四川省红原县大骨节病区水化学特征与致病因子初探

通过采集我国大骨节病重病区四川省红原县病区作为饮用水源的地表水和地下水样37件,并测试其水化学成分.结果表明:病区饮用水水化学特征以低矿化度的重碳酸钙型水为主,其补给来源主要为冰雪融水和大气降水.病区饮用水化学组分中Se、Zn元素呈现富集特征,Sr、Ba、F元素处于贫乏状态.利用SPSS软件分析发现饮用不同水源间患病率有显著差异,饮用地表水较地下水更容易患病,并结合因子分析方法进一步解释了大骨节发病机理与饮用水中Ca、SO4、Sr、F4种元素的质量浓度密切相关,水中这4种元素组分的质量浓度越低,大骨节的患病率就越高.     

高店子幅水化学特征及水质评价

为查明高店子幅地表水和地下水的水化学特征及水环境质量现状,为区域水资源保护与开发提供理论依据,运用数理统计分析、模糊综合评价和灌溉水水质评价方法对研究区地表水和地下水进行了分析与评价。研究结果表明:研究区地表水水化学组分波动较大,地下水水化学组分相对较为稳定。地表水水化学类型主要为重碳酸硫酸-钙镁型水和重碳酸-钙镁型水;地下水水化学类型主要为重碳酸-钙镁型水和重碳酸硫酸-钠钙镁型水。研究区地表水和地下水水力联系密切,水中主要离子组分来自于盐岩、石膏和碳酸盐的风化溶滤,另外还存在阳离子交换作用、蒸发浓缩作用和人类活动的共同影响。饮用水水质评价表明,54.5%的地表水和71.4%的地下水适于饮用或基本适于饮用,地下水水质稍好于地表水水质;灌溉水水质评价表明,研究区地表水和地下水均适于灌溉,合理灌溉不会造成盐害和碱害。     

四川阿坝壤塘县大骨节病区环境地质初步评价

大骨节病在我国分布范围非常广泛。由于其发病机理复杂,原因多样,一直以来都没有得到合理解释。笔者在南水北调西线水文地质调查过程中,对大骨节病高发区的地表水、地下水进行了取样及水样化学分析,结合当地的区域水文地质和水化学组分,考察了病区的环境地质情况。在此基础上,对病区环境地质进行了初步评价。     

川西高原地区水体中硒含量及分布特征研究

川西高原是大骨节病比较集中的区域之一,低硒是大骨节病的重要致病因素,研究该地区硒含量对于防治大骨节病有重要意义。本文采用原子荧光光谱法研究川西高原阿坝地区大骨节病高发区水体样品中硒的含量特征。结果表明:该区域水体中硒含量较低,地下水的硒含量明显高于地表水和山泉水;山泉水的硒含量为0.001~0.058μg/L,平均值0.0067μg/L,硒的分布受地质背景、pH值和氧化还原电位(Eh值)等条件的控制,低硒的地质环境是导致山泉水的硒含量很低的最主要因素;地表水的硒含量为0.001~0.148μg/L,平均值0.0221μg/L,硒分布的影响因素为地质背景、地理条件以及水体地球化学条件;地下水的硒含量为0.001~0.210μg/L,平均值0.0523μg/L,硒分布的影响因素为地质背景、pH值和Eh值,有机质含量也是关键因素之一。研究认为,对于以山泉水为主要饮用水源的藏民,低硒的山泉水不能提供人体需要的硒营养,不适合作为水源;川西高原地表水资源丰富,但水中的元素迁移性极强,地表水中的硒不易进入生态链的循环,也不适合作为饮用水源;地下水的硒含量较高,应推广作为当地的生活饮用水,减少大骨节病的发病率。     

贵阳市岩溶地下水水化学演化机制:水化学和锶同位素证据

岩溶地下水的水化学特征及其水岩作用过程研究对岩溶地下水合理开发利用和污染防治具有重要意义.综合利用水化学分析、主要离子比值、锶含量和87Sr/86Sr比值分析和反向水文地球化学模拟,深入分析了贵阳市地下水和地表水不同季节的水化学特征变化和水文地球化学演化过程.水化学特征分析表明,贵阳市地下水以HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主,水化学组成在季节和空间分布上存在一定的规律性变化,地表水与地下水的直接混合对地下水化学组成有一定的影响.锶同位素比值和水文地球化学反向模拟表明,地下水水化学组分主要受岩石风化作用的控制,以方解石和白云石为主的碳酸盐的溶解－沉淀作用以及硫酸盐和岩盐的溶解是控制研究区地下水水化学特征的重要过程,并受上覆孔隙含水层硅酸盐矿物水解的影响.      

小昌马河流域地表水地下水同位素与水化学特征及转化关系

利用小昌马河流域上游大雪山老虎沟冰雪融水及下游昌马洪积扇区地下水的稳定同位素和水化学资料, 对流域稳定同位素和水化学的组分特征和季节变化进行了分析. 结果表明: 小昌马河流域内从上游冰雪融水区到下游昌马洪积扇地下水排泄区矿化度不断增高, 水化学类型由HCO₃-Mg-Ca过渡到HCO₃-SO₄-Ca-Mg; 上游冰雪融水与下游地下水δ¹⁸O的季节变化基本一致, 洪积扇区地下水来源于冰雪融水的补给. 水文地球化学模型模拟显示地下水形成过程中水岩作用以析出方解石, 吸收二氧化碳, 溶解石膏、 岩盐和绿泥石等为主要特征, 溶蚀的含盐矿物使地下水中氯化物、 硫酸根和钠离子含量升高, 地下水水质恶化. 同位素和水化学证据均揭示了小昌马河流域地表水-地下水的化学环境转化关系.     

基于水化学和氢氧同位素的兴隆县地下水演化过程研究

地下水的补给来源及其水-岩作用过程研究对于识别地下水水化学成分的形成机制、合理开发利用和地下水污染防治具有重要意义。为了了解兴隆县地区地下水水质及其水源涵养条件,为区域地下水污染防治和饮用水源安全提供支持,论文基于兴隆县地下水的水化学和氢氧稳定同位素（δD和δ18O）特征,综合利用Gibbs图解、主要离子比值和统计分析方法,深入讨论了兴隆县地下水的水化学特征、补给来源和水文地球化学演化过程。研究结果表明,兴隆县地下水呈弱碱性,主要为HCO₃—Ca·Mg型水,总溶解固体（TDS）变化范围为52.2~556.8 mg/L,平均值为238.0 mg/L;地下水主要来源于大气降水补给,蒸发作用对地下水水化学组分的影响较小;区域地下水的水化学组分主要受碳酸盐岩组成矿物白云石和方解石的溶解-沉淀过程的控制,受上覆铝硅酸盐矿物水解影响不大;区域东部和南部地下水Sr2+含量较高,推测碳酸盐岩下伏侵入岩及古老变质岩分布对Sr2+富集有一定影响;地表水和地下水水力联系密切,部分区域地下水受人类活动影响,造成地下水NO₃-含量超过饮用水卫生标准限值。     

海河流域平原地下水同位素年龄及其水化学区域分布特征

本文从海河流域平原区第四系地下淡水同位素年龄和水化学的区域分布特征的相似性入手 ,初步探讨了地下水形成年龄与其化学组分通过水循环演化过程而建立的关联机制 ,得出地下水1 4 C校正年龄或其水化学组分的区域分布特征中蕴涵着量化描述一个地区地下水循环演化进程和水动学条件信息的新认识。     

银北平原浅层高砷地下水砷富集水化学特征研究

宁夏银川平原是继河套平原之后,在黄河流域发现的又一个高砷地下水分布区.为了总结其高砷地下水的水化学特征,并探索水化学因素对地下水砷释放和富集的影响机制,本文以银川平原北部（银北平原）作为典型研究区,采取野外水文地质调查、水样采集与测试、砷与水化学组分散点图相关分析及水文地球化学方法进行了综合研究.结果表明,银北平原地下水砷含量在0.2~177 μg/L之间;高砷地下水（大于50 μg/L） pH值多在7.5~8.5,水化学类型主要为HCO3-Na·Ca、Cl·HCO₃-Na及Cl·HCO₃-Na·Ca型,E_h多在-200~-100 mV.银北平原砷含量较高的地下水中COD、NH₄⁺、HCO3^-含量相应也较高,而NO3^-和SO₄^2-含量较低.高砷富有机质的冲-湖积含水层经过长期演化,形成偏碱性的中强还原性地下水环境和特殊的水化学特征,也具备极大的砷释放能力.较高的pH导致砷从铁锰氧化物或氢氧化物等水合物或黏土矿物表面解吸.其次部分铁锰氧化物在高pH、低E_h条件下可被还原为低价态可溶性铁锰,从而使与其结合的砷也得以释放进入地下水中.此外重碳酸根与砷酸根、亚砷酸根的竞争吸附行为促使含水层砷的解吸.     

肥城矿区地下水资源分析研究

为正确认识和解决地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题,通过检测地下水水动力条件和水化学条件的变化,对肥城矿区地下水资源现状进行了科学分析。研究认为:肥城盆地大气降水量的大小将直接影响来年地下水位的高低;四灰和五灰岩溶水中的氟离子含量普遍较高;第四系孔隙水普遍遭受了氮污染,其硝酸盐含量较高,从而使奥陶系含水层中也含有较高的硝酸盐组分;地表水及矿坑水硬度、矿化度都超标,同时存在大量硫酸根;矿井水经沉淀去除悬浮物后,可以达到污水综合排放、景观用水及煤矿井下防尘用水标准。另外,聚类分析和因子分析表明,五灰水与奥灰水普遍存在密切的水力联系。      

Hydrochemical anomaly of drinking waters in some endemic Kashin-Beck disease areas of Tibet,China

Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) has been identified in some areas of Tibet, China. In this work, the Sangri, Nimu, Xietongmen and Gongbujiangda counties of Tibet were selected as case study areas to understand the relationship between KBD occurrence and chemical composition of drinking water. 30 drinking water samples were collected in the KBD-affected and KBD-unaffected villages of these four counties, and the hydrochemistry of endemic and non-endemic samples was compared. The results show that HCO₃–Ca, HCO₃–Ca·Na, and HCO₃·SO₄–Ca are the major hydrochemical types of water samples from both KBD-affected and KBD-unaffected villages. Although Se deficiency in environment has been widely regarded as an important cause of KBD, the Se concentrations in the drinking water samples do not correlate with KBD occurrence in the study areas. However, there are significant differences between the concentrations of Al, Fe, Na, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Ba and Mo in the endemic drinking water samples and those in the non-endemic samples, indicating that these constituents may be related to the prevalence of KBD in the study areas.     

Migration and contamination of major and trace elements in groundwater of Madras city,India

Groundwater samples collected from both open and bore wells in an area of about 270 km² from Madras City, India, have been analyzed for major ions (HCO₃, Cl, Si, Na, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (As, Se, B, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Mo, and Ba). The study reveals that the quality of potable water has deteriorated to a large extent. Seawater intrusion into the aquifer has been observed in nearly 50 percent of the study area. The toxic elements (As and Se) have already exceeded the maximum permissible limits of drinking water in almost the entire city. A positive correlation of As and Se with other toxic metals such as V, Cr, Fe, B, etc., indicates that all these elements are anthropogenic in origin. Applying multivariate analysis, the source for trace elements in groundwater has been grouped into two major factors: pollution and mobilization factors. The groundwater in the study area is largely contaminated by organic effluents and reflects the intensity of pollution caused by the overlying soil sediment and rapid infiltration of the pollutants.     

淮南张集矿区煤中微量元素的含量分布特征分析

在采用ICP-AES对张集7个煤层144个样品微量元素含量测试分析的基础上,探讨了元素在不同煤层中的变化规律及其在煤层对比中的应用。结果表明:张集矿区煤中元素B、Se和As含量偏高;不同煤层中微量元素含量变化较大,但具有一定的规律性,其中在9煤层中元素Ba和Cr含量最低,Mn、Zn、As和Se含量相对较高,可以利用这些元素分布特征来区别和划分相邻煤层。     

Geochemistry and Modes of Occurrence of Hazardous Trace Elements in the No. 11 Coal Seam, Antaibao Surface Mine, Shanxi Province

Concentrations of seventeen hazardous trace elements including As, Pb, Hg, Se, Cd, Cr, Co, Mo, Mn, Ni, U, V, Th, Be, Sb, Br and Zn in the No.ll coal seam, Antaibao surface mine, Shanxi Province were determined using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis （INAA）, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry （ICP-AES）, Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry （CV-AAS） and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry （GF-AAS）. Comparisons with average concentrations of trace elements in Chinese coal show that the concentrations of Hg and Cd in the No. 11 coal seam, Antaibao surface mine are much higher. They may be harmful to the environment in the process of utilization. The variations of the trace elements contents and pyritic suffur in vertical section indicated that： （a） the concentrations of As, Pb, Mn, and pyritic sulfur decrease from roof to floor; （b） the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Mo are higher in roof, floor and lower in coal seam; （c） the concentration of Br, Sb, and Hg are higher in coal seam and lower in roof and floor; （d） the concentrations of Mo, V, Th and AI vary consistently with the ash yield. Cluster analysis of trace elements, pyritic sulfur, ash yield and major elements, such as AI, Fe, P, Ca shows that： （a） pyritic sulfur, Fe, As, Mn, Ni, Be are closely associated and reflect the influence of pyrite; （b） Mo, Se, Pb, Cr, Th, Co, Ca and A! are related to clay mineral, which is the main source of ash; （c） U, Zn, V, Na, P maybe controlled by phosphate or halite; （d） Hg, Br, Sb and Cd may be mainly organic-associated elements which fall outside the three main groups. The concentration distribution characteristics of trace elements in coal seam and the cluster analysis of major and trace elements showed that the contents of trace elements in the No. 11 coal seam, Antaibao surface mine, are mainly controlled by detrital input and migration from roof and floor.     

南极普里兹湾表层沉积物微量元素分布特征及其物源指示意义

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定了中国南极科考21~27航次期间获取的普里兹湾表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Co、Al、Fe、Mn的含量,分析了普里兹湾微量元素的分布特征,结合沉积物粒度分布、生物硅含量,并利用富集系数和主成分分析的方法,探讨了微量元素的物源指示意义。研究结果表明:普里兹湾沉积物中的微量元素含量与南大洋其他海域具有很好的可比性。Cu、Zn、Cr、Co、Fe、Mn含量在陆坡深海区明显高于冰架边缘区和陆架区;Al、Pb含量在冰架边缘区较高;而Cd含量在陆架区相对较高。人类活动对普里兹湾沉积物中的微量元素没有明显的影响,南极大陆岩石风化产物和海洋生物源性沉降是其主要来源。冰架边缘区及陆架破折处P2-9站位的微量元素主要为岩源性输入。陆架区、陆坡深海区的微量元素Cu、Zn、Cr、Co、Fe、Mn明显受到生源性物质输入的影响。而普里兹湾沉积物中Cd则主要来源于硅藻的吸收利用及硅质软泥的富集。     

Dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Danjiangkou Reservoir,China

Concentrations of trace elements and heavy metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, V and Zn) in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, the water source area of the Middle Route of China’s interbasin South to North Water Transfer Project, were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) and compared with the national and international standards for drinking water. The results indicated that concentrations of As, Pb, Sb and Se in the Reservoir exceeded the standards and they would pose health risk for residents in the region and the water receiving areas of the interbasin water transfer project. Spatial and temporal variability of the trace elements and heavy metals in the Reservoir implies their mixed sources of natural processing and anthropogenic activities in the upper drainage of the Reservoir. The research results would help develop water resource management and conservation strategy for the interbasin water transfer project.     

陕西勉县后沟-大坪山矿区磷、锰分层成矿地质地球化学特征

后沟-大坪山矿区位于南秦岭磷、锰成矿带的中东段,近年来在下寒武统塔南坡组中发现了3条含磷、锰矿化带,并圈定出多个锰矿体和磷矿体。磷、锰矿体具有多层性,常表现为磷、锰的分层成矿,多呈上锰下磷的空间分布特征。通过分析Ⅱ矿化带内地表和深部样品的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的地球化学特征,发现磷、锰矿其物质来源具有一定的相似性,但是磷、锰矿石沉积的氧化-还原条件、沉积区域以及沉积水体条件都存在差别,这可能是引起磷、锰分离单独成矿的主要原因。     

鲁北小清河流域土壤中元素分布特征及环境质量评价

对鲁北小清河流域表层和深层土壤样品进行系统采集，分析土壤中元素全量和有效态含量，利用地球化学方法研究元素在土壤中的丰缺和分布规律，认为Se、Pb、Hg在表层土壤中明显富集，与地表污染有关。通过对表层土壤中元素有效态含量和重金属全量的研究，对区内土壤质量和土壤环境质量进行评价，结果表明区内土壤中除Mo、B、Mn出现大面积缺量区外，其他元素均在适量区以上，土壤质量良好，营养水平较高；单元素土壤环境质量除Cr、Hg、cd出现小范围的严重污染区外，其他元素未出现严重污染区，土壤环境质量较好，但多因子综合环境质量评价起始污染以上的面积已接近70％，应予以重视。     

The hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater and surface water in the western part of the River Nile, El Minia district, Upper Egypt

A combination of major and trace elements have been used to characterize surface- and groundwater in El Minia district, Egypt. Surface water versus groundwater chemistry data enabled geographical zonation and chemical types to be differentiated. The main target of this research is to investigate the groundwater quality and hydrochemical evaluation. The situation is further complicated by contamination with lithogenic and anthropogenic (agricultural and sewage wastewaters) sources and low plan exploitation techniques. The investigated Pleistocene aquifer is composed of sand and gravel of different sizes, with some clay intercalation. The semi-confined condition was around the River Nile shifted to unconfine outside the floodplain. The groundwater flow generally from south to north and locally diverts towards the western part from the River Nile. Fifty-six, 11, five, and two water samples were collected from the Pleistocene aquifer, River Nile, Ibrahimia canal, and Al Moheet drain, respectively. The collected water samples were analyzed for major and trace elements. The toxic metal concentrations of Al Moheet drain are higher than those in the River Nile and the Ibrahimia canal. Cr, Hg, As, and Cd concentrations in the River Nile and Ibrahimia canal are fluctuated above and below the WHO drinking standards. Se concentration in River Nile and Ibrahimia canal is below WHO drinking and irrigation guidelines. Total dissolved solid content in groundwater is generally low, but it is increased due to the western part of the study area. The geographic position of the River Nile, Ibrahimia canal, and Al Moheet drain impact on the groundwater quality. The PHREEQC confirm the high mixing proportions from the River Nile into the groundwater and decline away from it. In addition to the thicknesses of the Pleistocene, aquifer and aquitard layer enhance the River Nile and agricultural wastewaters intrusion into the aquifer system. The toxic metal concentrations (Pb, Cd, Cr, PO₄, Se, Mn, As, Hg, Ni, Al, Fe, and SIO₂) in groundwater were increased mainly in the northwestern and southeastern part (far from the River Nile). It is attributed to anthropogenic, high vulnerability rate (unconfined), and partially to lithogenic. In most localities, the groundwater are unsuitable for drinking and irrigation purposes with respect to Se concentration, while they are unsuitable for dinking according Mn, As, and Hg contents. There are some Cd and Pb anomalies concentrations, which cause severe restriction if used in irrigation. The results suggested that significant changes are urgently needed in water use strategy to achieve sustainable development.