含金多金属硫化矿铜铅无氰分离试验研究

小秦岭地区是我们主要产金基地之一。含多多金属硫化矿是该地区主要矿石类型。其中，金、银、铜、铅、硫均具有工业利用价值。但是，目前尚未综合回收利用。本文采用羧甲基纤维素－硫酸亚铁法对该矿进行铜铅分离，工艺流程合理，无毒无毒，综合回收率高。     

北京市金属矿产开发对土壤重金属含量影响分析

通过对密云水库上游潮白河流域进行土壤和沉积物采集,针对采集样品中的微量元素和重金属进行测试和分析,得出:汤河流域内土壤中铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和铬(Cr)含量较高;琉璃河流域内土壤中铜(Cu)和铬(Cr)含量较高;潮河流域内土壤中铅(Pb)和铬(Cr)含量较高。采用单元素的地累积指数评价和区域多元素的污染负荷指数评价方法,对土壤中重金属含量的影响进行评价,得出:汤河流域中部土壤重金属含量,琉璃河流域中、下游一带的土壤重金属含量、潮河支流牤牛河上游流域土壤重金属含量均达到国标中划定的中度污染时土壤的含量,其影响面积分别为20km~2、14km~2、24km~2。通过土壤中重金属元素之间的相关性分析,判断重金属的来自附近铁矿、金矿集中开采所产生的"三废",建议采用土壤修复技术进行治理。     

二、矿床类型及其构造特征

据前寒武纪200多个铅-锌-铜多金属矿床实例,经研究分析从中选出80多个比较主要的典型矿床,作出了“世界前寒武纪主要铅-锌-铜多金属矿床分布图”(图2-1)、矿床时空分布图(图2-2)及汇总出“国外前寒武纪主要铅-锌-铜多金属矿床分类与特征对比表”(表2-2),“国外前寒武纪主要铅-锌-铜多金属矿床一览表”(表2-1)。从这些实际资料中看出,元古宙铅-锌-铜多金属矿床类型不同,其构造位置与构造特征有异,各自的特征明显。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定火山灰中的痕量铅铬铜

火山灰是重要的土壤母质且易风化,铅、铬和铜是其中主要的重金属元素,火山灰风化后不可避免地进入环境中对人体健康造成危害。本研究针对火山灰样品的特点,建立了采用硝酸-氢氟酸微波消解,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定火山灰中痕量铅、铬、铜的分析方法。通过实验确定了灰化温度为600℃(Pb)、1000℃(Cr)和800℃(Cu),原子化温度为1800℃(Pb和Cu)、2200℃(Cr)。在优化实验条件下,测定Pb、Cr和Cu的检出限分别为3.50 ng/m L、0.92 ng/m L和1.22 ng/m L,相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于4%,加标回收率为92.8%~107.0%。本方法快速简便、准确度高、成本低。     

阳极泥及碲回收物料中高含量碲的测定

采用重铬酸钾容量法，测定铜铅阳极泥及碲回收物料中高含量碲。针对阳极泥样品成分复杂的特征，确定了最佳溶样介质；探讨了Cu^2 ,Cd^2 ,Bi^3 ,Ag^ ,Sb(Ⅲ）,As（Ⅲ），Pb^2 ,Se（Ⅳ），Sn（Ⅳ），Au(Ⅲ）等共存元素的影响及其消除方法；改善了滴定条件。方法适用于w(Te)＞1％碲的测定，样品分析结果与原子吸收法测定结果一致，RSD（n＝5）为0.4％－4.1％。     

内蒙古小西沟铅锌矿床矿石特征及可选性试验研究

小西沟锌铅矿床属于低温热液型矿床,矿石组成复杂,伴生铜和银,研究表明,该矿床矿石中的铅、锌、铜和银主要矿化元素以独立矿物产出,但部分黄铜矿与闪锌矿呈固溶体交生。根据矿石性质确定,该矿床矿石可采用混合浮选铜铅(铜、铅分离)—再浮选锌的工艺流程,通过试验获得符合标准的铜精矿、铅精矿和锌精矿,所用药剂没有环境污染,符合当前技术条件,可以开发利用。     

含铜,铅等杂物粗银的湿法提纯方法

基于银、铜、铅及其盐类的氧化—还原性、溶解度和络合特性的不同而互相分离,达到分离铜、铅杂质,提纯银的目的,提供了一种纯度较高、效果良好的新型提取方法。     

CMC在铜铅分离浮选中的应用

铜铅锌多金属矿石分离中,铜铅分离历来是难题。采用亚硫酸－矿浆加温法,药剂来源困难,生产成本高,工业上难以实施;用重铬酸盐法,用量大,污染环境,对环保不利,但分离效果好,仍被使用。为了减少对环境的污染,应采用组合抑制剂。经试验采用ＣＭＣ－重铬酸盐组合换铅浮铜,获得了较好的分选效果,对减少环境污染具有实际意义,也具有应用价值。     

化探分析中的两点改进意见

一、化探分析铜、铅、锰、钼四元素一次溶样分别测定按过去的测定方法,分析土壤中微量铜、铅、锰、钼四种元素时,由于采用的溶剂对其中的某种元素有影响,只能采取二次溶样(铜、铅、锰用1:1的HNO_3:H_2O溶解;钼用3:2的H_2SO_4:HNO_3的混合酸溶解),这样不但手续烦琐,而且浪费了时     

火试金捕集等离子体发射光谱法测定铜铅电解阳极泥中铂和钯

采用火试金分离捕集,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法分析了铜铅电解阳极泥中的铂和钯,重点试验了银的沉淀分离条件,方法应用于实际样品的分析,加标回收率大于95%。用贫铂矿国家一级标准物质和铜阳极泥管理样分析验证方法,其结果与标准值相符。方法的精密度(RSD,n=5)分别为Pt2.68%~3.04%,Pd4.55%~8.36%。     

固体聚合膜电解浓集法测量天然水中低含量氚的化学淬灭效应研究

固体聚合膜电解浓集法是浓缩氚含量较低(1 Bq/m~3)的天然水样的常用方法,但因水样自身含有杂质离子或电解装置聚合膜带入杂质进入浓集液,使浓集液偏酸性,在测量过程中易产生化学淬灭效应,导致氚的测量值偏低。本文研究了水样自身存在的杂质离子和聚合膜上残留的杂质离子、样品溶液的pH值及其电导率所产生的化学淬灭效应的影响,实验表明,为减少化学淬灭效应,提高测量低含量氚的准确性,需保证水样溶液呈中性,电导率≤1μS/cm,同时避免杂质沉积在聚合膜上。如果水样溶液的pH值偏酸性、电导率大于1μS/cm,可采用酸碱混合型离子交换树脂去除水样中自身的杂质;对于聚合膜引入的杂质,可在电解后的水样中加入微量氨水将其pH值调节至中性。     

广东汕头市内海湾沉积物重金属环境质量调查与评价

内海湾底泥沉积物的环境质量状况与水生生物的生存和人体健康关系密切。在广东汕头市内海湾两岸23个点位采集了表层(0~20 cm)和深层(100~120 cm)底泥沉积物样品46件,对其pH值和Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn计7项重金属及K含量进行测试分析,调查底泥中这些重金属的含量特征,并参照农用地水田土壤污染风险管控标准对重金属环境污染质量进行评价。结果表明汕头内海湾底泥沉积物的pH介于7.00~8.82之间,平均值为7.83,在46件样品中41件样品的pH值大于7.5。内海湾底泥中7项重金属元素的含量均明显低于环境污染风险管制值,即对该区底泥重金属环境污染不需要管制。Cd、As、Pb、Cr这4项重金属含量均低于污染风险筛选值,其污染风险可以忽略。2件表层样品的Hg含量值高于污染风险筛选值,18件样品的Cu和Zn含量值高于污染风险筛选值,因此建议对底泥中Cu、Zn、Hg含量进行环境质量监测。K含量介于0.70%~2.59%,平均值为1.54%。基于表层底泥和深层底泥元素含量对比分析,认为该区Hg污染来源应为人为源;Cu、Zn的污染来源一部分为人为源,另一部分可能为人为源、自然源或二者的混合源。     

包头市典型工业区表层土壤中重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险研究

为了解包头市典型工业企业对其所在地土壤中重金属含量的影响及污染现状,利用相关性系数对其表层土壤中7种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Mn、Ni)来源进行研究,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数对其污染状况进行评价。结果表明,7种重金属含量平均值均高于内蒙古土壤背景值,其中Cd、Mn、Ni超标率已达100%,而Cu、Pb、Zn的超标率分别为97%、93%和93%,只有Cr超标率较低(53%),污染程度依次为CdPbCuNiZnMnCr,其中Pb和Cd为重度污染,Cu、Zn、Ni为中度污染,Cr、Mn为轻度污染;Cu、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni可能同时来自工业生产和交通运输两个源,而Pb和Cd除上述来源外,燃煤烟气的排放有较大贡献。潜在生态危害依次为CdPbCuNiCrZnMn,其中Cd的潜在生态风险最大,应予以高度重视,其他金属的风险均为轻微。     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in urban topsoils from the metropolitan area of Mexico City

This study reports the degree of heavy metal pollution (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and V) in 135 urban topsoil samples from the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Pollution indices (PI) were calculated to identify the metal accumulation with respect to the background values. The levels of heavy metals in the analyzed samples show a wide range of variation. Lead, Zn and Cu are the elements most enriched in the analyzed area, presenting pollution indexes of up to 23.8, 21.6 and 12.4, respectively. Geochemical maps were produced to assess the spatial distribution of pollution index. It is concluded that emissions from vehicles may be the major source of Pb urban contamination; furthermore, other small or large factories are possible sources for soil pollution (Cu, Zn). The concentration of Cr, Ni, and V in most of the analyzed samples do not appear to reach pollution levels. The assessment of the soil environmental quality in the metropolitan area Mexico City in terms of PI can be used as the basis for a regular monitoring program for implementing suitable pollution control measures.     

潮白河流域土壤重金属生态风险评价方法研究

为了研究潮白河流域某段土壤重金属环境质量现状及潜在生态风险评价,系统采集了42件土壤样品,对其7种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd和As)进行了测试分析,利用《土壤环境质量标准》评价土壤重金属污染现状,并参考北京市土壤重金属背景值,采用环境质量指数与环境潜在生态危害指数、内梅罗综合指数法相结合的方法,探讨土壤中7种重金属的累积污染现状及潜在生态风险。研究表明,土壤样品中Cu、Zn、Cr含量超标分别为97.62%、100%、100%;Cu、Zn、Cr含量重度污染等级以上的分别占2.38%、2.38%、4.76%;潜在生态危害指数法评价表明,Cu、Zn、Cr含量处于轻微生态危害等级分别占97.62%、100%、100%,Cu含量2.38%处于强生态危害等级。内梅罗综合指数法评判表明,所有样点均已污染,其中达到轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染的样点分别占28.57%、42.86%、28.57%;而潜在生态危害指数法评价显示土壤样品点中97.62%处于轻微生态风险等级,根据悲观原则可以判断该段流域重金属污染均处于轻度污染以上。     

An approach to studying heavy metal pollution caused by modern city development in Nanjing, China

 Nanjing is currently one of the fastest developing regions in terms of construction and economy in China. Heavy metal pollution is becoming more serious with the expansion of production and life scales. Four environmental units (highway, refinery, rubbish dumps associated with human daily life, and shoal of the Yangtse River) were selected from the region according to the geneses of the pollution to study and evaluate the distribution and mechanism of the contamination, the speciations of the polluting elements, and the geneses of the pollution in the soils and sediments. The purposes of the study are to understand generally the current situation and the cause of the pollution, and to provide a scientific basis to prevent and solve the pollution problem. At the same time, it would be helpful to probe the effective way of studying heavy metal pollution resulting from the development of modern cities and to accumulate data. It is indicated by the study that the heavy metals contained in the soil of the environmental unit of the highway are Pb, Co and Cr; in the soil of the refinery Cr, V, Pb, Ni, and Co; in the soil of the rubbish plot Co, Cu, and Sb; in the sediments of the shoal Pb, Co, Cu, and Ni. Fe-Mn oxide is given the first place to the speciations in polluting heavy metals transmitted by air. Carbonate is more in speciations of polluting heavy metals transmitted by water than in speciations of the metals transmitted by air. In the ten elements studied, Pb is most directly poisonous to the plants in the region; Co and Cu are the next, and Ni is the least. Heavy metal pollution has been occurring in the soils and sediments of the region and the situation will worsen if some effective measures are not taken. Received: 18 October 1997 · Accepted: 3 February 1998     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination status in sediments and identification of pollution source in Ichkeul Lake and rivers ecosystem,northern Tunisia

The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Fe in sediments of the Ichkeul Lake and rivers ecosystem in northern Tunisia; their comparison with international sediment quality criteria was also proposed to assess the extent of metal pollution and their origin using various pollution indicators. For this purpose, sediment samples were collected in thirteen locations and characterized for metal content (Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Fe) using the total digestion technique. Pollution level was assessed via the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (C ), potential ecological risk (PER), and pollution load index (PLI). Our results showed that all metals were lower than the threshold effect levels (TEL), the effect range low (ERL), the probable effect level (PEL), the effect range median (ERM), and the probable effect concentration (PEC) value, except Pb and Cr (higher than TEL), the threshold effect concentration (TEC), and the toxicity reference value (TRV). The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) indicated no pollution for Cr, Cu, Zn, and Fe, but moderate pollution for Pb. The enrichment factor showed no enrichment for most of the studied metals. This was further confirmed by the contamination factor that indicated low contamination levels, with the exception of Pb. The pollution load index (PLI) showed moderate pollution status in all the studied stations in the Ichkeul Lake and rivers ecosystem. The statistical results presented similar trends of Zn and Pb probably due to their similar pollution sources. It was found that the Ichkeul Lake and river ecosystems are characterized by moderate pollution status in all the studied sites except for that of a feeder river drained from an old lead mine which had relatively high metallic concentrations of Pb and Cd. It can be argued that effective remediation strategies and environmental management plans are required to control and reduce the input of environmentally hazardous toxic pollutants (Cd and Pb). This study may serve as a useful reference tool pertinent to approaches to the remediation of the old lead mine area surrounding the Ichkeul Lake as well as other areas under similar ecological conditions..     

运用地球化学调查数据研究银川盆地土壤环境污染程度

重金属元素及其他元素在土壤圈中长期积累到一定程度后会对环境造成影响并对食物链产生危害,对土壤进行元素的污染程度划分有助于及时掌握土壤环境现状。运用多目标区域地球化学调查数据,将Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr等8项重金属元素按照土壤环境质量一级标准值、F元素一级推荐值,分别采用尼梅罗公式计算其污染指数,绘制污染程度图。将银川盆地划分为清洁区、基本清洁区、初始污染区、轻度污染区、中度污染区和重度污染区,并分析总结了污染来源。     

多种评价方法应用于天津核桃主产区的土壤环境质量评价

以天津市核桃主产区土壤和核桃为研究对象,分析了土壤重金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cr、Zn和Cu的含量特征,选用内梅罗指数法、地累积指数法和污染负荷指数法等3种方法评价了土壤环境质量,并分析了核桃食用安全性。结果表明:研究区土壤样品中Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cr、Zn和Cu的平均含量分别为0.19×10-6、0.06×10-6、24.1×10-6、11.9×10-6、75.5×10-6、78.9×10-6和30.6×10-6,Cd、Hg和As平均值均超过了天津市背景值,而且Cd和Cu分别有11.7%和1.7%的样品点位超过风险筛选值。根据内梅罗综合指数法可以得出,研究区土壤环境质量总体较好,但由地累积指数与污染负荷指数评价发现,研究区存在人为原因引起的土壤重金属积累情况,且污染点位均匀分布于研究区。核桃样品中Cd、Hg、Pb、As和Cr平均含量分别为0.003×10-6、0.004×10-6、0.044×10-6、0.043×10-6和0.760×10-6,均满足食品安全标准要求。     

重金属污染评价及方法对比——以福建浅海沉积物为例

应用地质累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法及生态危害指数法,对福建浅海沉积物461个底泥样品中7种重金属（Hg、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、Cd、As）进行了污染评价对比.结果表明：①各主要海湾浅海沉积物中超标重金属为Cr、Cu（Cr占24.1%,Cu占15.0%）,其次为Pb、Zn（Pb占6.3%,Zn占5.0%）;②九龙江口潜在生态危害最大,Cd潜在生态风险最高,地质累积指数超标的Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn潜在生态风险并不大;③三种评价方法各有侧重点和优缺点,各具合理性和局限性,若能结合应用,可较为合理地对重金属污染状况进行系统评价.