邵武市土质滑坡特征、分布规律及减灾对策

邵武市地质灾害主要为土质滑坡，受自然地理、地质环境条件的制约，加之人类工程活动的影响，地质灾害发生频率较高。以国土资源大调查项目——邵武市地质灾害调查与区划项目为基础，系统地对邵武市的滑坡特征、形成条件、分布规律进行了研究，为邵武市防灾减灾提供了防治对策及决策依据，对福建省的地质灾害调查与防灾提供了参考。     

川西高原主要地质灾害特征及其影响因素浅析

川西高原位于青藏高原东缘，是崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等突发性地质灾害的群发地，具有分布基本沿活动构造带走向、发生时间较集中、人类活动诱发的地质灾害数量增多和地质灾害链后果严重等特点，主要受地质构造、现今构造运动、地形地貌、降雨及人类不科学的社会、经济和工程活动等多种因素影响。     

浙江省永嘉县地质灾害发育特征及形成条件研究

浙江省永嘉县山势陡峻,地质环境复杂,尤其在丰水期地质灾害频发。区内发育地质灾害类型主要有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流及不稳定斜坡等。在先期资料收集分析和野外实地调查的基础上,基本查明了永嘉县地质灾害发育的基本特征及形成条件,确认区内地质灾害的发生主要与当地特殊的地形地貌、地质条件、气候气象、人类工程活动等因素有关。其中,人类工程活动和降雨是其主导因素。     

四川省丹巴县地质灾害及其防治对策

受地质、地貌、水文气象条件及人类活动的影响,丹巴县泥石流、滑坡、崩塌及潜在不稳定斜坡地质灾害呈现分布广、成灾快、危害大等特点。本文分析了主要控制和影响因素,提出预防、避让和工程治理方面的防治对策。     

兰州城区黄土斜坡地质灾害影响因素分析

兰州城区地质环境条件复杂,对地质环境扰动的人类建设工程活动强烈,引发城市南北两山斜坡区段地质灾害频发。对地质灾害分布规律和发育特征分析后认为,地形、岩土体类型、地质构造是崩塌、滑坡灾害发生的控制因素,降水和人类工程活动是崩塌、滑坡灾害发生的主要引发因素。     

四川绵竹市地质灾害灾情分析

绵竹市地质环境脆弱,地质灾害发育。地质灾害类型主要有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和地面塌陷,其发育分布与地形地貌条件、地质构造、江河流域的分布及气候、人类工程活动密不可分。汶川“5·12”地震发生后,使震区本身脆弱的地质环境雪上加霜,地质灾害更加严重。     

娄底地区地质灾害概况及其防治

娄底地区的地质灾害主要有:塌陷、地裂、房裂、滑坡、地震等。对人们生命财产影响最大的是塌陷与滑坡,这些灾害主要是由于工程地质环境不良、加上人类活动触发所致。塌陷主要出现在岩溶发育的断裂带及其附近,尤其是当地下水位降深和排水量增大时。目前,地下采空区、河道及交通道路两侧以及受破坏的陡坡都存在地质灾害隐患。应加强对地质灾害的综合研究,提高抗灾防灾科学技术水平。     

秦巴地区地质灾害的分布规律与成因

秦巴地区是中国地质灾害的高发区和重灾区之一,其地质灾害的分布具有地域上的分异性:渭河盆地黄土滑坡较多;秦巴山区以小型浅层堆积层滑坡为主;汉江河谷分布一些膨胀土滑坡和岩质滑坡;大巴山以南中厚层岩质滑坡较多.秦巴地区的地质灾害一般沿大的断裂带、交通线、大的河流分布,形成纵横东西南北的地质灾害链.秦巴地区地质灾害的发生受降雨、地形地貌、岩性与结构面、人类工程活动等因素的影响,是内动力地质作用和外动力地质作用相互作用、转化的结果,也是大气圈、水圈、生物圈和岩石圈耦合的反映.     

四川省天全县地质灾害现状分析

天全县处于巨型青藏滇缅印度尼西亚＂歹＂字型构造体系中部与龙门山北东向构造带结合部位,构造活动强烈。受5.12地震的影响,境内发生了大量的次生地质灾害。滑坡、不稳定斜坡、崩塌、泥石流是区内的主要地质灾害。分析认为：区内的地质灾害在时间上主要发生在2000年,而5.12地震以后更甚;在空间上主要分布在人口密集、人类工程活动强烈的东部地区及318公路一带;暴雨是诱发地质灾害的主要因素;地质灾害的分布受地层岩性、地貌类型、地质构造、植被分布、人类活动的综合影响。根据地质灾害的勘测结果,提出了避险搬迁、生态建设等综合防治建议。     

山西襄垣县采煤诱发地质灾害分析

襄坦县是一个产煤大县，同时也是一个地质灾害严重的地区，灾害的发生与地质背景及人类工程活动密切相关，其中采煤活动是引起该县地质灾害肆虐的主要原因。灾害类型主要有：沉陷盆地、地裂缝、埸陷、滑坡及泥石流。地形地貌及地质因素对灾害的分布有一定影响，厚松散土体与断层的存在促成不同类型的灾害发生。采空区规模不同，所诱发地裂缝等灾害的地表形态不同。公路开控及采煤活动诱发滑坡。煤矸石的随意堆放有引发泥石流的可能。本文的详细调查的基础上，全面论述了采煤诱发的地质灾害的类型，简要分析了它们的形成机制。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.