渤南洼陷超压系统划分及结构特征

沾化凹陷的渤南洼陷为富油洼陷, 实测超压出现在沙三、四段, 埋深为2 300~4 200 m。综合大量的地压测试、测井和地质资料, 研究了现今超压分布和超压的测井及地震响应, 对单井、剖面超压发育特征和影响超压结构的地质要素进行了深入分析。超压带内泥岩声波时差偏离正常趋势线, 而泥岩密度没有明显偏低的响应。研究表明:渤南洼陷存在3个超压系统, 上超压系统为浅层沙一段发育的弱超压, 沙三段中下部的强超压构成中超压系统的主体, 下超压系统位于沙四段中;砂质质量分数大于20%的沙二段为常压。超压源层、低渗封隔层和断裂构造带3类地质要素控制着超压幅度和超压结构。泥质源岩产生的多相流体是形成超压系统的物质基础;沙一段压实泥岩、沙三中亚段的互层致密砂岩和泥岩、沙四上亚段的膏盐层作为压力系统封隔层, 对超压系统的形成和分布起到控制作用;断裂具有泄压和封堵双重性, 对地层压力和油气层横向分布具有重要影响。利用地震层速度计算得到了渤南洼陷现今大规模超压系统分布特征的整体认识。     

陕北斜坡中部泥岩压实特征分析及长7段泥岩古压力恢复

陕北斜坡中部长7段泥岩现今欠压实幅度不是很大,因此长7段烃源岩生成的油气运移动力受到怀疑,但现今的压力特征并不能反映成藏期的压力。首先以鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡中部单井泥岩压实曲线为基础,对该区泥岩压实特征进行了综合研究,结果表明研究区内泥岩压实均由正常压实段和异常压实段构成,虽然欠压实幅度不大,但欠压实现象普遍存在;正常压实趋势具有较好的一致性,地表声波时差值集中在320 μs/m左右;现今压实剖面的异常压实段起始深度由东向西逐渐增大,最大古埋深期异常压实带起始深度则分布在2 250~2 400 m。然后恢复了长7段泥岩古孔隙度,并预测了主力烃源岩层(长7段)成藏期泥岩古地层压力。研究区长7段泥岩在成藏期普遍存在异常高压,南部超压明显,压力系数达1.56,反映了成藏期烃源岩具有较强的排烃动力;古压力值为17～28.5 MPa,古压力系数为1.12～1.56,两者在平面上的分布都呈现出西南部高东北部低的特征,很好地解释了研究区内现今油气的分布特征。该研究成果对下一步油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系地层超压成因机制——以东道海子北凹陷为例

准噶尔盆地腹部地区侏罗系地层超压普遍发育,超压层段与声波时差、电阻率两者之间具有较好的响应关系,尤以电阻率响应最为显著,超压层段声波时差表现为异常高值,电阻率为异常低值的特征。利用准噶尔盆地腹部地区大量测井、测试及相关地质资料综合论述超压成因,指出泥岩和砂岩中发育的超压并非由压实不均衡、构造挤压等作用导致,而主要由生烃作用造成的。研究表明有以下几方面主要证据：1）超压泥岩密度不具有异常低值特征;2）超压段泥岩密度与岩石颗粒垂直有效应力之间不存在线性关系;3）超压砂岩不存在异常高地温梯度现象;4）超压顶界面深度范围为3 800～4 300 m,侏罗系烃源岩现今成熟度（Ro%）范围为0.6%～0.9%,温度范围分布在90 ℃～125 ℃;5）超压层段的侏罗系烃源岩现今生烃转化率最高可达70%,现今平均生油率可达90 mg/g·TOC,仍具有较强的生烃能力;6）泥质烃源岩本身对超压具有很好的封闭作用;7）侏罗系烃源岩内发育大量低角度或高角度微裂缝;8）超压储层主要以油层为主,无水层,准噶尔盆地东道海子北凹陷砂岩中超压主要是通过烃源岩中排出的高压流体运移至储层发生超压传递的结果。     

石柱地区建深1井志留系超压顶封层的封闭机制

石柱复向斜地区建深1井志留系地层钻遇超压,压力系数为1.75~2.00,且全层段含气.地层中超压形成和保存与盖层封闭的有效性密切相关.在对超压层段泥岩压实特征以及埋藏史、热史、生烃史研究的基础上分析欠压实、生烃、构造挤压及其他增压机制在志留系超压形成所起的作用,其中早三叠世至侏罗纪末期干酪根和液态烃裂解生气作用引起的流体体积膨胀是本区超压形成的主控因素,生气作用终止后无重要的增压事件发生.早白垩世以来的构造抬升作用导致大量溶解态天然气从地层水中出溶,并聚集于孔喉半径较大的粉砂岩层中.志留系顶部超压顶封层中泥岩和粉砂岩频繁出现互层,因而形成多个含气粉砂岩薄层.垂向上各个气水界面的毛细管作用力具有可叠加性,增强了顶封层对超压的封闭能力,使本区志留系地层中的超压保存至今.     

石柱地区建深1井志留系超压顶封层的封闭机制

石柱复向斜地区建深1井志留系地层钻遇超压, 压力系数为1.75~2.00, 且全层段含气.地层中超压形成和保存与盖层封闭的有效性密切相关.在对超压层段泥岩压实特征以及埋藏史、热史、生烃史研究的基础上分析欠压实、生烃、构造挤压及其他增压机制在志留系超压形成所起的作用, 其中早三叠世至侏罗纪末期干酪根和液态烃裂解生气作用引起的流体体积膨胀是本区超压形成的主控因素, 生气作用终止后无重要的增压事件发生.早白垩世以来的构造抬升作用导致大量溶解态天然气从地层水中出溶, 并聚集于孔喉半径较大的粉砂岩层中.志留系顶部超压顶封层中泥岩和粉砂岩频繁出现互层, 因而形成多个含气粉砂岩薄层.垂向上各个气水界面的毛细管作用力具有可叠加性, 增强了顶封层对超压的封闭能力, 使本区志留系地层中的超压保存至今.      

东营凹陷牛庄洼陷超压特征及预测模型

牛庄洼陷是东营凹陷的一个典型超压单元,明确超压分布特征需要研究泥岩超压的预测模型.基于测井和钻杆测试(DST)资料,分析了牛庄洼陷现今压力特征和3口典型井泥岩超压段的测井响应特征.分析表明,牛庄洼陷超压主要发育在2 100 m以下的沙河街组第三段和第四段,超压泥岩段的测井响应特征呈现多样化,主要表现在视电阻率测井响应的不唯一性,这种不唯一性可能主要与特殊岩性如油页岩等有关.采用Eaton公式利用泥岩声波时差换算出泥岩压力,建立了泥岩计算压力与储层实测压力之间的关系模型,即泥岩超压预测模型,通过超压砂、泥岩声波时差异常幅值的对比分析了该预测模型的可靠性,并开展了误差分析.研究认为,利用泥岩声波测井资料,通过该模型能够预测牛庄洼陷泥岩超压层空间分布的大致轮廓.     

渤海湾盆地车镇凹陷地层超压特征与油气赋存关系

渤海湾盆地车镇凹陷超压发育广泛,基于钻井实测(DST)资料和测井资料,对车镇凹陷地层超压特征及超压与油气的赋存关系进行了分析。研究结果表明,始新统沙河街组三段和四段地层发育异常高压,异常压力主要出现在埋深2 100m以下地层中,最大压力系数达到1.78。车镇凹陷泥岩声波时差对地层超压有较好的响应关系,在超压层段,声波时差明显偏离正常压实趋势,具有较高的声波时差值,通过典型单井泥岩声波时差确定了正常声波时差趋势线,并建立了地层压力预测模型,综合主要超压区域单井预测压力,分析了超压顶界面主要在2 100~3 200m之间,发育单超压系统。剖面上压力体分布特征表明,压力体形成以洼陷深部位为中心向周围逐渐递减的压力结构。超压对油气运移和赋存起着控制作用,套尔河洼陷油藏主要分布在压力系数为1.6的压力体外围;车西洼陷油藏主要分布在压力系数为1.4的压力体外围。     

东营凹陷生油增压成因证据

东营凹陷沙四段和沙三段普遍存在异常高压,泥岩声波时差对超压具有很好的响应关系,超压段均对应异常高的声波时差值,而且泥岩声波时差随着岩石颗粒垂直有效应力的减小而增加.利用东营凹陷丰富的测井、测试和地质资料综合分析超压成因,在确定超压泥岩和砂岩均属于正常压实的基础之上,提出生油作用为超压的主要成因机制.主要证据有:(1)超...     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷超压系统与油气运移

利用地震层速度、声波测井及各种录井资料研究北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷超压系统及油气运移 ,用以指导下一步油气勘探。研究发现主要生烃层段流沙港组二段泥岩的欠压实是形成异常高压的主要原因 ,异常压力主要分布于凹陷中心地区。最大压力封闭点及油的成熟门限深度可以区分异常高压层的作用 ,在生油门限以下的异常压力带中的快速压实段 ,是油气初次运移最有利的层段。研究发现本区存在两种油气运移方式 ,即向泥岩下方运移和侧向运移 ,最后指出勘探油气的有利地区     

松辽盆地齐家古龙凹陷—三肇凹陷中浅层异常压力系统特征

对研究区千余口单井建立声波时差压实曲线,利用等效深度法计算泥岩超压值,结合DST和RFT实测资料以及地震资料,综合考虑研究区沉积及构造特点,最终揭示了松辽盆地齐家古龙凹陷—三肇凹陷中浅层地层存在4套压力体系,即嫩二段以上的常压体系,嫩江组一段、二段弱超压体系,姚家组常压、低压和弱超压并存体系以及青山口组超压体系。不同层位异常压力分布范围和规模不同,其中青一段最为广泛。产生异常压力的原因复杂:超压形成主要受泥岩欠压实和油气生成控制,嫩江组末期的构造抬升作用是研究区产生异常低压的主要原因,而超压流体流动导致的压力传导作用为压力的再分布提供了有力条件。     

三肇凹陷青山口组-段泥岩超压形成与演化过程初探

在泥岩超压形成与演化机制研究的基础上,利用声波时差资料,根据泥岩破裂与愈合机理建立了-套泥岩超压形成与演化过程的恢复方法,并对松辽盆地三肇凹陷青山口组一段泥岩中的超压形成与演化过程进行了恢复.青一段泥岩沉积初期开始形成超压之后,先后经历了5次释放,目前正进入第6次超压演化过程中.因其超压自身释放时期相对较早（均早于源岩大量生烃期）,对内部油气排出不起作用,后期稳定发育,对下伏扶杨油层的油气聚集与保存十分有利,这可能是造成该凹陷扶杨油层油气聚集的一个重要原因.该实例充分表明本文的方法用于泥岩超压形成与演化过程恢复是可行的.     

Sheet-flow deposits of graded beds and mudstones on an alluvial sandflat-playa system: Upper Triassic Blomidon redbeds, St Mary's Bay, Nova Scotia

The 400 m of Blomidon redbeds accumulated in a semi-arid rift valley in the subtropics. At St Mary's Bay, these redbeds are 64% sandy mudstone (playa mudflats), 25% graded beds (sandflats at the toes of alluvial fans), 10% fissile claystone (playa lakes), and 1% channel sandstone (stream channels). Flash floods in mountains south of the valley flowed down alluvial fans to spread out to the north-east as sheet flows on sandflats and playa mudflats. Deceleration of the sheet flows deposited graded beds 2–83 cm in thickness on the sandflats and thin layers of mud on the playas. Nine sequences, consisting of arrangements of six lithologies, compose 90% of the graded beds. In order of decreasing abundance, these are: ripple cross-laminated siltstone → horizontally laminated mudstone; fining-upward, ripple cross-laminated siltstone; ripple cross-laminated sandstone → horizontally laminated mudstone; cross-bedded sandstone horizontally laminated mudstone; ripple cross-laminated sandstone → ripple cross-laminated siltstone; rippledrift cross-laminated siltstone horizontally laminated mudstone; fining-upward, ripple-drift cross-laminated siltstone; cross-bedded sandstone → ripple cross-laminated siltstone; and cross-bedded sandstone → ripple cross-laminated siltstone → horizontally laminated mudstone. The sheet flows, perhaps up to 1 m in depth, had a high concentration of suspended load. Deposition was dominantly during lower flow regime conditions and moderate to rapid flow deceleration. There are 32 thinning and fining-up cycles where a sandflat package of graded beds is transitionally followed by a playa package of sandy mudstone. The cycles range in thickness from 1·3 to 13·3 m, averaging 4·6 m. Each cycle is initiated by avulsion to a new active channel network on a fan. Gradual abandonment of the channel network produces the thinning and fining-up cycle. The cycles are grouped in three 60–70 m fining-up megacycles. Upwards within each megacycle, the packages of sandy mudstone compose a progressively larger proportion of the cycles. Each megacycle evidently was initiated by a brief period of tectonic movement on the border faults that produced greater relief of the highlands relative to the valley floor. Subsequent erosion gradually lowered the relief to yield a fining-up megacycle.     

河南东濮凹陷古近系沙三中亚段重力流沉积与伴生遗迹化石组合

基于对东濮凹陷97口钻井岩心的详细观察和分析,在古近系沙河街组沙三中亚段湖相沉积中识别出滑动、滑塌、碎屑流和浊流共4种类型的重力流沉积。各种类型沉积的主要判识特征如下: (1)滑动沉积以保留部分原始沉积构造、层内准同生小型断裂构造及较大角度的地层倾角(陡倾构造)发育、伴生Skolithos-Palaeophycus遗迹组合或Planolites-Taenidium遗迹组合为主要特征; (2)滑塌沉积以砂岩层顶、底面均与暗色泥岩呈突变接触以及岩层内部发育各种同生软沉积物变形构造(如包卷层理、火焰状构造、泄水构造、液化脉和各种撕裂屑等)为主要鉴别特征;(3)碎屑流沉积以砂岩呈块状构造、顶部发育漂浮砾石、底部泥岩撕裂屑发育并可见“泥包砾”现象、砂岩顶、底面均与暗色泥岩突变接触为特征;滑塌沉积和碎屑流沉积序列的上部常常伴生Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon遗迹组合; (4)浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为主要特征,浊积砂体下部见正粒序层理,底面见有冲刷痕、不规则槽模、重荷模等沉积构造,中上部发育深湖沉积中常见的Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus遗迹组合。综合分析上述各种重力流沉积特征和伴生遗迹化石组合所体现的水深变化规律,认为遗迹化石组合随着湖水深度的增加呈分带性,与重力流沉积随水深增加而出现的滑动—滑塌—碎屑流—浊流沉积序列具有明显的一致性,且伴随重力流沉积而产生的生物扰动作用是增强的。因此,生物扰动构造(遗迹化石)的研究不仅对湖相沉积中储集层物性的分析具有重要意义,而且针对重力流沉积类型的判识还能提供重要的生物遗迹学信息。     

Gravity flow deposits associating with ichnoassemblages within the middle Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongpu sag,Henan Province

Based on the observation and analyses of 97 exploratory well cores in Dongpu sag,four types of gravity flow(including sliding,slumping,debris flow and turbidity current)deposits in lacustrine facies have been recognized within the middle Member 3 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Their main identification marks are outlined as follows: (1)the sliding deposits are characterized by the partial preservation of primary sedimentary structures,the development of small penecontemporaneous fracture or fault in sandstone beds,and steep dip of strata,with Skolithos-Palaeophycus ichnoassemblage and/or Planolites-Taenidium ichnoassemblage,which commonly occurred in the shore and shallow lake environments. (2)General characteristics of slumping deposits mainly are the abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,and development of all kinds of penecontemporaneous soft-sediment deformation structures such as convolution bedding,flame structure,water-escape structure,liquefied vein and tearing debris. (3)The sandy debris flow deposits are mainly marked by the massive sandstone,abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,as well as developing floating gravels near the top of sandstone beds and tearing mudstone debris in the bottom of sandstone beds,sometimes with occurring the mud-coated intraclasts. Meanwhile,slumping and sandy debris flow deposits commonly associated with the Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon ichnoassemblage produced in semi-deep water lake environment. (4)The turbidity deposit is mainly indicated by the complete or incomplete Bouma sequences,normal-graded bedding,and all kinds of sole marks such as scour marks,irregular flute casts and load casts,and the Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus ichnoassemblage frequently occurred in the middle to upper parts of the turbidite beds that formed in deep-water lake environment. After comprehensive analyses of above four types of gravity flow deposits and water-depth variation reflected by different ichnoassemblages,it can be considered that ichnoassemblage changes appear a zonation with the depth of the lake,which is consistent with variations in gravity flow deposits from sliding-slumping-debris flows to turbidity currents,and the bioturbation generated with gravity flow deposits is enhanced. Therefore,the research of bioturbation structures(ichnofossils)is not only of great significance to study the physical property of sandstone reservoir in lacustrine deposits,but also to provide important ichnological information for discerning various types of gravity flow deposits.     

东营凹陷隐伏砂岩体油气藏含油气性定量预测方法

在对东营凹陷133个隐伏砂岩体含油气性详细剖析的基础上,分析了砂岩体含油气性的主控因素,并应用地质统计方法和成藏动力学分析方法,分别建立了圈闭充满度和含油饱和度的预测模型。研究结果表明,东营凹陷隐伏砂岩体能否成藏主要受砂岩体物性、围岩生排烃条件、砂岩体与围岩接触关系及砂岩体自身规模的影响;成藏主动力包括砂泥岩毛细管压力差、烃浓度差引起的扩散力、烃生成产生的膨胀力,成藏阻力主要为砂岩体内的毛细管阻力。模拟结果表明,实测的圈闭充满度和含油饱和度与预测的圈闭充满度和含油饱和度的差异不大,吻合率在80%以上。     

Sheetflow fluvial processes in a rapidly subsiding basin, Altiplano plateau, Bolivia

Although facies models of braided, meandering and anastomosing rivers have provided the cornerstones of fluvial sedimentology for several decades, the depositional processes and external controls on sheetflow fluvial systems remain poorly understood. Sheetflow fluvial systems represent a volumetrically significant part of the non‐marine sedimentary record and documented here are the lithofacies, depositional processes and possible roles of rapid subsidence and arid climate in generating a sheetflow‐dominated fluvial system in the Cenozoic hinterland of the central Andes. A 6500 m thick succession comprising the Late Eocene–Oligocene Potoco Formation is exposed continuously for >100 km along the eastern limb of the Corque syncline in the high Altiplano plateau of Bolivia. Fluvial sandstone and mudstone units were deposited over an extensive region (>10 000 km²) with remarkably few incised channels or stacked‐channel complexes. The Potoco succession provides an exceptional example of rapid production of accommodation sustained over a prolonged period of time in a non‐marine setting (>0·45 mm year⁻¹ for 14 Myr). The lower ≈4000 m of the succession coarsens upward and consists of fine‐grained to medium‐grained sandstone, mudstone and gypsum deposits with palaeocurrent indicators demonstrating eastward transport. The upper 2500 m also coarsens upward, but contains mostly fine‐grained to medium‐grained sandstone that exhibits westward palaeoflow. Three facies associations were identified from the Potoco Formation and are interpreted to represent different depositional environments in a sheetflow‐dominated system. (i) Playa lake deposits confined to the lower 750 m are composed of interbedded gypsum, gypsiferous mudstone and sandstone. (ii) Floodplain deposits occur throughout the succession and include laterally extensive (>200 m) laminated to massive mudstone and horizontally stratified and ripple cross‐stratified sandstone. Pedogenic alteration and root casts are common. (iii) Poorly confined channel and unconfined sheet sandstone deposits include laterally continuous beds (50 to >200 m) that are defined primarily by horizontally stratified and ripple cross‐stratified sandstone encased in mudstone‐rich floodplain deposits. The ubiquitous thin‐sheet geometry and spatial distribution of individual facies within channel sandstone and floodplain deposits suggest that confined to unconfined, episodic (flash) flood events were the primary mode of deposition. The laterally extensive deposition and possible distributary nature of this sheetflow‐dominated system are attributed to fluvial fan conditions in an arid to semi‐arid, possibly seasonal, environment. High rates of sediment accumulation and tectonic subsidence during early Andean orogenesis may have favoured the development and long‐term maintenance of a sheetflow system rather than a braided, meandering or anastomosing fluvial style. It is suggested here that rapidly produced accommodation space and a relatively arid, seasonal climate are critical conditions promoting the generation of sheetflow‐dominated fluvial systems.     

东濮凹陷白庙地区古近系超压成因机理

综合超压成因机理的各种分析方法,从压实不均衡、生烃作用两方面对白庙地区的超压成因机理进行了系统的分析.研究结果表明,泥岩声波时差曲线表现为两段式线性演化,其拐点深度为3 100 m左右.一方面,白庙地区实测超压顶界面深度约为2 800～3 050m,说明是压实不均衡作用导致了该区超压的形成;另一方面,超压顶界面埋深与生烃高峰深度表现出良好的一致性,在3 050 m深度其镜质体反射率R0值为1.0%,说明生烃作用对白庙地区超压的发育亦具有一定的贡献,由此认为,压实不均衡和生烃增压作用是白庙地区超压发育的主要机理.     

柴达木盆地西北古近系-新近系异常高压形成机制分析

柴达木盆地西北(以下简称“柴西北区”)古近系-新近系异常超压普遍存在。对超压的空间分布特征和形成机制的研究是评价该地区油气成藏条件与资源潜力的关键。依据柴西北区钻井实测压力数据及基于等效深度法计算的地层压力结果,对研究区异常高压的平面和剖面分布特征进行分析。在此基础上,结合柴西北区典型钻井泥岩声波时差曲线特征、不同时期沉积速率、各地层岩性特征、有机质生烃潜力及柴西北地区遭受的构造挤压作用,对研究区超压的形成机制进行分析,并对各控制要素在超压形成过程中的贡献进行定量评价。研究结果表明：柴西北区地层超压起始深度位于大约1 500 m,主要发育在古始新统路乐河组-中新统上干柴沟组内,总体上异常高压随深度加深逐渐增大。研究区超压的形成是多种因素综合作用的结果,其中欠压实作用、有机质生烃和构造挤压作用是该区超压形成演化的重要原因。对控制超压形成的各要素定量评价结果显示：欠压实作用是柴西北区超压形成的最重要控制因素,其贡献率高达60%;构造挤压作用次之,其贡献率在20%～30%左右;有机质生烃演化作用对超压形成也有影响,但贡献率相对较小。此外对柴西北区咸湖环境下的盐度分布特征研究初步表明,地层孔隙流体盐度和咸水半咸水环境下沉积的含盐塑性地层对超压的形成和保存也有一定的影响。