not meant that field studies are now redundant. For linear dunes careful observations of individual dunes have provided important data about how the dunes develop but in this particular field some progress has been made through ground-penetrating radar images of the internal structure of the dunes.

The paradigm for studies of desert dune geomorphology for several decades has been that good quality empirical data about wind flow and sand flux will enable us to understand how dunes are created and maintain their form. At least some of the difficulty in the past arose from the plethora of undirected data generated by largely inductive field studies. More recently, attention has shifted–although not completely–to modelling approaches, and very considerable progress has been made in developing models of dune development. It is clear, however, that the models will continue to require accurate field observations in order for us to be able to develop a clear understanding of desert sand dune geomorphology.     

混合浪中长波对短波的位相调制

为研究长波对短波尤其是风浪高频成分的调制,在实验室风浪水槽中产生混合浪,分析风浪受规则长波的调制。采用本征模态方法分解出不同尺度的风浪模态,计算各模态位移平方关于长波位相的平均。结果表明,风浪主要波、小尺度波和介于二者之间的中等尺度波,其能量沿长波位相的分布具有不同特征:风浪主要波的能量随长波波陡增加而减少,其分布与长波同相且关于长波波谷对称;中等尺度波的能量则随长波波陡增加而增加,在长波波峰迎风面略高于背风面;小尺度风浪的能量随着风速和长波波陡的增加而增加,随着风区长度的增加而减少,在长波波峰迎风面明显高于背风面。     

Thresholds of aeolian sand transport: establishing suitable values

This paper assesses the practical use and applicability of the time fraction equivalence method (TFEM; Stout & Zobeck, 1996) of calculating a wind speed threshold for sand grain entrainment in field situations. A modification of the original method is used and is applied to 1 Hz measurements of wind speed and sand transport on a beach surface. Calculated grain entrainment thresholds are tested in terms of the percentage of sand transport events that they explain. It was found that the calculated thresholds offered a poor representation of the occurrence of saltation activity, explaining only about 50% of the measured transport events. Results are discussed in terms of system response time, wind speed measurement height, undetected events and sampling period. A shear velocity threshold for grain entrainment was also calculated, but this also failed to explain a high proportion of the sand transport events. The best results (67–91% of transport events explained) were found by calculating a threshold based on time‐averaged (≈ 40 s) wind velocity measurements. The applicability of a single threshold to a natural grain population is discussed. A natural surface is likely to possess a range of thresholds varying over short time scales in response to parameters such as grain rearrangement and changes in moisture conditions. The results show that calculated thresholds based on 40 s time‐averaged data consistently explain a high proportion of the recorded sand transport events. This is because such a time‐averaged approach accounts for higher frequency variability inherent in the sand transport system.     

Flow, sediment transport and bedform dynamics over the transition from dunes to upper-stage plane beds: implications for the formation of planar laminae

Preliminary results are reported from an experimental study of the interaction between turbulence, sediment transport and bedform dynamics over the transition from dunes to upper stage plane beds. Over the transition, typical dunes changed to humpback dunes (mean velocity 0–8 ms^-1, depth 01 m, mean grain size 0.3 mm) to nominally plane beds with low relief bed waves up to a few mm high. All bedforms had a mean length of 0.7–0.8 m. Hot film anemometry and flow visualization clearly show that horizontal and vertical turbulent motions in dune troughs decrease progressively through the transition while horizontal turbulence intensities increase near the bed on dune backs through to a plane bed. Average bedload and suspended load concentrations increase progressively over the transition, and the near-bed transport rate immediately downstream of flow reattachment increases markedly relative to that near dune crests. This relative increase in sediment transport near reattachment appears to be due to suppression of upward directed turbulence by increased sediment concentration, such that velocity close to the bed can increase more quickly downstream of reattachment. Low-relief bedwaves on upper-stage plane beds are ubiquitous and give rise to laterally extensive, mm-thick planar laminae; however, within such laminae are laminae of more limited lateral extent and thickness, related to the turbulent bursting process over the downstream depositional surface of the bedwaves.     

An assessment of wind forcing impact on a spectral wave model for the Indian Ocean

The focus of the present study is the assessment of the impact of wind forcing on the spectral wave model MIKE 21 SW in the Indian Ocean region. Three different wind fields, namely the ECMWF analyzed winds, the ECMWF blended winds, and the NCEP blended winds have been used to drive the model. The wave model results have been compared with in-situ observations and satellite altimeter data. This study also evaluated the performance of the wind products during local phenomenon like sea breeze, since it has a significant impact on the wave prediction in the Indian coastal region. Hence we explored the possibility of studying the impact of diurnal variation of winds on coastal waves using different wind fields. An analysis of the model performance has also been made during high wind conditions with the inference that blended winds generate more realistic wave fields in the high wind conditions and are able to produce the growth and decay of waves more realistically.     

表面驻波作用下紊动射流运动特性的试验研究

对表面驻波作用下紊动射流运动进行了试验研究。应用多普勒激光测速仪(LDV)进行流速场量测,应用电容式波高仪测量表面波动特性。结果表明,在表面驻波作用下,紊动射流动量主导远区流速的横向变化仍然可以用高斯分布表达,横剖面上流速的等值线图由原来对称于轴心的圆形变形为椭圆形;表面波动增强了紊动射流的扩散能力。     

An anemometry technique for turbulence measurements at low velocities

A method using symmetrically bent V-shaped hot-wires has been developed for the accurate measurement of low-speed turbulence. Directional characteristics of V-shaped hot-wires at low velocities are investigated, and a generalized expression is derived for the effective cooling velocity. The measurement with V-shaped hot-wires in a pseudo turbulent field, which is artificially produced by shaking the hot-wires with an accurately known motion in a steady flow, has confirmed that the expression for the effective cooling velocity is also valid for instantaneous velocity fluctuations. The accuracy of a practical technique comprising two V-shaped hot-wires in an X arrangement is investigated by an error analysis in simulated Gaussian velocity fields using a digital computer.     

大型浅水湖泊水动力模型不确定性和敏感性分析

选取国内外常用的水动力学模型(EFDC)和典型的浅水湖泊(太湖),采用拉丁超立方取样(LHS),研究湖泊水动力模块中常用的5个重要参数(风拖曳系数、床面粗糙高度、涡粘性系数、紊流扩散系数以及风遮挡系数)对湖体水位和流速的影响。结果表明:针对大型浅水湖泊,湖泊岸线形状和湖底地形、湖泊周围地形、湖泊水面风场对模拟结果产生决定性影响。尤其是在湖湾区和周边地形比较复杂的地区,风场参数对水动力模拟结果不确定性的贡献率最大。在垂向上,表层流速受到参数不确定性的影响最大,底层次之,中层最小。床面粗糙高度对水动力模拟结果不确定性贡献率较风场参数要小,水体涡粘滞系数和扩散系数影响则更小。故在选择大型浅水湖泊水动力模型参数时,要充分考虑湖泊岸线和周围地形,着重率定风场参数以及床面粗糙高度。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川近雪面气象要素观测分析

利用中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所于2009年1月20日至12月31日在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川冰雪表面实施大气科学观测实验观测取得的资料和同期大西沟气象站资料, 分析了1号冰川四季大气温度、风速、风向以及总辐射的变化特征, 对比、探讨了冰川尺度上冰雪表面与周边山地的辐射和地-气热量传输特性, 在此基础上揭示了二者气温、风速、大气湿度变化的差异及其成因. 研究表明: 1)由于冰川冰雪对太阳辐射的反射率高, 冰雪表面得到的净辐射和热量少, 使得冰川四季大气温度比大西沟站平均偏低2.9 ℃; 2)冰川与周边山地下垫面的不同, 引起太阳净辐射-温度场-气压场-风场的连锁变化, 造成冰川轴向风以下行偏南气流为主导, 法向风盛行偏东气流; 冰川夜间风速大于大西沟, 白天却小于大西沟风速; 3)冰川和大西沟大气含水量较高, 相对湿度在40%～80%之间变化, 因大西沟地表蒸发大, 其相对湿度略高于冰川.