网络地理信息系统研究*

网络地理信息系统(WebGIS)是近年来地理信息系统发展的方向之一.文中在分析网络地理信息系统内涵和功能的基础上,认为地理数据的空间可视化和空间分析是网络地理信息系统的重要特点.为此提出基于元数据的网络地理信息系统代理服务器的概念,并探讨了在JAVA平台上实现的一些技术问题.最后以京九沿线投资环境网络评估信息系统原型为例,给出了网络地理信息系统一个具体应用实例,实现了网络环境下地理模型分析功能.     

中国国家自然地图集Internet版的设计和研制

本文系统阐述了国家自然地图集Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ版的设计和研制过程中的若干问题,包括系统的概念设计、系统开发中的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ技术和策略,系统的主要功能和特色,以及系统维护和更新方案等。本系统从概念设计来看分为服务器端软件模块、浏览器端软件模块、国家自然地图集数据库支持等几个部分。系统开发中采取的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ技术和策略有:兼顾服务器端和客户端的综合型ＷｅｂＧＩＳ策略,基于Ｊａｖａ Ａｐｐｌｅｔ的 ＷｅｂＧＩＳ浏览器开发技术,基于Ｍａｐ Ｏｂｊｅｃｔ(ＭＯ)的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ服务器开发技术等３个方面。在系统的主要功能特色方面,本文从以下５个方面进行了论述:科学有序的内容结构、清晰精练并带导航的界面、富有特色的信息查询功能、多重表达的地图可视化效果、一定的空间信息分析和制图功能。在系统维护和更新方案上,本文从网络技术、数据更新、功能开发３个方面介绍了计划,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Performance‐improving techniques in web‐based GIS

WebGIS (also known as web‐based GIS and Internet GIS) denotes a type of Geographic Information System (GIS), whose client is implemented in a Web browser. WebGISs have been developed and used extensively in real‐world applications. However, when such a complex web‐based system involves the dissemination of large volumes of data and/or massive user interactions, its performance can become an issue. In this paper, we first identify several major potential performance problems with WebGIS. Then, we discuss several possible techniques to improve the performance. These techniques include the use of pyramids and hash indices on the server side to handle large images. To resolve server‐side conflicts originating from concurrent massive access and user interactions, we suggest clustering and multithreading techniques. Multithreading is also used to break down the long sequential, layer‐based data access to concurrent data access on the client side. Caching is suggested as a means to enhance concurrent data access for the same datasets on both the server and the client sides. The technique of client‐side dynamic data requests is used to improve data transmission. Compressed binary representation is implemented on both sides to reduce transmission volume. We also compare the performance of a prototype WebGIS with and without these techniques.     

一种基于服务器场的分布式WebGIS计算模型设计与实现

分析传统网络地理信息系统(WebGIS)体系的弊端,从负载均衡与地图状态同步的角度提出一种基于服务器场的分布式WebGIS计算模型。通过自定义服务器场底层交互协议、地图服务器场分布式动态均衡调度算法、地图状态对象池技术,解决了传统WebGIS计算模型异构兼容性差、并行处理能力弱、地图状态对象无法同步等问题,并建立试验床对该模型的性能进行验证。     

Multi-criteria modelling and clustering of spatial information

To improve the formal integration of verbally given spatial information in a geographical information system, a methodology for converting such information to a geographical representation was developed. This was applied to examples of a spatial-related analysis of natural language text messages in the domain of disaster management. This article presents an approach for such a conversion by using a suitable knowledge representation as well as formal modelling structures. The structures are provided by an ontology-supported knowledge base. With respect to spatial uncertainty, a formal representation based on possibility theory was defined. Moreover, a cluster algorithm was developed for handling information of different sources and building a spatial context.     

GML数据的整体同构压缩算法研究

在分析传统的GML,数据压缩技术特点的基础上,提出GMI数据整体同构压缩方法:以GMI,文档中的Fea-ture元素为基元,利用标签索引编码实现语义的同构压缩;以GMI空间数据的聚类分区结果建立分组局部坐标参考系,利用坐标参考系转换实现空间内容的同构压缩.实验证明:该压缩算法的存储空间消耗、查询处理速度等性能均优于传统方法,对研究GMI数据的存储、查询与传输等技术具有一定的参考价值.     

安徽省级资源环境空间信息服务系统研究与开发

研究建立一个结构规范、服务便捷的省级资源环境空间信息网，实现资源环境空间信息的网络共享和服务已经是迫在眉睫。安徽省资源环境空间信息网首次在省政府网络上实现了资源环境空间信息的快速访问，具有数据最大、覆盖面全、类型多样的特点，并且采用SuperMap国产GIS软件进行开发，运行稳定、安全可靠，具有很好的可扩展性。系统地介绍了安徽省资源环境空间信息网的系统结构、数据库建设、数据更新和系统的主要功能。     

3D building roof reconstruction from airborne LiDAR point clouds: a framework based on a spatial database

Three-dimensional (3D) building models are essential for 3D Geographic Information Systems and play an important role in various urban management applications. Although several light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data-based reconstruction approaches have made significant advances toward the fully automatic generation of 3D building models, the process is still tedious and time-consuming, especially for massive point clouds. This paper introduces a new framework that utilizes a spatial database to achieve high performance via parallel computation for fully automatic 3D building roof reconstruction from airborne LiDAR data. The framework integrates data-driven and model-driven methods to produce building roof models of the primary structure with detailed features. The framework is composed of five major components: (1) a density-based clustering algorithm to segment individual buildings, (2) an improved boundary-tracing algorithm, (3) a hybrid method for segmenting planar patches that selects seed points in parameter space and grows the regions in spatial space, (4) a boundary regularization approach that considers outliers and (5) a method for reconstructing the topological and geometrical information of building roofs using the intersections of planar patches. The entire process is based on a spatial database, which has the following advantages: (a) managing and querying data efficiently, especially for millions of LiDAR points, (b) utilizing the spatial analysis functions provided by the system, reducing tedious and time-consuming computation, and (c) using parallel computing while reconstructing 3D building roof models, improving performance.     

基于WebGIS的TB级南极遥感影像发布系统关键技术研究

我国已经完成南极地区多种类型高分辨率遥感影像的制图,其产品的数据量达到TB级,对这些影像进行网络共享有助于帮助人们更好地认识南极,也能提升我国在南极事务中的影响力.本文介绍了基于数据库以及WebGIS平台的TB级南极洲遥感影像图网络发布系统的设计与实现方法.以ArcGIS Server作为WebGIS平台,对各类遥感影...     

Efficiently implementable algebra for distributed in-network spatial analysis

Existing sensor network query processors (SNQPs) have demonstrated that in-network processing is an effective and efficient means of interacting with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for data collection tasks. Inspired by these findings, this article investigates the question as to whether spatial analysis over WSNs can be built upon established distributed query processing techniques, but, here, emphasis is on the spatial aspects of sensed data, which are not adequately addressed in the existing SNQPs. By spatial analysis, we mean the ability to detect topological relationships between spatially referenced entities (e.g. whether mist intersects a vineyard or is disjoint from it) and to derive representations grounded on such relationships (e.g. the geometrical extent of that part of a vineyard that is covered by mist). To support the efficient representation, querying and manipulation of spatial data, we use an algebraic approach. We revisit a previously proposed centralized spatial algebra comprising a set of spatial data types and a comprehensive collection of operations. We have redefined and re-conceptualized the algebra for distributed evaluation and shown that it can be efficiently implemented for in-network execution. This article provides rigorous, formal definitions of the spatial data types, points, lines and regions, together with spatial-valued and topological operations over them. The article shows how the algebra can be used to characterize complex and expressive topological relationships between spatial entities and spatial phenomena that, due to their dynamic, evolving nature, cannot be represented a priori.     

LOST-Tree: a spatio-temporal structure for efficient sensor data loading in a sensor web browser

We present LOST-Tree, a new spatio-temporal structure to manage sensor data loading and caching in a sensor web browser. In the same way that the World Wide Web needs a web browser to load and display web pages, the World-Wide Sensor Web needs a sensor web browser to access distributed and heterogeneous sensor networks. However, most existing sensor web browsers are just mashups of sensor locations and base maps that do not consider the scalability issues regarding transmitting large amounts of sensor readings over the Internet. While caching is an effective solution for alleviating the latency and bandwidth problems, a method for efficiently loading sensor data¹ from sensor web servers is currently missing. Therefore, we present LOST-Tree as a sensor data loading component that also manages the client-side cache on a sensor web browser. By applying LOST-Tree, redundant transmissions are avoided, enabling efficient loading with cached sensor data. We demonstrate that LOST-Tree is lightweight and scalable, in terms of sensor data volume. We implemented LOST-Tree in the GeoCENS sensor web browser for evaluation with a real sensor web dataset.     

中国耕地面积变化信息系统设计

合理地利用耕地资源是未来社会经济可持续发展的重大问题。耕地面积变化的管理是为实现土地资源、社会经济可持续发展的重要举措。中国耕地面积变化信息系统是在地理信息系统的支持下,以耕地面积变化数据、基础地理数据和遥感数据为地理实体对象,集知识、分析、决策和服务为一体的系统。该系统从应用角度为空间数据管理提供了一种可行的解决方案。以中国耕地面积变化信息系统的建设为例,对系统的总体结构、功能、数据库和系统集成等方面进行了探讨。     

XML Web Service‐based development model for Internet GIS applications

Most of the current Internet Geographic Information System (GIS) applications cannot be shared and are not interoperable because of their heterogeneous environments. With the growth of Internet GIS, many difficulties have occurred in integrating GIS components because of their diversity. The main objective of this study is to suggest a new development model for dynamic and interoperable Internet GIS applications. The model is based mainly on the dynamic integration of Internet GIS components by applying Extensible Markup Language (XML), XML Web Service, Geography Markup Language (GML), and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), etc. The relevant technologies of Internet GIS were reviewed thoroughly, and then a new model was designed. During the design of the new model, typical examples of GIS Web Service components were suggested, together with practical structures for applications using these components. Six examples of components and four types of applications were suggested, and they were experimentally implemented for model validation and improvement. The suggested model and components will enable easier and more rapid development of Internet GIS applications through the dynamic integration of distributed GIS components. Users will be able to avoid redundancy and consequently reduce both cost and time during each GIS project.     

Same space – different perspectives: comparative analysis of geographic context through sketch maps and spatial video geonarratives

ABSTRACT

The importance of including a contextual underpinning to the spatial analysis of social data is gaining traction in the spatial science community. The challenge, though, is how to capture these data in a rigorous manner that is translational. One method that has shown promise in achieving this aim is the spatial video geonarrative (SVG), and in this paper we pose questions that advance the science of geonarratives through a case study of criminal ex-offenders. Eleven ex-offenders provided sketch maps and SVGs identifying high-crime areas of their community. Wordmapper software was used to map and classify the SVG content; its spatial filter extension was used for hot spot mapping with statistical significance tested using Monte Carlo simulations. Then, each subject’s sketch map and SVG were compared. Results reveal that SVGs consistently produce finer spatial-scale data and more locations of relevance than the sketch maps. SVGs also provide explanation of spatial-temporal processes and causal mechanisms linked to specific places, which are not evident in the sketch maps. SVG can be a rigorous translational method for collecting data on the geographic context of many phenomena. Therefore, this paper makes an important advance in understanding how environmentally immersive methods contribute to the understanding of geographic context.     

Spatial inference with an interchangeable rule format

Rule interchange between information systems is expanding as new interoperable rule formats are emerging from research. However, existing spatial inference systems generally operate on locally stored data with an internal rule format. Consequently, their design offers little support or facilities for rule interchange. This article presents the requirements, components and design for a spatial inference system with rule interchange. Computational efficiency and overall functionality of the design are considered separately, with the latter demonstrated using encoded agricultural legislation and data. A spatial inference system with rule interchange is based on three primary components: rule representation, spatial functionality and data integration. Of these, the interoperable rule representation and data integration distinctly differ from existing spatial inference systems. The presented inference system combines a spatial superset of the W3C Rule Interchange Format (RIF) with full Open Geospatial Consortium simple feature access (OGC SFA) functionality and on-demand data integration utilising Resource Deception Framework (RDF). The design was found to be effective with a computational efficiency depending predominantly on the spatial operations. This design could be further adapted to implement spatial extensions for existing inference systems. Considerable benefits were also discovered when RIF was used as the native language for the inference engine, thereby removing the need for rule transformations and facilitating on-demand data integration with the GML.     

基于场所的GIS研究

探讨从地理空间认知出发,实现基于场所的GIS（PB—GIS）的相关问题。PB—GIS以场所为核心,显式表达地理空间知识,并遵循特定规则进行定性空间推理,从而服务于空间行为决策。比较PB—GIS与基于坐标的GIS（CB—GIS）之间的差异和适合解决的问题,并描述定性空间推理的特点及其在PB—GIS中的应用。在分析实现PB—GIS的关键技术基础上,采用三层架构设计了一个PB-GIS的概念体系结构。     

Continuous surface representation and approximation: spatial analytical implications

Field-based continuous representation in a geographical information system (GIS) has long been important for describing complex spatially distributed phenomena, such as population, precipitation, air pollution, temperature elevation and land cover. Though theoretical knowledge and properties of continuous distributions can be employed, such surfaces are generally approximated or abstracted in practice due to a lack of complete information. That is, such surfaces are based on finite spatial samples, which is a practical necessity with regard to the infinite underlying attribute variability. These approximated surfaces are then used in various spatial analyses, yet impacts are not well understood. This article will examine theoretical properties and errors that result in practice when approximated continuous surfaces are relied on in spatial analysis.     

基于Web的空间OLAP研究

OLAP（在线分析处理）是空间信息集成，查询与分析的重要领域和手段，基于Web的OLAP需要解决体系结构，空间数据仓库构建，多维数据模型，WebGIS，数据挖掘等诸多理论和工程问题，体系结构规定了系统开发和应用的模式，多维数据模型中定义了基于数据仓库的度量和维度结构，是OLAP和某些数据挖掘模型的基础，是数据仓库应用的重要手段，传统的体系架构，多维数据模型和OLAP技术在处理穸间数据过程中具有较大的局限性，文章尝试探讨在Internet环境下，在传统多维数据模型中引入空间维度，度量中指向空间聚合结构的空间数据索引及其空间算子集合，从而构造出空间多维数据模型，并在模型物理实现的基础上，试验了空间立方体的Web OLAP操作，可以预测，空间OLAP研究将成为GIS研究的热点，具有极大的应用价值。