饱和粉土液化和应变特性试验研究

对取自徐州市棠张镇拟建京沪高速铁路路基的粉土,在试验室内按不同的干密度和细粒含量进行重塑,完成了三组不同干密度和四组不同细粒含量的振动三轴液化试验。分析了粉土干密度和细粒含量对饱和粉土抗液化强度的影响;通过曲线拟合方法建议了粉土振动液化过程中的孔压增长模型和永久应变势模型,给出了模型参数。     

不同循环荷载作用下软黏土动力特性对比试验研究

研究交通循环荷载作用下路基软黏土的长期沉降和动力力学性质对路基设计具有重要意义。本文通过GDS动三轴实验,研究(不排水条件下)振动波形、排水条件以及动应力比三因素对于软黏土动应变和动孔压的影响。试验结果显示:排水条件对饱和软黏土的动应变和动孔压影响最大,在部分排水条件下动孔压逐渐消散,动应变迅速发展。振动波形对软黏土动应变和动孔压影响较大,单向纯压半正弦波作用下软黏土的动应变和动孔压较容易达到最大值。在较少的振次内动应力比对孔压影响较大,但在归一化的孔压模型中,动应力比对孔压影响较小。通过以上分析,本文建立包含循环振次和纯压因素的孔压增长模型。     

多振次循环动荷载作用下软黏土变形与孔压特性试验研究

动荷载作用下土体累积变形、孔压的发展不仅与动应力幅值有关,还与振动次数密切相关。本文通过GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪对天津海积软土进行循环三轴试验,研究了多振次不同循环动应力下土体的累积变形与孔压特性。试验结果表明:在多振次循环荷载作用下,临界动应力前后土体累积变形发展趋势不同。动应力幅值小于临界动应力,累积应变呈稳定型发展;动应力幅值大于临界动应力,累积应变呈破坏型发展。按照累积应变发展形态的不同,分段建立考虑动应力幅值影响的长期变形公式。同样根据孔压发展趋势,也相应地分段建立了孔压增长预测公式,拟合值与试验值较为吻合。     

徐州市棠张镇饱和粉土液化性能试验研究

徐州市棠张镇高速铁路路基的粉土粘粒含量少于1．5％、粉粒含量约为80％,在强烈地震作用下存在着液化可能性,为了分析该路基粉土的液化特性,进行了多组振动三轴液化试验。对试验结果进行分析发现,该地区的粉土振动孔压发展模式与Seed提出的用反正弦三角函数拟合的砂十振动孔压发展模式不同,可以用双曲线进行拟合。采用最大往返剪切作用面上的应力条件确定了该地区的孔压发展模式的拟合参数,为该地区粉土地震液化动力计算分析提供了所需的地震孔隙水压力增长模型。同时,本文指出粉土的密度和结构是振动孔压发展的重要影响因素。     

粉土动强度试验研究

文中对重塑的粉土试样施加正弦波和任意波轴向荷载,进行应变控制的动三轴试验。根据试验结果,分析和比较2种不同波形振动荷载下粉土的动强度和变形特性。研究结果表明:固结条件相同,振动频率为1Hz,任意波振动荷载作用下粉土的动强度较正弦波下的稍小;任意波下粉土试样产生的动应变比正弦波下的大。     

基于颗粒流数值模拟的饱和砂土流动性分析

给出了基于颗粒离散元模拟饱和砂土不排水循环三轴试验的模型和方法。基于计算结果,分析了模拟试样在循环荷载下的流动性及主要特征。结果表明,数值模拟得到的循环荷载下饱和砂土宏观动力响应与室内动三轴试验结果基本一致,控制应变幅值和有效固结压力对试样宏观动力响应的影响规律符合已有的认识;控制应变幅值对模拟试样的平均流动系数-孔压比关系曲线基本无影响,模拟试样的流动性演变与孔压状态相关;有效固结压力限制试样流动性的增长。验证了基于颗粒流细观模拟方法分析饱和砂土流动性的可行性。     

黄河三角洲粉土液化的试验研究

在野外自然地理和地质调查的基础上，以黄河地区可液化场地粉土为研究对象，利用室内动三轴和振动柱试验进行测定，分析了动荷载作用下粉土的动应力应变关系并模拟了地震荷载作用下粉土的孔压响应及抗液化强度，得出了液化破坏标准，提出了原状粉土的振动孔压上升模型。对试验结果进行分析发现，随着粘粒含量的增加，粉砂、粉土、粉质粘土、粘土达到相同剪应变所需的动剪应力也依次增加；粉土孔压比0．68、粉砂土孔压比0．87作为液化破坏开始的标志；粉土发生液化所需的循环应力比大于砂土。这些研究为以后建立适合本地区的饱和地基土地震破坏判别方法提供了参数和依据。     

颗粒组成对粉土动强度的影响分析

以天津汉沽地区某挡土墙地基粉土为研究对象,首先对不同颗粒组成的粉土做固结不排水动三轴剪切试验,采用各向等压固结,周围压力等于100kPa。固结完成后在不排水条件下施加轴向激振力,试验波形为正弦波,振动频率1.0Hz,试验中以试样在周期剪切时轴向周期应变达到5%作为破坏标准,得出粉土的动强度受颗粒组成的影响。细颗粒含量越大,其动强度越小,黏粒含量为7.2%的粉土循环剪应力比CSR约为20.3%黏粒含量粉土的2倍。粉土的动强度可以用循环剪应力比和破坏振次建立的幂函数关系式较好地拟合。在剪切过程中,粉土的孔隙水压力一直没有达到所施加的围压数值,最终稳定在75%~85%围压之间。同时,试验还得出孔隙水压力的增长模式不能用统一的Seed模型拟合,孔压增长规律的影响因素较多。     

杭州湾粉质土液化后强度及变形特性试验研究

海洋粉质土因沉积环境的差异,在动应力作用下的液化特性与陆上粉土略有不同。以杭州湾原状粉质土为研究对象,进行特别设计的动三轴液化试验,研究粉质土液化后的强度和变形特性。研究表明:杭州湾粉质土液化后的应力-应变关系相似,应变与砂性土的变化规律相似,可分为低强度段和强度恢复段两阶段,振动频率、围压和前期最大轴向应变对液化后应力-应变都有影响。提出粉质土液化后二阶段本构模型能较好地反映粉质土液化后的应力-应变关系。     

贵阳地区红黏土动力参数计算模型研究

利用室内SDT-20动三轴试验机对贵阳原状红黏土进行循环荷载作用下动力特性试验,探究不同围压、固结应力比和振动频率对红黏土动力学参数的影响,结合实验数据及参数模型拟合贵阳红黏土动应力应变关系、动弹性模量及阻尼比经验公式,结果表明：贵阳红黏土动本构关系仍符合H-D双曲线增长模型,动弹性模量随动应变增长非线性衰减,阻尼比随动应变增长非线性增加。围压及固结应力比对红黏土动力学参数具有显著影响,围压及固结应力比增大,动变形减小,动弹性模量增加,阻尼比降低,同等条件下,提高振动频率,动力学参数显示出与围压及固结应力比相同规律,但不显著。基于H-D模型,给出了贵阳原状红黏土双曲线模型参数,通过多元回归分析,拟合并提出针对贵阳红黏土的在不同试验条件下动弹性模量衰减及阻尼比经验公式,给出相应的拟合参数。     

Bounding surface plasticity model for the seismic liquefaction analysis of geostructures

This paper presents the constitutive relations and the simulative potential of a new plasticity model developed mainly for the seismic liquefaction analysis of geostructures. The model incorporates the framework of critical state soil mechanics, while it relies on bounding surface plasticity with a vanished elastic region to simulate the non-linear soil response. Key constitutive ingredients of the new model are: (a) the inter-dependence of the critical state, the bounding and the dilatancy (open cone) surfaces on the basis of the state parameter ψ, (b) a (Ramberg–Osgood type) non-linear hysteretic formulation for the “elastic” strain rate, (c) a discontinuously relocatable stress projection center related to the “last” load reversal point, which is used for mapping the current stress point on model surfaces and as a reference point for introducing non-linearity in the “elastic” strain rate and finally (d) an empirical index of the directional effect of sand fabric evolution during shearing, which scales the plastic modulus. In addition, the paper outlines the calibration procedure for the model constants, and exhibits its accuracy on the basis of a large number of laboratory element tests on Nevada sand. More importantly, the paper explores the potential of the new model by presenting simulations of the VELACS centrifuge tests of Models No 1 and 12, which refer to the free-field liquefaction response of Nevada sand and the seismic response of a rigid foundation on the same sand, respectively. These simulations show that the new model can be used successfully for the analysis of widely different boundary value problems involving earthquake soil liquefaction, with the same set of model constants calibrated on the basis of laboratory element tests.     

饱和砂土中箱型隧道的地震反应分析

饱和砂土地基在地震作用下存在液化的潜在危险,液化引起的地基失效可能会导致地下结构的严重震害。以Opensees作为计算平台,对饱和砂土中带中柱箱型隧道的地震反应进行输入不同幅值地震动时的动力数值计算,研究场地和结构的加速度反应及其频谱特性、场地的永久变形、隧道的震后位移以及隧道的内力分布。计算结果表明,饱和砂土中箱型隧道的地震附加内力仍受周围土体的相对位移控制,此外在震后隧道可能会产生侧移和上浮的永久位移,并且可能存在残余内力。     

Liquefaction-induced deformation of earthen embankments on non-homogeneous soil deposits under sequential ground motions

Damage of embankments during earthquakes is widely attributed to the liquefaction of foundation soil. Previous studies have investigated the dynamic response of embankments by mainly considering uniform sand foundation and a single earthquake event. However, the foundation of an embankment consists of many sublayers of soil from liquefiable sand to relatively impermeable layer, and during earthquakes a mainshock may trigger numerous aftershocks within a short time which may have the potential to cause additional damage to soil structures. Accordingly, the investigation of liquefaction-induced deformation of earthen embankments on various liquefiable foundation conditions under mainshock–aftershock sequential ground motions is carried out by a series of dynamic centrifuge tests in this study. The liquefiable foundation includes uniform sand profile, continuous layered soil profile, and non-homogeneous soil profiles. Effects of various foundation conditions on embankment deformations are compared and analyzed. From the test results, it is found that the embankment resting on non-homogeneous soil deposits suffer more damage compared to the uniform sand foundation of same relative density. The test results also suggest that the sequential ground motions have a significant effect on the accumulated deformation of embankment.     

Construction parameters of graded sand-gravel foundation on seismic response law of nuclear safety grade underground corridor

The treatment of soft soil foundation under nuclear safety grade corridors with graded sand and gravel materials has a good development prospect. It is of great engineering value to explore the influence of construction parameters of graded sand and gravel foundation on the seismic response of gallery structures. Taking the safety grade underground corridor of a nuclear power plant as the engineering background, the equivalent linear method is used to consider the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of graded sand and gravel. The energy transfer boundary is applied at the truncation boundary to simulate the dissipation effect of scattered wave fluctuation energy and the ground motion input. The thicknessless contact element is introduced to consider the contact effect between the corridor structure and the graded sand and gravel foundation, so as to establish the calculation model of the dynamic interaction between the graded sand and gravel foundation and the corridor structure. Furthermore, the influence of the relative compactness and the foundation treatment depth on the seismic response of the corridor structure is studied, and the calculation results of the acceleration response spectrum and relative displacement of the corridor structure are analyzed. The calculation results show that the two construction parameters have different degrees of influence on the seismic response of corridor structure. The research results can provide reference for the engineering design and construction of underground corridors, and provide technical support for the application of graded gravel materials in soft soil foundation treatment.     

均匀土-桩基-结构相互作用体系的计算分析

本文以结构－地基动力相互作用振动台模型试验为基础，结合通用有限元软件ANSYS，对均匀土－桩基－结构动力相互作用体系进行了三维有限元分析。计算中土体采用等效线性模型，利用面－面接触单元考虑土体与结构交界面的状态非线性，计算与试验得出的规律基本一致。桩基与土体间发生了脱开再闭合和滑移现象。桩身应变幅值分布呈桩顶大、桩尖小的倒三角分布，角桩的应变幅值较大，边排中桩和中桩的应变幅值较小。桩土接触压力幅值呈桩顶小、桩尖大的三角形分布。在沿振动方向的三排桩中，边排桩的滑移比中排桩的滑移量大。通过计算分析与试验的对照研究，验证了采用的计算模型与分析方法的合理性，为结构－地基相互作用的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Centrifuge modelling of reverse fault–foundation interaction

The propagation of reverse faults through soil to the ground surface has been observed to cause damage to surface infrastructure. However, the interaction between a fault propagating through a sand layer and a shallow foundation can be beneficial for heavily loaded foundations by causing deviation of the fault away from the foundation. This was studied in a series of centrifuge model tests in which reverse faults of dip angle 60° (at bedrock level) were initiated through a sand layer, close to shallow foundations. The tests revealed subtle interaction between the fault and the shallow foundation so that the foundation and soil response depend on the foundation loading, position, breadth and flexibility. Heavily loaded rigid foundations appeared best able to deviate fault rupture away from the foundation but this deviation could be associated with significant foundation rotations. However, a lightly loaded foundation was unable to deviate a reverse fault and the fault emerged beneath the foundation. This led to gapping beneath the foundation as well as significant rotations and may cause severe structural distress. As well as providing insight into the mechanisms of behaviour, the data from the tests is used to validate finite element analyses in a separate article.     

循环荷载下液化对土层水平往返变形的影响

采用多工况振动台实验研究液化对土层水平往返变形的影响.以干砂实验为参照,分析孔压增长与土层加速度和土层往返变形之间的关系.结果表明:液化将引起土表加速度显著降低,减小惯性力传递,但同时会引起土层往返剪应变明显增大.对往返变形而言,液化土层往返剪应变就可达到1%～5%的大变形状态,且液化土层往返剪应变沿深度呈下大上小分布.土层中孔压比0.4～0.8是往返变形出现放大的敏感段,在孔压比0.8左右而不是在1.0达到最大.作为其结果,土层液化将对刚性上部结构振动起减震作用,但同时增大的往返剪应变也易导致基础和地下结构破坏,特别是对液化层与下部非液化层交界处的构件更敏感.     

Can ground densification improve seismic performance of the soil‐foundation‐structure system on liquefiable soils?

Over the past few decades, soil densification has been widely employed to reduce the liquefaction hazard or consequences on structures. The decision to mitigate and the design of densification specifications are typically based on procedures that assume free‐field conditions or experience. As a result, the influence of ground densification on the performance of structures and the key mechanisms of soil‐structure interaction remains poorly understood. This paper presents results of four centrifuge tests to evaluate the performance of 3‐ and 9‐story, potentially inelastic structures on liquefiable ground with and without densification. Densification was shown to generally reduce the net excess pore pressures and foundation permanent settlements (although not necessarily to acceptable levels), while amplifying the accelerations on the foundation. The influence of these demands on the performance of the foundation and superstructure depended on the structure's strength and dynamic properties, as well as ground motion characteristics. In addition, densification tended to amplify the moment demand at the beam and column connections, which increased permanent flexural deformations and P‐Δ effects (particularly on the heavier and weaker structure) that could have an adverse effect on foundation rotation. The experimental results presented aim to provide insight into the potential tradeoffs of ground densification, which may reduce foundation permanent settlement, but amplify shaking intensity that can result in larger foundation rotation, flexural drifts, and damage to the superstructure, if not considered in design. These considerations are important for developing performance‐based strategies to design mitigation techniques that improve performance of the soil‐foundation‐structure system in a holistic manner.     

A macro‐element model for non‐linear soil–shallow foundation–structure interaction under seismic loads: theoretical development and experimental validation on large scale tests

In this paper, different formulations of a macro‐element model for non‐linear dynamic soil‐structure interaction analyses of structures lying on shallow foundations are first reviewed, and secondly, a novel formulation is introduced, which combines some of the characteristics of previous approaches with several additional features. This macro‐element allows one to model soil‐footing geometric (uplift) and material (soil plasticity) non‐linearities that are coupled through a stiffness degradation model. Footing uplift is introduced by a simple non‐linear elastic model based on the concept of effective foundation width, whereas soil plasticity is treated by means of a bounding surface approach in which a vertical load mapping rule is implemented. This mapping is particularly suited for the seismic loading case for which the proposed model has been conceived. The new macro‐element is subsequently validated using cyclic and dynamic large‐scale laboratory tests of shallow foundations on dense sand, namely: the TRISEE cyclic tests, the Public Works Research Institute and CAMUS IV shaking table tests. Based on this comprehensive validation process against a set of independent experimental results, a unique set of macro‐element parameters for shallow foundations on dense sand is proposed, which can be used to perform predictive analyses by means of the present model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

农居工程地基砂垫层隔震体系性能试验研究

砂垫层具有取材方便、造价低、施工简便的特点,为了更好地在农居工程建设中推广应用地基砂垫层隔震技术,通过制作农村房屋结构模型,进行地基砂垫层隔震体系与无隔震体系的大型振动台试验,研究了地基砂垫层隔震体系的隔震性能。基于结构加速度反应、结构位移反应和结构应变反应三个方面,对比分析无隔震试验和地基砂垫层隔震试验的结果,研究地基砂垫层隔震体系的隔震性能。结果表明:地基砂垫层隔震体系能够有效地减小上部结构的地震加速度反应、层间位移反应和应变反应,具有良好的隔震效果;输入地震动的量级是影响地基砂垫层隔震体系隔震效果的一个重要因素。