Numerical simulations of deformation and movement of blocks within North China in response to 1976 Tangshan earthquake

Using methods of discontinuous deformation analysis and finite element (DDA+FEM), this paper simulates dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake of 1976, which occurred in the northern North China where its internal blocks apparently interacted. Studies focus upon both the movement and deformation of the blocks, in particular, the Ordos block, and variations of stress states on the boundary faults. The Tangshan earthquake was composed of three events: slipping motions of NNE-striking major fault, NE-striking fault near the northeastern end of the NNE-striking fault, and NW-striking fault on the southeastern side of the NNE-striking fault. Compared with previous studies, our model yields a result that is more agreeable with the configuration of aftershock distributions. A number of data are presented, such as the principle stress field during the earthquake, contours of the maximum shear stress, the strike-slip deformation between blocks near the earthquake focus, time-dependent variations of slips of earthquake-triggered faulting, the maximum slip distance, and stress drops. These results are in accord with the earthquake source mechanism, basic parameters from earthquake wave study, macro-isoseismic line, observed horizontal displacement vectors, etc. The Tangshan earthquake exerted different influences on the adjacent blocks and boundary faults between them, thus resulting in differential movement and deformation. The Ordos block seems to have experienced the small-scale counterclockwise rotation and deformation, but its northeast part, bounded on the east by the Taihangshan and on the north by the Yanshan and Yinshan belts, underwent relatively stronger deformation. The Tangshan earthquake also changed the stress state of boundary faults of the North China, leading to an increase in shear stress and a decrease in normal stress in the NW-trending Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault through Tangshan City and the northern border faults of the Ordos block, and therefore raises the potential risk of earthquake occurrence. This result is supported by the facts that a series of Ms ≥ 6 earthquakes took place at the northern margin of the Ordos block after the Tangshan earthquake.     

1966年以来华北地区一系列七级大震破裂过程的数值模拟

用非连续变形分析方法(DDA+FEM)数值模拟，在华北地区各地块相互制约的块体系统环境中，地块边界断层上发生1966年邢台地震、 1969年渤海地震、 1975年海城地震、 1976年唐山地震等不同类型破裂模式大震的破裂过程. 数值模拟结果给出每个大震释放的主应力场，最大剪应力变化等值线图，地震前后位移变化矢量图，发震断层滑移随时间变化以及走滑错距和应力降等震源参数. 这些结果与地震的震源机制，用地震波资料研究得到的震源参数,宏观等震线,地表观测的水平位移矢量图基本一致. 其中1969年渤海地震正交破裂模式的结果与宏观等震线及小震分布图像更接近. 1976年唐山地震复杂震源模式与该震早期余震分布图像更相符. 表明用DDA+FEM方法进行数值模拟研究，能较好地模拟地震破裂过程.     

张家口—渤海断裂带分段运动变形特征分析

利用张家口—渤海断裂带(张渤带)及其邻区1999—2007年的GPS观测数据, 研究了该区域现今地壳水平速度场特征。 运用最小二乘配置方法获得应变率场的空间分布特征, 根据区域地壳主应变率、 面膨胀率和最大剪切应变率等形变场的空间变化, 分析了张渤带各分段的形变特征。 结果表明: 相对于欧亚框架, 研究区内GPS速度场以SE方向运动为主; 应变场以NE方向的主压应变为主, 伴随着近NW方向的张性应变; 整个张渤带及其邻区的高剪切变形区主要位于河北香河、 文安以及唐山等三个地区。 利用跨断层GPS剖面分析得到张渤带以左旋走滑为主, 兼有挤压运动。 华北平原块体和燕山块体的相对运动是张渤带左旋走滑的直接动力来源, 而印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞后继续向北的推挤作用则是张渤带运动变形的根本动力来源, 太平洋板块的作用相对较弱。     

张家口-渤海断裂带分段运动变形特征分析

We have collected GPS data in the period of 1999-2007 from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China along the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault and its adjacent regions to study the characteristics of present-day crustal horizontal motion velocities in the research zone.Strain rate components are computed in the spheric coordinate system by the least square collocation method.According to the spatial distribution of the principal strain rate,dilation rate and maximum shear strain rate derived from GPS measurements,this paper analyses the deformation of the subordinary faults of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault.The principal compression strain rates are apparently greater than the principal extension strain rates.The larger shear strain rate is mainly in and around the Xianghe,Wenan and Tangshan areas in Hebei Province.According to the profiles across different segments of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault,the three segments glong the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault show an obviously left-lateal strike-slip and compression characteristics.By analysis of the motion characteristics of the blocks,e.g.the Yanshan block,North China Plain block,Ordos block,and Ludong-Huanghai block in and around the North China region,this paper speculates that the dynamics of the motion styles of Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault may directly come from the relative movement between the Yanshan block and the North China plain block,and the ultimate dynamics may be the results of the collison between Indian plate and Eurasian plate,and the persistent northeastward extrusion of the Indian plate.     

Current tectonic deformation and seismogenic characteristics along the northeast margin of Qinghai -Xizang block

Introduction The northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block has become the place with close attentions from geo-specialists at home and abroad for its significant tectonic movement and intensive seismicity. Quite a number of achievements have been obtained from the studies on geological structures and strong earthquake activities (DING, LU, 1989, 1991; GUO, et al, 1992, 2000; GUO, XIANG, 1993; HOU, et al, 1999; Tapponnier, et al, 1990; Gaudemer, et al, 1995). In the Development Program…     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DEFORMATION MOVEMENT AND STRESS ACCUMULATION IN LONGMENSHAN AND ITS ADJACENT FAULTS BEFORE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE

In order to reveal the deformation and cumulative stress state in Longmenshan and its adjacent faults before Wenchuan earthquake,a 3D viscoelastic finite element model,which includes Longmenshan,Longriba,Minjiang and Huya faults is built in this paper.Using the GPS measurement results of 1999-2004 as the boundary constraints,the deformation and movement of Longmenshan fault zone and its adjacent zones before Wenchuan earthquake are simulated.The conclusions are drawn in this paper as follows:First,velocity component parallel to Longmenshan Fault is mainly absorbed by Longriba Fault and velocity component perpendicular to the Longmenshan Fault is mainly absorbed by itself.Because of the barrier effect of Minjiang and Huya faults on the north section of Longmenshan Fault,the compression rate in the northern part of Longmenshan Fault is lower than that in the southern part.Second,extending from SW to NE direction along Longmenshan Fault,the angle between the main compressive stress and the direction of the fault changes gradually from the nearly vertical to 45 degrees. Compressive stress and shear stress accumulation rate is high in southwest segment of Longmenshan Fault and compressive stress is greater;the stress accumulation rate is low and the compressive stress is close to shear stress in the northeast segment of the fault.This is coincident with the fact that small and medium-sized earthquakes occurred frequently and seismic activity is strong in the southwest of the fault,and that there are only occasional small earthquakes and the seismic activity is weak in the northeast of the fault.It is also coincident with the rupture type of thrust and right-lateral strike-slip of the Wenchuan earthquake and thrust of the Lushan earthquake.Third,assuming that the same type and magnitude of earthquake requires the same amount of stress accumulation,the rupture of Minjiang Fault,the southern segment of Longmenshan Fault and the Huya Fault are mainly of thrust movement and the earthquake recurrence period of the three faults increases gradually.In the northern segment of Longriba Fault and Longmenshan Fault,earthquake rupture is of thrusting and right-lateral strike-slip. The earthquake recurrence period of former is shorter than the latter.In the southern segment of Longriba Fault,earthquake rupture is purely of right-lateral strike-slip,it is possible that the earthquake recurrence period on the fault is the shortest in the study region.     

华北地区现今地壳运动动力学初步研究

本文基于GPS、断层形变等观测资料,实现华北地区构造运动有限元数值模拟,研究其现今地壳运动及形变动力学机理.结果表明,鄂尔多斯地块、华南地块、东北亚地块等周边构造块体的相对运动基本决定了华北地区现今表面运动及应力场格局.而另一方面,当考虑区域下部岩石层较快速的“拖动”作用时,表面速度场可以得到更好模拟,并同时形成共轭分布的剪应力梯度带.可见太平洋板块的俯冲作用、印-欧板块的碰撞挤压作用等可能造成岩石层深部、浅部运动差异,从而对研究区现今地壳运动产生深刻影响.此外,地形重力作用、断层分布及区域流变结构非均匀性也对现今地壳运动具有一定影响作用,但处于次要地位.     

安徽淮河构造变形带及邻近块体现代构造应力场特征

针对安徽省较特殊的构造环境及历史地震分布特点，利用直达波最大振幅比和系统聚类分析方法，在对安徽淮河中游区1974年以来近百个中小地震震源机制反演、聚类及空间合成的基础上，分析了华北断块南缘的安徽淮河构造变形带及邻近块体震源断层滑动方式、构造应力场分布及块体运动方式、应力场随时间变化等。结果显示：淮河构造变形带及其邻近块体上震源断层总体上以近走滑型或斜滑型破裂为主，但倾滑型破裂也占一定比例；该地区构造应力以水平作用为主，但也存在一定的垂向作用。其中淮北和皖中块体仍可能分别向SWW和NEE方向运动，并在淮河构造变形带上产生左旋剪切作用，呈现一定的继承性活动特征；各块(带)上主压应力P轴走向随时间的变化在总体上较为一致，而各时段之间P轴方位存在一定差异，显示安徽淮河中游区受华北和华南应力场的共同作用，但其地震活动可能主要受控于华北应力场。     

2013年甘肃岷县漳县M_s6.6地震前地壳形变特征研究

基于2013年岷县漳县M6.6地震震源区及其邻区1999年以来的GPS观测资料,通过应变率动态特征分析、多期次GPS剖面分析和基线变形速率的分析讨论了地震的震前变形特征.GPS速度场和块体应变率表明,汶川地震的发生导致了柴达木地块运动与变形状态发生明显调整,但由于西秦岭北缘等深大断裂的存在,岷-秦地块对其响应不明显;GPS连续应变率显示,在汶川地震引起的区域地壳变形调整过程中岷县漳县地震震源区附近的应变积累速率有减缓的迹象;GPS剖面显示,平行于岷县漳县主破裂带的运动分量对汶川地震响应显著,汶川震后表现为剪切变形速率的增强,而垂直于主破裂带的运动分量则对汶川地震响应不明显;震中周边GPS基线变形速率表明,基线伸缩变化率总体呈现NW向拉张、NE向压缩状态,且拉张量明显小于压缩量.上述地壳变形动态特征表明西秦岭北缘断裂及其附近地区的应变积累水平和断层闭锁程度可能处于较高水平,在岷县漳县地震前该区表现出局部“硬化”迹象.     

汶川8.0级地震对鄂尔多斯块体西南缘断裂体系影响的数值模拟

利用有限元方法及静态位移解理论,采用前人反演的汶川8.0级地震破裂过程时空参数,定量计算分析汶川地震对鄂尔多斯块体西南缘断裂体系的影响.数值计算表明,具逆冲右旋性质的汶川地震,在汶川-宝鸡-线以东产生顺时针的位移扰动场,以西产生逆时针的位移扰动场,这与该分界两侧附近的活断层整体走滑方向相一致.水平剪切应力场的局部极值区...     

华北中西部和青藏高原东北缘上地幔各向异性变形特征

基于华北中西部和青藏高原东北缘3个流动台阵共480个台站新得到的远震XKS(SKS、SKKS和PKS)波分裂结果,并结合研究区已得到的987个台站的分裂结果,获得了高分辨率的上地幔各向异性图像.分析表明,鄂尔多斯块体的时间延迟较小,反映了其稳定性和弱的各向异性变形特征,可能保留了古老克拉通根的"化石"各向异性,但其靠近边缘的局部区域表现出与相邻边缘相一致的各向异性特征,反映了其局部区域受到了与其相邻边缘的构造活动影响.青藏高原东北缘、阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体西缘快波方向主要为NW-SE方向,鄂尔多斯块体北缘主要为NNW-SSE方向,反映了青藏高原沿NE方向推挤过程中岩石圈沿NW-SE方向和NNW-SSE方向发生了伸展变形;位于四川盆地和鄂尔多斯块体两个刚性块体间的秦岭造山带的快波方向为近E-W方向或NWW-SEE方向,时间延迟较大,推测岩石圈东向挤出和软流圈东流共同促进了观测的各向异性;在鄂尔多斯块体南部边缘,快波方向自西向东逆时针沿西南缘六盘山的NW-SE方向转到南缘渭河地堑的近E-W方向再到东南缘太行山的NEE-SWW方向,推断该区域可能存在一个绕刚性块体的逆时针软流圈绕流,与上覆岩石圈左旋简单剪切变形产生了观测的各向异性,并一起驱动了鄂尔多斯块体的逆时针旋转.作为华北克拉通东西部的过渡带,华北中部的各向异性相对复杂,其东部快波方向为近E-W方向或NWW-SEE方向,时间延迟较大,其各向异性主要反映了太平洋板块西向俯冲作用引起的地幔流;其西北部吕梁山的各向异性主要由岩石圈沿NNW-SSE到NW-SE的拉张变形导致,而西南部太行山的各向异性还反映了软流圈绕流作用.鄂尔多斯块体东北缘大同火山区存在一个快波方向顺时针快速旋转且时间延迟较小的区域,可能与火山群下地幔岩浆上涌形成的局部地幔对流相关.紧邻华北北部的中亚造山带中南部快波方向为近E-W方向,其各向异性不仅受到与构造走向一致的岩石圈变形作用,而且也受到太平洋板块西向俯冲引起的地幔流影响.     

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHIC EVIDENCE FOR DEXTRAL STRIKE SLIP OF THE HELAN SHAN WEST-PIEDMONT FAULT AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

The horizontal movement of the Helan Shan west-piedmont fault is important to determination of the present-day boundary between the Alashan and North China blocks as well as to the exploration of the extent of the northeastward expansion of the Tibetan plateau. Field geological surveys found that this fault cuts the west wing of the Neogene anticline, which right-laterally offset the geological boundary between Ganhegou and Qingshuiying Formations with displacement over 800m. The secondary tensional joints (fissures)intersected with the main faults developed on the Quaternary flood high platform near the fault, of which the acute angles indicate its dextral strike slip. The normal faults developed at the southern end of the Helan Shan west-piedmont fault show that the west wall of this fault moves northward, and the tensional adjustment zone formed at the end of the strike slip fault, which reflects that the horizontal movement of the main fault is dextral strike slip. The dextral dislocation occurred in the gully across the fault during different periods. Therefore, the Helan Shan west-piedmont fault is a dextral strike slip fault rather than a sinistral strike slip fault as previous work suggested. The relationship between the faulting and deformation of Cenozoic strata demonstrates that there were two stages of tectonic deformation near the Helan Shan west-piedmont fault since the late Cenozoic, namely early folding and late faulting. These two tectonic deformations are the result of the northeastward thrust on the Alashan block by the Tibet Plateau. The influence range of Tibetan plateau expansion has arrived in the Helan Shan west-piedmont area in the late Pliocene leading to the dextral strike slip of this fault as well as formation of the current boundary between the Alashan and North China blocks, which is also the youngest front of the Tibetan plateau.     

汾渭断陷带现今垂直形变与近期地震活动性

本文针对2008年汶川地震后鄂尔多斯块体周缘出现的小震活跃现象, 利用分布于汾渭断陷带不同部位的跨断裂水准资料, 分析了其近期的垂直形变演化过程。 结果表明: ① 各水准剖面的垂直差异运动幅度基本稳定在±20 mm之间, 且在小震活动期间未出现明显的形变异常; ② 鄂尔多斯块体周缘近期小震活跃可能是缘于汶川地震后, 青藏块体挤压应力减弱, 华北块体对其推挤作用相对增强而造成鄂尔多斯块体的水平挤压应力场的“暂态失稳”所致。     

强震中期阶段区域性形变异常的共性特征及其机制以青藏块体东北部为例

强震前中期阶段(1～3年或稍长)区域性形变异常往往表现出3个方面的共性特征: ① 区域垂直运动变形呈现与构造有关的异常隆起区、 垂直差异变形高梯度带(有的还呈“四象限”)分布特征; ② 水平运动变形呈现与活动地块及断裂构造有关的、 以剪切变形为主的高应变集中区(带)特征; ③ 区域性垂直形变异常区与水平形变的高应变分布区共生的特征。 分析这些异常共性特征的形成机制, 初步认为: 它们是在基本统一的大区域构造应力场控制下, 不同层次块体系统运动及其边界带变形的非平稳、 非协调性, 在活动地块边界地带和地块内部次级断裂构造部位产生变形差异而导致应力-应变积累、 孕育强震到一定阶段的结果。 在此基础上, 分析探讨了基于区域性形变异常共性特征、 结合地质构造活动背景进行强震中期预测的意义。     

张家口-渤海地震构造带的地壳形变研究

华北北部地区的张家口-渤海断裂带是控制现代强震的一条地震构造带。新近纪以来,在区域NEE向主压应力的作用下,新发育了一系列的NE向构造活动带,与张家口-渤海断裂带组成1组共轭的剪切破裂系统,控制了近代强震的发生。文中主要探讨了这条断裂带的地壳形变特征。长趋势GPS地壳形变图像反映了这条活动断裂带相对完整的左旋走滑活动。分期的地壳形变图像揭示了在中强地震前,沿该断裂带出现一系列的NE向梯度异常带,分别指示了唐山-河间、三河-涞水以及延怀-山西地震构造活动带的活动,表明了沿张家口-渤海断裂带出现了中强地震的中期前兆。研究认为,强震前地壳形变揭示的是深部蕴震层的应变活动信息,而强震之后比较杂乱的图像特征体现了盖层的调整运动     

2016年阿克陶MS 6.7地震地表破裂特征和帕米尔现代构造应力场初步分析

帕米尔高原位于地中海－喜马拉雅地震带上,晚新生代以来随着印度板块向欧亚板块持续不断地挤压汇聚,其构造运动是欧亚大陆最强烈的地区。高原腹地发育一系列近SN向正断层,包括近SN向的塔什库尔干正断层所处的帕米尔中部现代区域的构造应力场以EW向水平拉张为主。2016年11月25日发生的阿克陶M_S 6.7级地震的发震构造为塔什库尔干断层分支的NWW向木吉盆地北缘断层,其具有右旋走滑兼正断性质。地震在震中附近产生同震地表形变带,全长约1km,呈近SN－NNE向水平拉伸,发育近EW—NWW向的张裂缝,为地震破裂的产物,张裂缝的最大水平拉伸位移量和最大垂直位移量分别为46cm和16cm。地表破裂带中的NE和NW向张剪裂缝只是连接贯通这些雁列的张裂缝,其水平相对位移量取决于张裂缝的水平拉伸量和张裂缝之间的几何关系。地表形变带表现的拉张性质与帕米尔高原腹地区域现代应力场最大主压应力为垂直向基本一致,可能与深部热物质上涌造成的上地壳拉伸有关。而地表形变带呈近SN向水平拉张,与区域近EW向拉张应力场之间存在显著差异,这可能是木吉盆地北缘右旋走滑正断层阶区局部应力场调整的结果。     

青藏高原东北缘、鄂尔多斯和华北唐山震区的地壳结构差异——深地震测深的结果

划分大陆活动地块的重要标志之一是它们在地壳结构间的差异。大陆不同地块具有不同的地壳结构特征。这些结构和构造上的不同反映了它们在地壳内部的变形特征和动力过程的差异。文中利用深地震宽角反射 /折射剖面的结果 ,讨论了青藏高原东北缘东昆仑巴颜喀拉地块、鄂尔多斯地块和华北地块唐山震区地壳结构的差异。它们分别是变形强烈的活动地块、内部变形小相对稳定的地块和现代发生过强震的活动地块。在地壳结构上它们之间的差别是明显的。这些差异表现在地壳的分层性质、上地壳和下地壳的结构、地壳结构的不均匀尺度、壳 /幔分界的性质、壳内低速层的分布、地壳界面、特别是莫霍面的构造形态等方面     

A study on characteristics of tectonic block motion and tectonic setting of strong earthquakes in northern part of the Shanxi fault depression zone

Introduction Shanxi fault depression zone (SFDZ) is one of important Cenozoic fault basin zones and strong earthquake belts in Chinese mainland. Its northern part has aroused wide research interests due to the complicated tectonics and high activity of strong earthquakes there. Early researches on this depression zone were carried out since 60s of last century (DENG, et al, 1973; DENG, YOU, 1985; LU, DING, 1985; XU, 1990; XU, et al, 1996, 2002). In 90s of last century, the geologica…     

利用唐山地震台资料研究唐山断裂活动特征

本文研究了唐山地震台内的唐山断裂形变、断层活动协调比、断层土壤气CO₂的变化特征。结果显示,唐山地震台内的唐山断裂近35年来整体上在水平方向呈微弱的右旋张性活动,垂直方向呈正断活动,但不同时段的运动状态有所不同;综合分析认为,唐山地震台形变和流体前兆观测对附近及华北因区域地壳应力场调整引起的中小地震有一定的显示,说明该台具有一定的前兆异常显示能力;随着观测资料和经验的持续积累,在该区域发生更大地震前,有望捕捉到更显著的前兆异常。     

Movement of Ordos block and alternation of activity along its boundaries

The GPS data in and around the Ordos block area indicate that the left-lateral slip rate along the northern or southern margin of the Ordos block is about twice or three times as fast as the right-lateral slip rate along the eastern or western margin of the block. However, many researchers stressed the dextral-slip of the eastern or western boundaries of the Ordos block, and suggested that the block as a whole rotated counterclockwise based on the available geological data. Focusing on the inconsistency, we reexamine the late Cenozoic deformation pattern in the Ordos region based on seismicity data and geodesy data (GPS and leveling) around it. The results indicate that the rigid block-like motion appears to be the basic characteristic of the kinematics of the Ordos region, and this motion is absorbed by the displacement of the faults around the block. When the faults along the northern and southern boundaries of the Ordos block are active, its eastern boundary is inactive. However, if the faults along the eastern boundary are active, the northern and southern are inactive. In recent years, the northern and southern boundaries of the Ordos block are in active. But in the long term, the Ordos block is moving southeastward relative to the Alxa and Yinshan blocks because of the strong pushing of the Tibetan Plateau on its southwestern side, and this deformation is accommodated by the counterclockwise rotation of the block itself.