强震前的地磁异常现象

震前地磁Z分量的日变化异常主要表现在幅度和相位上的变化, 文中利用我国50多个地磁台多年的资料, 重点研究了1997年11月8日玛尼7.5级地震和2005年11月26日江西九江5.7级地震。 发现玛尼地震和九江地震以及大多数中强地震前, 全国地磁台站地磁Z分量日变化幅度的极小值出现时间(低点时间)在空间分布上异常特征, 即低点位移现象。 这种少见的异常现象与强震发生有较好的相关性。 发震日期为异常日后的第27天或第41天的前后4天, 强震发生地区在低点位移突变分界线附近。 结果显示, 在玛尼7.5级地震和江西九江5.7级临震前, 震中周围出现区域性Z分量日变化幅度异常现象。     

2017年阿拉善左旗5.0级地震地磁垂直分量日变化低点时间时空演化特征

2017年4月21日中国大陆出现地磁低点位移异常,异常出现后43天,于6月3日在低点位移分界线附近发生阿拉善左旗5.0级地震。文中采用克里格方法对中国大陆低点时间数据进行插值处理,获取地磁异常的4月21日和正常的4月7日Z分量低点时间等值线,结果显示：①异常日期间蒙宁陕交汇处存在低点时间等值线高梯度区,地震发生于高梯度区域边缘;②若以低点时间13 h的等值线作为低点位移分界线,则该分界线穿过震中位置;③异常日期间,震中距500 km范围以内分界线两侧台站Z分量日变形态差异性大,存在显著的分区特征。     

新疆伽师MS6.4地震前地磁日变化异常分析

以新疆伽师M S6.4地震为案例,利用地磁日变化异常分析方法,对中国地磁台网所记录的地磁观测资料进行分析,结果显示:1、离震中最近的喀什台震前59 d和39 d出现一组逐日比高值异常,排除干扰,且地磁日变形态也出现明显的畸变,异常集中于震中附近台站,震中位于异常阈值线附近;2、震前,新疆及周边地区出现地磁垂直分量日变化幅度的极小值时间在空间上出现地磁低点位移现象,低点时间分界线横穿南天山西段,呈现近EW走向分布,分界线两侧低点时间相差超过2 h,发震日期为异常发生后的38(41±4)d,震中位于低点位移分界线附近;3、地磁逐日比和低点位移异常的发生时间和空间分布可能与伽师M S6.4地震的孕育和发生有非常高的关联性。该研究进一步推广和检验了地磁日变化异常分析方法在地震预报方面的应用。     

地磁日变化异常与强震的关系

强震前地磁垂直分量日变化异常主要表现在幅度与相位上的变化 .本文利用中国地磁台网多年观测资料 ,研究了 2 0 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日昆仑山口西 8.1级地震、2 0 0 3年 2月 2 4日巴楚 伽师 6.8级地震和 1 989年 9月 2 2日小金 6.6级等 3 0多次 6.6级以上强震前 ,地磁垂直分量日变极小值出现的时间 (低点时间 )在空间分布上的异常特征 ,即低点位移现象 .这种少见的异常现象与强震发生有较好的相关性 .发震日期为异常日后的第 2 7天或 41天的前后 4天 ,强震发生地区在低点位移突变分界线附近 .此外 ,还研究了昆仑山口西 8.1级地震和巴楚 伽师 6.8级地震临震前 ,震中周围出现的地磁日变幅异常现象 .     

汶川M_S8.0地震前地磁短临异常与强震预测探索

强震前地磁垂直分量日变化异常主要表现在幅度与相位上的变化.利用中国地磁台网多年观测资料,研究了2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震前,地磁垂直分量日变极小值出现的时间(低点时间)在空间分布上的异常特征,即低点位移现象;并用此方法预测了汶川8.0级地震6级余震平静2个月后的一组6级强余震.这种少见的异常现象与强震发生有较好的相关性.发震日期为异常出现后的第27天或第41天的前后4天,强震发生地区在低点位移突变分界线附近.此外,还研究了汶川8.0级地震临震前,震中周围出现的地磁日变幅异常现象.     

汶川MemSsub8.0地震前地磁短临异常与强震预测探索l

强震前地磁垂直分量日变化异常主要表现在幅度与相位上的变化．利用中国地磁台网多年观测资料,研究了2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震前,地磁垂直分量日变极小值出现的时间（低点时间）在空间分布上的异常特征,即低点位移现象;并用此方法预测了汶川8.0级地震6级余震平静2个月后的一组6级强余震．这种少见的异常现象与强震发生有较好的相关性．发震日期为异常出现后的第27天或第41天的前后4天,强震发生地区在低点位移突变分界线附近．此外,还研究了汶川8.0级地震临震前,震中周围出现的地磁日变幅异常现象．      

地磁日变化异常与强震的关系

强震前地磁垂直分量日变化异常主要表现在幅度与相位上的变化.本文利用中国地磁台网多年观测资料，研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震、2003年2月24日巴楚-伽师6.8级地震和1989年9月22日小金6.6级等30多次6.6级以上强震前，地磁垂直分量日变极小值出现的时间（低点时间）在空间分布上的异常特征，即低点位移现象. 这种少见的异常现象与强震发生有较好的相关性. 发震日期为异常日后的第27天或41天的前后4天，强震发生地区在低点位移突变分界线附近. 此外，还研究了昆仑山口西8.1级地震和巴楚-伽师6.8级地震临震前, 震中周围出现的地磁日变幅异常现象.      

张北Ms6.2级地震前出现的地磁日变低点位移异常

１９９８年１月１０日张北发生Ｍｓ６．２级地震,地震前５ｄ￣２４ｄ,在全国范围内出现４次地磁日变低点位移异常现象。本文对地磁日变低点位移现象的物理基础进行了初步探讨,对地磁日变低点位移导演预报地震的方法作了简要介绍,对地磁日变低点位移异常与张北地震的关系进行了分析,认为张北地震前出现的地磁日变低点位移导演是该次地震的前兆反映。     

基于日变化相关的地磁低点位移异常可靠性分析方法

地磁低点位移法是20世纪提出的地震短临预测方法,该方法通过研究每日中国大陆地磁低点时间变化特征,给出地震短临预测意见,但不足之处是其仅研究了地磁日变化畸变的时间特征,未研究畸变幅度,因此虚报率高。本文通过分析低点位移线两侧台站地磁日变化的相关性,研究了地磁低点位移异常畸变幅度与地震的关系,并统计了2008—2018年出现的162次低点位移异常的地震预测对应率。结果显示,加入本文给出的相关方法异常判据后,地磁低点位移法报对率自39%增至56%,表明相比仅使用传统的低点位移法,基于日变化相关的地磁低点位移异常分析方法更有效。     

张北6.2级地震前后地磁Z分量的日变化

利用河北省及邻省、市共１７个地磁台相对观测Ｚ分量资料,总结分析了张北６．２级地震前后的日变化。认为,一次较强地震前可能有多次异常出现,日变反向可作为中短期异常,而后出现的日变低点位移,当分界线连续在某区出现,地震可能进入短临阶段。日变反向的极值区附近和低点位移连续汇集地区可能是未来震中。对于震前出现的多次异常进行追踪预报,可能效果较好。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.