偏移成像技术的研究现状和发展趋势——以射线束法在LD-A区域的应用为例

偏移是一种提高地震资料空间分辨率的方法,它使倾斜反射界面归位,绕射波收敛.对偏移成像技术的研究现状进行了总结,包括主要的偏移方法(二维与三维偏移、叠后与叠前偏移、时间与深度偏移)和算法(克希霍夫积分偏移、频率波数域偏移、有限差分偏移);讨论了偏移成像技术的发展趋势,包括各向异性偏移、粘弹性偏移、真振幅偏移、速度综合建模及复杂地形条件下成像问题;并通过一个叠前深度偏移成像的实例验证了新技术在复杂构造条件下有很好的应用效果.     

海上浮式环形平台内域水体共振频域数值分析

海上浮式旅游平台作为新型海洋结构具有较好的发展前景。其中浮式环形平台结构的内域水体可作为浮式游艇港,但内域水体封闭性的增加也将引起类似月池共振的水体共振问题,影响码头泊稳条件。采用线性势流频域方法研究了平台吃水深度、结构运动响应和平台开口形状对内域水体共振响应特征的影响。结构吃水深度增加,水体共振频率向低频方向偏移,第0～2阶共振幅值随吃水深度增加而增加;结构运动引起水体共振频率向高频方向偏移,并且结构运动响应共振区间与第0～3阶水体共振频率范围重合,纵摇运动对内域水体共振模态分布影响较大,其他自由度影响较小。为抑制内域水体共振,提出在水面线处增设薄板和人工阻尼区域两种方案,结果表明：增设薄板可有效降低高频处水体共振,添加阻尼区域可在整个波浪频率范围内达到抑制水体共振的目的。     

水温观测中深度订正问题探讨

本文根据黑潮调查中颠倒温度表和 STD 的准同步观测资料,对目前使用的几种深度订正方法,在订正200米以浅水层深度时所产生的误差和造成这种误差的基本原因进行了讨论,并在此基础对几种订正方法的适用性问题进行初步的比较和评价。     

非线性层析技术在琼东南天然气水合物成像中的应用

琼东南海域地震剖面上存在大量的含气特征,同相轴下拉、明显的速度横向变化等,因此水合物之下地层存在成像模糊且归位不准等问题,本文利用基于非线性层析的深度偏移方法提升成像精度。该方法采用全三维体的层析成像反演法建立深度域速度模型,通过对深度偏移道集拾取RMO量,并对其进行反偏移计算运动学不变量;在建立层位、倾角等骨架信息约束的混合模型基础上,利用运动学不变量进行速度层析,使得RMO最小以实现模型更新。该方法避免了常规速度更新的多次迭代偏移,能极大地提升层析效率,并能充分利用剖面骨架和倾角信息,获得高精度的速度模型。在琼东南水合物资料的实际应用中,有效地消除了含气对地层的影响,获得高精度的深度域成像结果。     

南海深水海盆环流和温跃层深度的季节变

受南海季风和复杂地形的影响,南海环流场具有复杂的空间结构和明显的季节变化,同时此海域又是中尺度涡多发海域,这些特征必然对南海温跃层深度的水平分布及季节变化有显著影响.首先,基于GDEM (Generalized Digital Environmental Model)的温、盐资料和利用P矢量方法计算并分析了南海的表层环流和多涡结构的空间分布特征和季节变化规律.在此基础上,分析了南海温跃层深度的空间分布特征和季节变化规律.结果表明,南海环流和多涡结构对南海温跃层具有显著的影响.     

基于最优切削深度的深海采矿车定位研究

最优切削深度对矿石开采有着重要意义.为了获取相关深海地貌数据计算采矿车最优切削深度,实现最优开采,先要获得该地貌的准确位置数据,即采矿车准确定位的位置.考虑到深海地貌崎岖不平、车轮打滑、周围能见度低等复杂的工作环境,提出了一种基于从动轮的航位推算定位.通过建立非平坦地形上采矿车的运动学模型,采用电子罗盘等传感器测量采矿车的动态参数,依据运动学模型进行航位推算,从而实现采矿车的准确定位.试验结果较好地达到了预期的要求,为深海采矿车的最优切削深度控制、自主导航、路径规划等提供了前提条件.     

人工神经网络方法估算海洋上混合层深度的初步研究

上混合层深度是海洋上层热力结构特征的重要参数.结合南海南部海区一连续温盐深观测站的实测资料和NCEP再分析风场资料,以海洋表层温度和风应力为输入,以温度差值判断方法计算所得上混合层深度为输出,采用BP神经网络和广义回归神经网络2种方法进行训练,建立了南海南部海区的上混合层深度人工神经网络计算模型.实验显示,两种模型仿真结果与温度差值方法计算结果均方根误差分别为3.58m、3.09m,线性相关分别达0.87、0.91,绝对误差分别为2.80m、2.37m,相对误差分别为9.40%、7.40%.这一结果表明,人工神经网络方法精度较高,是一种切实可行的上混合层深度估算方法.     

不同混合层深度算法的全球适用性对比分析

混合层深度是研究海洋上层动力过程及海气相互作用的一个至关重要的物理量,准确估算混合层深度对上层海洋动力学和热力学的深入研究具有重要的科学意义。本文基于Argo实时观测剖面数据,分海域、分季节对比分析了目前常用的几种混合层深度算法的异同与优缺点。结果表明,理论上最大角度法的精确度最高,曲率法其次,然后是阈值法和最优线性拟合法。最大角度法和曲率法的结果比较接近,实测数据表明曲率法的时空适用性更广。阈值法、最优线性拟合法分别受梯度阈值和密度（或温度）梯度变化的制约,其计算的混合层深度相对较浅。各种算法的差异性随着季节跃层的增强而逐渐减小,且北半球的差异小于南半球。     

叠前深度偏移技术在珠江口盆地的应用及其地质意义

以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷二维多道地震数据为重点研究对象,开展了地震数据的叠前深度偏移处理及综合分析研究,结果表明:(1)在经过多次速度迭代之后,深度域地震剖面上断面、断点归位较时间偏移剖面更准确,尤其是中深部结构构造更为清晰,剖面整体视觉简洁,残余绕射、反射减少,成像质量明显提高。基于叠前深度偏移剖面的深度域特点,其具有比时间域剖面更明确的地质意义,即可以更直观显示更丰富的地层、构造信息,极有利于地震剖面的地质解释及层序地层学分析工作。(2)随着南海北部珠江口盆地油气勘探程度的提高,勘探目标逐渐由显型构造圈闭向岩性地层等隐蔽型圈闭转变,勘探难度越来越大,已有的区域地质调查地震资料以时间偏移处理为主,在成像、断层归位、分辨率和信噪比等方面均存在严重不足,难以满足目前油气勘探实践工作之需要。因此,在研究区开展基于叠前深度偏移等新技术的应用及其研究尤为重要。     

黄、东海夏季温跃层的诊断研究

本文引用两种一维模式对南黄海和东海的夏季跃层深度进行了诊断计算.解释了研究海区夏季温跃层深度分布特征的形成原因.证明在黄、东海陆架海区,潮混合对跃层深度具有重要作用.对中国近海沿岸某些所谓上升流现象提出了一种新的解释.     

测井地震联合建模方法在地质导向前导模型中的应用

在地质导向钻前建模过程时,通常利用水平井附近的多口邻井确定钻遇地层的深度及方位,该层的井间横向构造起伏可以利用解释层位来控制趋势;当井眼处测井解释的深度与解释的地震层位深度有差异时,建立的前导模型将有很大的误差。此文采用测井地震联合建模的方法来控制误差范围。该方法首先利用测井解释结果对大套的地震解释层位进行校正,根据每口井解释的小层厚度,利用滑动平均算法构造小层等厚体数据,然后利用校正后的地震解释层位横向约束控制地层起伏,建立每一地质小层的构造图,以此提高地质导向水平井着陆精度。实际资料验证,该方法会大大减小误差,能把模型误差控制在2m的范围内。     

海洋短排列多道反射地震数据观测系统重定义与沉放深度校正

短排列多道反射地震接收缆较短,无水鸟、磁罗经、尾标等定位定深设备,给常规数据处理带来诸如观测系统定义等棘手问题;另外,无定深设备会造成接收缆不同接收段的沉放深度不同,破坏反射数据理论双曲线时距曲线关系。针对短排列多道反射地震数据,本文充分利用现场导航数据,计算实际激发点轨迹,再通过反距离比线性插值算法计算检波点的轨迹坐标,获得整个排列的实际观测系统参数。对因沉放深度不一致造成的扭曲时距曲线反射波,文中利用理论双曲线先计算共中心点道集的理论反射波位置,再推算排列中各接收道不同沉放深度处的静校正量,通过静校正拟合运算,消除接收排列非一致深度引起的反射波同相轴扭曲现象。将上述处理方法应用于南极海域短排列多道反射地震数据,最终获得了高分辨率叠加剖面,为后续地质解释提供了保障。     

Magnetic zoning and seismic structure of the South China Sea ocean basin

We made a systematic investigation on major structures and tectonic units in the South China Sea basin based on a large magnetic and seismic data set. For enhanced magnetic data interpretation, we carried out various data reduction procedures, including upward continuation, reduction to the pole, 3D analytic signal and power spectrum analyses, and magnetic depth estimation. Magnetic data suggest that the South China Sea basin can be divided into five magnetic zones, each with a unique magnetic pattern. Zone A corresponds roughly to the area between Taiwan Island and a relict transform fault, zone B is roughly a circular feature between the relict transform fault and the northwest sub-basin, and zones C, D, and E are the northwest sub-basin, the east sub-basin, and the southwest sub-basin, respectively. This complexity in basement magnetization suggests that the South China Sea evolved from multiple stages of opening under different tectonic settings. Magnetic reduction also fosters improved interpretation on continental margin structures, such as Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary basins and the offshore south China magnetic anomaly. We also present, for the first time, interpretations of three new 2D reflection seismic traverses, which are of ~2,000 km in total length and across all five magnetic zones. Integration of magnetic and seismic data enables us to gain a better 3D mapping on the basin structures. It is shown that the transition from the southwest sub-basin to the east sub-basin is characterized by a major ridge formed probably along a pre-existing fracture zone, and by a group of primarily west-dipping faults forming an exact magnetic boundary between zones D and E. The northwest sub-basin has the deepest basement among the three main sub-basins (i.e., the northwest sub-basin, the southwest sub-basin, and the east sub-basin). Our seismic data also reveal a strongly faulted continent–ocean transition zone of about 100 km wide, which may become wider and dominated with magmatism or transit to an oceanic crust further to the northeast.     

利用侧扫声呐和单道地震提取海底微地貌的方法

文章简要介绍侧扫声呐和单道地震系统的工作原理,并以海南岛南部近海海域为例,分析通过侧扫声呐图像和单道地震剖面提取沙波、沙脊、海底礁石和陡坎等海底微地貌的可行性及其过程。研究表明:沙波和海底礁石可通过对侧扫声呐图像的判读和识别,对比单道地震剖面图,直接在侧扫声呐图像上圈定;陡坎和沙脊可通过对单道地震剖面图的判读和识别,提取海底水深剖面数据制作平面剖面图,并结合潮流动力方向圈定;综合利用侧扫声呐和单道地震数据,可有效提高海底微地貌的解译精度。     

南极罗斯海重力场特征及莫霍面深度反演

本文基于中国南极考察第30航次、第32航次所获得的实测重力资料,结合NGDC资料,开展12个航次重力场数据的平差融合工作,全部386个交点平差后标准差减小为±1.53×10−5 m/s2,与卫星重力差值平均值为1.49×10−5 m/s2,均方差为±3.81×10−5 m/s2,并在此基础上采用频率域界面反演法计算莫霍面深度。研究发现,与沉积盆地对应重力异常低值相悖,在罗斯海北部盆地、维多利亚地盆地、中央海槽、东部盆地4个主要盆地腹地却表现为重力异常高值,跨度达100 km以上。莫霍面深度分布整体呈南深北浅之势,范围为10~28 km。伴随着罗斯海西部盆地的多次拉张及岩浆活动,该区域的地壳厚度和莫霍面深度高值和低值相间分布,并表现出越来越大的差异性。综合剖面结果表明,罗斯海重力异常值的长波长变化与莫霍面的起伏呈正相关关系,但是反演的莫霍面深度与区域重力场特征并非完全对应,所以岩浆底侵和地壳侵入仍不足以导致罗斯海盆地的重力异常或盆地几何形状。     

From mechanical modeling to seismic imaging of faults: A synthetic workflow to study the impact of faults on seismic

Although typically interpreted as 2D surfaces, faults are 3D narrow zones of highly and heterogeneously strained rocks, with petrophysical properties differing from the host rock. Here we present a synthetic workflow to evaluate the potential of seismic data for imaging fault structure and properties. The workflow consists of discrete element modeling (DEM) of faulting, empirical relations to modify initial acoustic properties based on volumetric strain, and a ray-based algorithm simulating prestack depth migration (PSDM). We illustrate the application of the workflow in 2D to a 100 m displacement normal fault in a kilometer size sandstone-shale sequence at 1.5 km depth. To explore the effect of particle size on fault evolution, we ran two DEM simulations with particle assemblages of similar bulk mechanical behavior but different particle size, one with coarse (1–3 m particle radii) and the other with fine (0.5–1.5 m particle radii) particles. Both simulations produce realistic but different fault geometries and strain fields, with the finer particle size model displaying narrower fault zones and fault linkage at later stages. Seismic images of these models are highly influenced by illumination direction and wave frequency. Specular illumination highlights flat reflectors outside the fault zone, but fault related diffractions are still observable. Footwall directed illumination produces low amplitude images. Hanging wall directed illumination images the shale layers within the main fault segment and the lateral extent of fault related deformation. Resolution and the accuracy of the reflectors are proportional to wave frequency. Wave frequencies of 20 Hz or more are necessary to image the different fault structure of the coarse and fine models. At 30–40 Hz, there is a direct correlation between seismic amplitude variations and the input acoustic properties after faulting. At these high frequencies, seismic amplitude variations predict both the extent of faulting and the changes in rock properties in the fault zone.     

Thermal state and concentration of gas hydrate and free gas of Coyhaique,Chilean Margin (44°30′ S)

In the last decades gas hydrate occurrence along the Chilean continental margin has been well documented. In order to better define the seismic character of the hydrate-bearing sediments, we performed a detailed velocity analysis by using the pre-stack depth migration on part of multichannel reflection seismic line RC2901-734 located offshore Coyhaique.     

The Marine VHR 2.5-D Seismic Brute Stack Cube as a Feasible Tool for Low Budget Investigation and Research

Between 1997 and 1999 several marine seismic surveys were carried out in Kiel Bay aimed towards the development of a three-dimensional acquisition and interpretation technique for small scale subsurface structures using high-frequency sources and multichannel streamers. The data set was recently revisited by the author and reprocessed to obtain a multichannel stacked seismic data cube. Nominal hydrophone positions are deduced by determining offsets from first arrival times and estimating the hydrophone positions under consideration of the ships track. Processing towards a ‘seismic cube’ mainly comprised CMP sorting, constant velocity NMO correction and stacking. The resulting VHR 3-D seismic ‘brute stack cube’ reveals rich structural details. The fluvial Pleistocene channel system already documented in an earlier publication was tracked further to the north. It is situated below a flat cover of gas-bearing Holocene sediments, which locally constitute the seafloor. This till-horizon is superimposed on a second till layer showing strong topographic variations. Seismic signal phase and shielding effects indicate the possible presence of gas in these formations. This case history demonstrates that the VHR 3-D seismic method is a feasible tool for low budget investigation and research.     

Extension of the Frequency-Domain pFFT Method for Wave Structure Interaction in Finite Depth

To analyze wave interaction with a large scale body in the frequency domain, a precorrected Fast Fourier Transform (pFFT) method has been proposed for infinite depth problems with the deep water Green function, as it can form a matrix with Toeplitz and Hankel properties. In this paper, a method is proposed to decompose the finite depth Green function into two terms, which can form matrices with the Toeplitz and a Hankel properties respectively. Then, a pFFT method for finite depth problems is developed. Based on the pFFT method, a numerical code pFFT-HOBEM is developed with the discretization of high order elements. The model is validated, and examinations on the computing efficiency and memory requirement of the new method have also been carried out. It shows that the new method has the same advantages as that for infinite depth.     

A sub-salt structural model of the Kelasu structure in the Kuqa foreland basin,northwest China

The Kuqa foreland basin, adjacent to the South Tianshan Mountains, is a major hydrocarbon accumulation basin in Western China. The Kelasu structural belt is the focus for hydrocarbon exploration in the basin due to the presence of ramp-related anticline traps and a thick salt seal. The model of the Kelasu sub-salt structure is still contentious because of the structural complexity and poor seismic imaging below the salt layer. The area–depth–strain (ADS) method is applied to the southern part of the Kelasu Fault, a regional fault that cuts basement rocks. The ADS results are consistent with the seismic data, which indicate that both thin-skinned thrusting and basement-involved deformation occur within the Kelasu structure, with the Kelasu Fault acting as the boundary between the two regions of contrasting deformation. The ADS results also suggest that the depth of the lower detachment of the thin-skinned thrust belt is 9.5–10 km, which may correspond to the base of the Triassic. The Kelasu structure has undergone approximately 8.15–10.76 km of horizontal shortening in the east and 16.34 km in the west of the structure.